CHAPTER ONE Uncovering the Past

STUDYING HISTORY

What is history?Why do we study it?Why is archaeology important to the study of history?

Historian: people who study and write

about the human past

Archaeologist:people who hunt for

evidence buriedin the ground.

Ex. Artifacts/fossils

Anthropologist: People who’s study focuses

on human society. Ex. Where they lived, how

they developed, etc.

UNDERSTANDING HISTORY

Know YourselfKnow OthersKnow Your World

USING CLUES

FossilsArtifactsPrimary SourcesSecondary Sources

MEASURING TIMEHistorians rely on calendars, or dating systems, to measure time.

l Gregorian Calendarl 365 days, a leap year

every 4 yearsl The birth of Christ was

the basis of the Gregorian calendar used in the United States since its beginning and in most countries of the world today.

lJulian Calendarl 365.25 daysl The founding of Rome

was the basis of the calendar established by Julius Caesar, which was used in early Western Civilization for over a thousand years.

DATING EVENTS

The dates in the book are based on the Gregorian (Western) calendar and use the terms A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E

Does anyone know what these letters stand for?

DATING EVENTS CONTINUED

A.D. : Anno Domini (means in the year of the Lord)

C.E. : common era

B.C. : before Christ

B.C.E: before common era

CHRONOLOGYWhen studying the past historians use A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E. to show the order in which events happened

b.c. or b.c.e a.d. or c.e.

Birth of Christ

1000 500 250 50 30 20 1 1 15 40 75 100 450

PERIODS OF TIME

Decade- period of 10 years

Century- period of 100 years

Millennium- period of 1000 years

AN INTRODUCTION TOPRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?Original records from the past recorded by people who were:­ Involved in the event­ Witnessed the event, OR­ Knew the persons involved in the event

WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?

They can also be objects (artifacts) or visual evidence.

They give you an idea about what people alive at the time saw or thought about the event.

WHAT ARE PRIMARY SOURCES?

Keep in mind that a primary source reflects only one point of viewand may contain a person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:

Books, magazines, newspapers

Printed Publications

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Personal Records

Diaries, journals, records

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Visual Materials

Paintings, drawings, sculpture

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:

Visual Materials

photographs, film, maps

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Oral Histories

Chronicles, memoirs, myths, legends passed down by word of mouth

Click on this button to hear an example of oral history -------- >

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:

Songs and Poems

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:Artifacts

Tools, ornaments, objects

WHAT ARE SECONDARY SOURCES?

Secondary sources are made at a later time.

They include written information by historians or others AFTER an event has taken place.

WHAT ARE SECONDARY SOURCES?Although they can be useful and reliable, they cannot reflect what people who lived at the time thought or felt about the event.But they can represent a more fair account of the event because they can include more than one point of view, or may include information that was unavailable at the time of the event.

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:

Textbooks, biographies, histories, newspaper report by someone who was not

present

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:

Charts, graphs, or images created AFTER the time

period.

STUDYING GEOGRAPHYSECTION 2Physical Geography includes landforms, climate, and environment

Human Geography focuses on people and the places they live

DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHYge·og·ra·phy1 : a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth's surfaceSource-Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary

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IN PLAIN ENGLISH

Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.

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5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

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FIVE FUNDAMENTAL THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

1) Location: the meaning of relative and absolute position on the earth's surface

lExamples: Latitude and longitude, site and situation, direction, distance, scale

lSkills: Map reading, identification

lQuestions: Where is ____? Where is ____ relative to where I am?

2) Place: the distinctive and distinguishing physical and human characteristics of locales

lExamples: Physical and cultural landscapes, sense of place

lSkills: Description, compare and contrast

lQuestions: What does ____ look like? Why? How is it different from ____?

Five fundamental themes of geography

3) Relationships within places: the development and consequences of human-environment relationships

lExamples: Ecosystems, natural resources, environmental pollution

lSkills: Evaluation, analysis

lQuestions: What human-environment relationships are occurring? How do they affect the place and its inhabitants?

Five fundamental themes of geography

4) Movement: patterns and change in human spatial interaction on the earth

lExamples: Migration, diffusion, globalization

lSkills: Explanation, prediction

lQuestions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?

Five fundamental themes of geography

5) Regions: how they form and change

lExamples: volcanoes, erosion

lSkills: Synthesis, application

lQuestions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?

Five fundamental themes of geography

MAPS---PUT THIS ON THE BACK OF THE NOTES

Political maps show boundaries of countries, states, and counties. They also show major cities and capital cities

Physical maps focus on the physical features of an area, such as landforms and elevation

Map keys show the meaning of symbols on a map

WHAT TYPE OF MAP IS THIS?

WHAT TYPE OF MAP IS THIS?