chapter no 5 mangement information systems

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Managerial Overview: Computer SoftwareLast Updated Monday, 21 November 2011 06:10

I- System Software; Computer System Management:

Introduction to Software

Key Points:

- Non-Physical Component of a Computer System

- Software Consists of Instructions, Programs and Codes- Virtual Existence

- Importance (Needed for Input, Processing, Output, Storage, Control)

- Types of Software

- System Software (Controlling Hardware)

- Application Software (Processes User Specific Data)

Software can be defined as

1) The non-physical components of a computer system, is called Software.

2) Software consists of instructions, programs and codes that run a computer system and make it d

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3) Software has virtual existence, i-e it is not a physical part rather it exists virtually. We cant see i

e-g Operating System, Device Drivers, Utilities, Word Processors, Accounting Software etc.

Software is an important part of information systems. It is needed for operations (activities) like input, p

There are two main types of Software 1) System Software 2) Application Software.

System Software is software that controls the hardware. It is used to instruct the hardware that h

Application Software is used to do the specific processing tasks of users. It consists of instructions t

System Software

Key Points:

- Controls Hardware

- Software Interface between Machine and Application Software

- Types of System Software

- System Management Programs (Manage Hardware, Software and Data Resources e-g

- System Support Programs (Support Operations and Management e-g Utilities, Security

- System Development Programs (Help Develop IS e-g Language Translators, Programm

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System Software is software that controls the hardware. It is used to instruct the hardware that h

System Software provides a vital interface between hardware and the application software. Application

There are three types of system software 1) System Management Programs 2) System Support Progr

System Management Programsare used to manage the hardware, software and data resources of a compute

System Support Programssupport the operations and management of a computer system. Utilities, perfo

System Development Programshelp the user to develop information systems. Language translators, program

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SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

Operating Systems

Key Points:

- Importance (Essential Part of a Computer System)

- Collection of Integrated Programs

- Interface between User and Hardware

- Manages Resources and Operations

- Supports Activities

- Optimizes the Productivity of Computer System

- Minimizes the Human Hard-work for Processing

An Operating System is the most important software installed on a computer system. It is essential for

An Operating System is an integrated system of programs that manages th

Operating System optimizes the productivity of a computer system by operating it in the most efficient

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4

Operating System Functions

Key Points:

- The User Interface

- Mechanism to Interact with OS

- Command Prompt

- Graphical User Interface (GUI)

- Operating Environments

- Enhanced User Interface (GUI)

- Use of Icons

- Use of Pointing Devices

- Multiple Output Windows

- Control Activities

- Multitasking (Running Many Applications at the Same Time)

- Resource Management

- Manage CPU, Memory, Storage and Input/Output Peripherals

- Virtual Memory (Part of Storage is assumed as Memory)

- File Management

- Creation, Deletion, Accessing, Editing and Resizing of Files

- Record of Location of Files (e-g FAT (File Allocation Table))

- Task Management

- Task (Part of Program in Execution)

- Management of Computing Tasks

- Slices of CPU Time for Tasks

- Interrupts (Interrupt CPU for New Task)

- Multitasking (Running Many Applications at the Same Time)

- Factors of Multitasking Speed 1) CPU Speed, 2) Memory 3) Virtual Memory 4) Operatin

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The User Interface is part of operating system that provides the mechani

Operating Environmentsconstitutes of the advance GUI operating environment concepts. Todays OSs

Resource Management is a very important function of an operating system.Resource Managementrefers to the management of resources like CPU, me

File Management is concerned with creation, deletion, accessing, editing, resizing and managin

Task Management refers to the management of processing tasks. A task (process)refers to the part of program in execution. Task mana

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Popular Operating Systems

Key Points:

- DOS by Microsoft (Command Prompt, Single User, Single Tasking)

- Windows by Microsoft (GUI, Multi-User, Multitasking)

- UNIX by Various Vendors (GUI, Multi-User, Multitasking)

- LINUX by Red Hat (GUI, Multi-User, Multitasking)

- Macintosh by Apple (GUI, Multi-User, Multitasking)

DOS was a very popular operating system in the 80s and 90s. However it is not popular now. It is a c

