chapter one
TRANSCRIPT
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Crisis InterventionWilliam Harmening
Roosevelt University
Harmening, Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster
Chapter 1THE PROBLEM OF CRISIS
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
To define the phenomenon of crisis in the context of the criminal justice mission in America.
To explain the author’s four-level scheme for classifying crisis, and why classification is important.
To summarize the history of crisis intervention in America from Colonial times to the present day.
To define the five steps of crisis intervention, and to understand the importance of each step.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Understand the phenomenon of crisis in the context of the criminal justice mission in America.
Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
1.1
4
1.1 Defining Crisis
Hurricane Katrina – The Perfect StormAugust 29, 2005
Hurricane Katrina, and its aftermath, represents one of the saddest days in the history of American disaster response. The combined efforts of Federal, State, and Local agencies failed the people of New Orleans. The cost?
1800 dead 400,000 homeless
$80 billion in damage - The costliest disaster in U.S. history
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1.1 Defining Crisis
Hurricane Katrina – The Perfect StormAugust 29, 2005
“We were abandoned. City officials did nothing to protect us. We were told to go to the Superdome, the Convention Center, the Interstate Bridge for safety. We did this more than once. In fact, we tried them all every day for over a week. We saw buses, helicopters, and FEMA trucks, but no one stopped to help us. We never felt so cut off in all our lives. When you feel like this you do one of two things, you either give up or go into survival mode. We chose the latter. This is how we made it. We slept next to dead bodies, we slept on streets at least four times next to human feces and urine. There was garbage everywhere in the city. Panic and fear had taken over.”
Patricia ThompsonNew Orleans Citizen and Evacuee
Select Committee HearingDecember 6, 2005
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1.1 Defining Crisis
Hurricane Katrina – The Perfect StormAugust 29, 2005
The Katrina disaster provides a perfect, albeit sad, example of the absolute necessity for systems, plans, and protocols to be in place and ready to implement following such an event.
CONTAINMENT + DE-ESCALATION = LIVES SAVED AND PROPERTY PROTECTED
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1.1 Defining Crisis
WHAT IS CRISIS?
Any event in which our systems of control, both internal and external, become stressed to the point of dysfunction, requiring third-party intervention to regain control and return those systems to a state of equilibrium.
Two common themes to all crises…
A LOSS OF EQUILIBRIUM
THE NEED FOR INTERVENTION
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1.1 Defining Crisis
WHAT IS CRISIS?
INTERNAL SYSTEMS OF CONTROL
Systems of control that include primarily our cognitive and emotional coping mechanisms. These systems are biopsychosocial in nature, and specific to the individual.
EXTERNAL SYSTEMS OF CONTROL
Systems of control designed to maintain public order. This would include the police and other emergency responders, as well as public service and governmental agencies.
EQUILIBRIUM
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1.1 Defining Crisis
THE GOAL OF CRISIS RESPONDERS
RESPOND
CONTAIN
DE-ESCALATE
Understand the author’s four-level classification scheme for crisis, and why classification is important.
Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
1.2
11
1.2 Defining Crisis
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
Bronfenbrenner looked at child development as occurring through the interconnected influence of different systems.
Example: A young child’s relationship with their father may be adversely effected by the amount of stress the father experiences at work. High stress impacts the father’s ability to be a responsive parent to the child. In this case the child’s Exosystem (the father’s work) is impacting their Microsystem (paret-child relationship).
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1.2 Defining Crisis
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
The impact of external systems moves inward to effect the development of the child.
In similar fashion, the impact of crisis, unless contained, can move outward from the point of crisis to effect many other interconnected systems. Thus, containment becomes one of the primary goals of those who respond to crisis.
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1.2 Classifying Crisis
CLASSIFYING CRISIS
Macrocrisis
Exocrisis
Mesocrisis
Microcrisis
We can classify crisis along four different dimensions depending on the potential for the crisis event to impact other systems.
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1.2 Classifying Crisis
CLASSIFYING CRISIS
Macrocrisis
Exocrisis
Mesocrisis
Microcrisis
The Microcrisis: A crisis that at its outset is limited to a single individual or family and their immediate environment. There is little chance for such a crisis to spread to other systems.
EXAMPLE: A domestic dispute or a threatened suicide. Containment and de-escalation require limited resources, typically just the first responders.
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1.2 Classifying Crisis
CLASSIFYING CRISIS
Macrocrisis
Exocrisis
Mesocrisis
Microcrisis
The Mesocrisis: A crisis involving multiple systems within a confined area that runs the risk of spreading unless contained. May require significant resources.
EXAMPLE: A school shooting such as the one at Columbine High School in 1999. Had the crisis not been contained, and the two shooters escaped, then their murder spree may have spread to other targets in other locations.
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1.2 Classifying Crisis
CLASSIFYING CRISIS
Macrocrisis
Exocrisis
Mesocrisis
Microcrisis
The Exocrisis: A crisis involving multiple systems within a particular region, including the potential to impact systems far removed from the actual crisis. Containment is critical to avoid further spreading.
EXAMPLE: The LA riots of 1990. Unless contained, both physically and in terms of public sentiment, riots could have broken out in other geographic areas. Also, worsening riots could have caused a more severe economic drain on the city, which in term would have caused further crises in other areas and systems.
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1.2 Classifying Crisis
CLASSIFYING CRISIS
Macrocrisis
Exocrisis
Mesocrisis
Microcrisis
The Macrocrisis: Whereas an exocrisis is limited a particular region, the Macrocrisis has the potential to spread to systems in other regions, or even around the world, unless contained.
