Chapter One Notes

CP Chemistry

Section One Chemistry- the study of matter and the

changes it undergoes

Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass

Mass vs. Weight Mass- a measurement of the amount of

matter in an object

Weight- not just a measure of the amount of matter; also includes gravitational pull

Scientific Method Definition- systematic approach to answer a

question or study a situation It’s an organized way for scientists to do research

and verify work of others. The Steps: Stating the Problem

Background ResearchForming a Hypothesis

Performing an ExperimentCollecting DataArriving at a Conclusion

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data Qualitative: information that describes

color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic. Examples: taste of an apple, texture of a leaf..

Quantitative: data is numerical (numbers) Examples: length of a book, mass of a brick..

Scientific Method Vocabulary: Hypothesis- a testable, educated guess or a

possible explanation for what is observed Experiment- set of controlled observations that

test a hypothesis Control- the standard for comparison Conclusion- results based on data obtained in the

experiment Constants- things that remain the same for all

variables

Independent vs. Dependent

Dependent Variable- The variable that you watch or measure to see

how it changes as a result of your changes to the independent variable.

Located on the Y axis of a graph Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated by the scientist

Located on the X axis of a graph

Example of variables: If you wanted to test the effect of fertilizer on plant

growth, you would change the amount of fertilizer applied to the same kind of plants.

The amount of fertilizer applied would be the independent variable.

Plant growth would be the dependent variable.

Theories A theory is an explanation that has been

supported by many experiments.

Theories are always subject to new experimental data and are modified to include new data.

Scientific Law A scientific law describes a relationship in

nature that is supported by many experiments.

Scientists may use models (visual, verbal, or mathematical explanations of data) and theories to explain why this relationship exists.

Pure vs. Applied Research Pure research is done to gain knowledge

for the sake of knowledge itself.

Molina & Rowland’s research on the behavior of CFCs could speed up the breakdown of ozone-was motivated by the curiosity of pure research.

Applied Research Applied research is undertaken to solve a

specific problem.

Scientists are conducting experiments to find chemicals to replace CFCs. These experiments are examples of applied research.

Branches of Chemistry p.11 Organic-carbon

containing chemicals (living things). pharmaceuticals Plastics

Biochemistry-processes of living organisms. Metabolism fermentation

Inorganic- matter that does not contain carbon (non living). Minerals Metals/non-metals Semi-conductors

Analytical- Components and composition of substances. Food nutrients Quality control