DOS is replaced by Windows. Windows is a GUI operating system. It is multi-user and multitasking op

UNIX is a very popular operating system for servers. It is provided by various software providers. It wa

LINUX is a new flavor of UNIX. It is a open source operating system. One of its version is provided by

Macintosh is a popular operating system from Apple Corporation. It is also GUI, multi-user and multita

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Database Management Systems

Key Points:

- System Software (sometimes it is Application Software)

- Software for Development, Use and Maintenance of Databases

- Database (Organized Collection of Related Data)

- Many Databases Managed by a Database Management System

- 4 th Generation Languages for Querying Databa

- SQL (Structured Query Language): What to do? No how to do?

- Many Programs can Access Data

- Examples of DBMSs; Oracle, DB2, MS-SQL Server etc

A Database Management Systemis a system software that allows us to develop, use anDatabase is an

Telecommunication Monitors

Key Points:

- Control and Support the Data Communication Activities

- Monitors the Telecommunication Activities- Functions

- Connecting and Disconnecting Links

- Checking Terminals for Input/Output Activities

- Assigning Priorities to Data Communication Requests

- Detecting and Correcting Transmission Errors

Todays organizations function with telecommunication facilities. This requires the services of telecom

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SYSTEM SUPPORT PROGRAMS

Key Points:

- Utilities (Activities like Disk Management, Scan Disk etc)

- Performance Monitors (Performance and Usage of Computer Systems)

- Security Monitors (Check Unauthorized Access)

System support programs include Utilities, Performance Monitors and Security Monitors. Nowadays m

Utilities are programs that perform the activities like disk management, scanning discs, copying and so

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

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Assembler Languages

Key Points:

- Second Generation Languages

- Low Level Languages

- Alphanumeric Codes

- Close to Machine Language

- Reduced Difficulty of Programs

- Translator (Assembler) Converts Alphanumeric Codes into Machine Codes

- Machine Specific Codes (Not Running of Different Machines)

Assembler Languagesare low level languages which allow the programs to be written in alphanumeri

High Level Languages

Key Points:

- Third Generation Languages

- High Level Languages

- Codes Close to Human Language (Common English Imperative)

- Statement Causes a Computer to Do Something (Instruction)

- Statement = Many Machine Instructions


- Translators (Compilers/Interpreters)- Flexible and Easier than Assembler Languages

- Portable (Not Machine Specific)

- Slower than Assembler and Machine Languages (due to Translation)

High Level Languagesuse codes that are close to human language i-e common English words. Thes

High Level Languages are simpler than assembler or machine languages, as they use common Englis

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Common examples of high level languages are C, COBOL, BASIC and FORTRAN.

Fourth Generation Languages

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Key Points:

- Very High Level Languages

- Non-Procedural (What to do? Not how to do?)- Conversational Style


- More Flexible and Easier than Previous Generation Languages

- Slower

- SQL

- Artificial Intelligence

Forth Generation Languages are very high level languages. These languages are non-procedural lang

As the style is conversational we are not bound with strict syntax rules. This increases the flexibility an

SQL (Structured Query Language) is an example of 4th GL. There are artificial intelligence applications of 4th GL. (

Object Oriented Languages

Key Points:

- High Level Languages

- Object- Combination of Properties (Data) and Behavior (Actions)

- Encapsulation of Data and Actions in Objects

- Objects Interacting With Objects

- Re-Usability

Object Oriented Programming Languages are high level languages. These languages use the concept

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Objects can interact with other objects by passing a message like real world objects. Objects can be r

Language Translator Programs

Key Points:

- Translate High-Level Codes into Machine Codes

- Source Code (High Level)

- Assembler (Symbolic Instructions into Machine Codes)

- Interpreter (Interpret One Code At A Time)

- Compiler (Whole Program is Converted into Machine Codes)

Language Translator Programs translate high-level (higher than machine) codes into machine codes.

There are three types of Translators 1) Assembler, 2) Interpreters and 3) Compilers.