EXAMPLE: The terrorist attacks on 9/11/01. The event sparked a chain reaction of crises around the world. Containment was attempted on many different levels as systems far removed from the actual event became impacted. Hurricane Katrina would also be considered a macrocrisis.
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1.2 Classifying Crisis
CLASSIFYING CRISIS
Macrocrisis
Exocrisis
Mesocrisis
Microcrisis
A classification scheme does the following:
1. Facilitates effective planning and preparation by guiding the anticipated need, commitment, and positioning of resources.
2. Provides a conceptual framework within which crisis can be understood and studied in relative terms, such as we do with hurricanes.
3. Guides the development of public policy and protocols, and may serve as a funding guide.
Become familiar with the history of crisis intervention in America from Colonial times to the present day.
Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
1.3
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1.3 History of Crisis Intervention
The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794
The beginning of crisis intervention in America. President George Washington mobilized a force of 13,000 militia to quell an uprising in western Pennsylvania by farmers upset with newly imposed whiskey tariffs.
The episode marked the first use of the Militia Law of 1792, which gave the federal government the right to suppress insurrections with federalized troops, and the first use of military force to contain and de-escalate a major crisis.
Washington’s intervention brought a quick and peaceful end to the crisis.
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1.3 History of Crisis Intervention
Sir Robert PeelThe Birth of Modern Policing - 1829
Established the first modern police department, the London Metropolitan Police Dept., to respond to crime and disorder without resorting to military force.
The use of routine patrol to proactively address the problem of crime and victimization. One of the first preventative measures in the history of crisis intervention.
This model led to the establishment of police departments in Boston (1838), New York City (1844), and Philadelphia (1854). Crisis intervention had now moved from the responsibility of the military to civilian authorities.
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1.3 History of Crisis Intervention
The American Red CrossEstablished in 1881 by Clara Barton to respond to disaster, war, and public disorder.
Primary goal was remediation - alleviating the suffering of the victims of crisis by providing food, clothing, shelter, and medical care.
Responded to their first disaster in 1881 by assisting relief efforts for victims of a deadly Michigan forest fire.
In 1896 began their international mission in Constantinople, bringing relief to Armenian victims of Turkish oppression.
Responsible for moving crisis intervention into the domain of volunteerism.
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1.3 History of Crisis Intervention
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Established by President Jimmy Carter in 1979
Allowed for the merger of many of the nearly 100 federal agencies involved in crisis response.
This new agency placed much emphasis not only on response, containment, and de-escalation, but also on remediation and
prevention (preparedness).
Understand the five steps of crisis intervention.
Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
1.4
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1.4 The Intervention Process
The Five Steps of Crisis Intervention
Crisis Intervention
Response
Containment
De-escalationRemediation
Prevention
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1.4 The Intervention Process
Crisis Intervention
Response
Containment
De-escalationRemediation
Prevention
The Five Steps of Crisis Intervention
The initial response by those tasked with confronting and evaluating the crisis.
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1.4
Crisis Intervention
Response
Containment
De-escalationRemediation
Prevention
The initial response by those tasked with confronting and evaluating the crisis.
Actions taken to prevent the crisis from worsening or spreading to other systems.
The Intervention Process
The Five Steps of Crisis Intervention
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1.4
Crisis Intervention
Response
Containment
De-escalationRemediation
Prevention
The initial response by those tasked with confronting and evaluating the crisis.
Actions taken to prevent the crisis from worsening or spreading to other systems.
Actions taken to bring the crisis to an end in order to return systems impacted to a state of equilibrium
The Intervention Process
The Five Steps of Crisis Intervention
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1.4
Crisis Intervention
Response
Containment
De-escalationRemediation
Prevention
The initial response by those tasked with confronting and evaluating the crisis.
Actions taken to prevent the crisis from worsening or spreading to other systems.
Actions taken to bring the crisis to an end in order to return systems impacted to a state of equilibrium
Actions taken to alleviate the negative residual effects of the crisis
The Intervention Process
The Five Steps of Crisis Intervention
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1.4
Crisis Intervention
Response
Containment
De-escalationRemediation
Prevention
The initial response by those tasked with confronting and evaluating the crisis.
Actions taken to prevent the crisis from worsening or spreading to other systems.
Actions taken to bring the crisis to an end in order to return systems impacted to a state of equilibrium
Actions taken to alleviate the negative residual effects of the crisis
Actions taken to prevent the crisis from occurring again in the future
The Intervention Process
The Five Steps of Crisis Intervention
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
The phenomenon of crisis can be defined as a loss of equilibrium in our internal and/or external systems of control, requiring third-party
intervention to regain homeostasis.
A crisis can be classified according to it’s potential for effecting other systems and expanding beyond the immediate crisis event. We can classify
these events as microcrisis, mesocrisis, exocrisis, and macrocrisis.
America has a long history of crisis intervention, beginning with the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established the London
Metropolitan Police Dept., beginning the modern era of policing, which led to the establishment of police departments in Boston, Philedelphia, and NYC. The American Red Cross was established in 1881, and in 1979,
President Carter established FEMA.
The five components of modern crisis intervention are response, containment, de-escalation, remediation, and prevention.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Select any recent national or international crisis and discuss the response to that event in terms of the crisis intervention continuum. Was the response successful? Was it criticized?
2. Many times large amounts of resources are spent de-escalating a microcrisis involving a single individual. For example, a large number of police and other emergency personnel may be deployed to intervene in the case of an individual threatening to jump from a building or bridge. Should we as a society weigh the decision to intervene in such a crisis against the potential costs to the taxpayer? Why or why not?
3. In the event of a macrocrisis, like the events of September 11, 2001, is it an acceptable measure at times to limit the rights and freedoms of American citizens in order to contain and de-escalate the crisis?