Assemblers are used to translate symbolic instructions into machine codes. An assemblerinterpreter converts a high-level programcompil

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Programming Tools

Key Points:

- Integrated Development Environment (Programming Environment)

- Editing and Debugging

- Computer Aided Software Engineering

Programming Tools include facilities which enables user to edit and debug the programs easily. There

II-Applications Software: End User Applications

Application Software for End Users

Key Points:

- Application Software (Specific Information Processing of User)

- Types

-

- General Purpose (Perform Common Information Processing)

- Application Specific (Support Specific Applications)

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Application Software consists of programs which perform specific information processing activities oGeneral Purpose Softwareis concerned with performingApplic

Word Processing Packages

Key Points:

- Office Automation Application

- Electronic Creation, Editing and Printing of Documents

- Main Features of Word Processors- Create and Edit Documents

- Auto Margin Adjustments

- Add, Delete or Change the Text Anywhere in the Document

- Copying and Moving (Cut-Paste) of Text

- Text Enhancement by Different Font Style and Sizes

- Spelling and Grammar Checking and Correction

- Saving Document Files on Different Storage Media

- Printing of Documents

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Word Processing Packages are important packages of office automation.Word Processing Packagesallow us to create, edit and print documents with a lot

Electronic Spreadsheet Packages

Key Points:

- Office Automation Application

- Used for Analysis, Planning and Modeling

- Accounting Calculations

- Replacing Paper Worksheets, Pencils and Calculators

- Electronic Spreadsheets (Worksheet of Rows and Columns)

- Data or Formulas in Cells (Junction of a Row and Column is a Cell)

Electronic Spreadsheet Packages are also part of office automation. These are used for analysis, plan

What-If Analysis

Key Points:

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- Conditional Processing of Numeric Data

- Analysis of Specific Business Situations

We can conduct what-if analysis in electronic spread sheets. A condition is te

Database Management Packages

Key Points:

- Microcomputer Version of Database

- Very Popular

- Easy to Create and Manage Databases

- Activities of Database Packages

- Database Development (Create DB Contents and Relationships)

- Database Interrogation (Retrieval of Data/Information, Report Generation)

- Database Maintenance (Add, Delete, Update, Correct and/or Protect Data)

- Application Development (Development of Applications for DB Activities)

Database Management Packagesare microcomputer versions of the Database Management Systems. These ar

Following are the activities that a database management package performs.

Database Developmentis concerned with activities like creation and designing of database contents aDatabase Interrogationdeals with retrieval of data/infth

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Telecommunication Packages

Key Points:

- Connect and Monitor Different Terminals in a Network

- Allow to Send/Receive Data, Files, Messages etc Across Networks

- Most of the Operating Systems Provide a Number of Telecommunication Packages

- Other Vendors also Provide Telecommunication Packages

Telecommunication Packagesconnect and monitor different terminals in a network. They provide the mecha

Telecommunication Packagesallow us to send and receive data, files and messages across networks. Data,

Much of the telecommunication packages are provided by the operating system (as part of the system)

Graphics Packages

Key Points:

- Convert Numeric Data into Graphics (Lines, Bar and Pie Charts)

- Draw Images, Clip Art, Freehand Writing, Presentation Graphics etc

Graphics Packages are used to convert numeric data into graphics such as lines, bar and pie charts.

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We may draw images, clip arts, freehand writings and presentation graphics with the help of such grap

Integrated Packages and Software Suites

Key Points:

- Integrated Packages (Abilities of Several General-Purpose Applications into One Program)

- Software Suites (Bundle of Many Individual Software Packages)

Integrated Packages combine the abilities of several general-purpose application software into one

Software Suites bundle many of the individual software packages into one suite. These softwar

Other End User Packages

Key Points:

- Home Management, Entertainment, Education and Information Services

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There are certain other end user packages. Package like home management packages, entertainment

Application Specific Programs

Key Points:

- Business Application Programs (Accounting, Marketing, Finance, Manufacturing and Operatio

- Scientific Application Programs (Natural, Physical, Social and Behavioral Sciences)

- Other Application Programs (Education, Entertainment, Music, Art, Law, Medicine etc)

Application Specific Programsare used for specific processing task performed by an end user. There are thr

Business Application Programshelp do the business activities like accounting, marketing, finance, manufacturiScientific Application Programsare used to handle the procesOther