Brummett, et a;. Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter Outline

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325-1500

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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610

II. The Age of Consolidation: 610–1071

III. Western and Turkish Invasions: 1071–1453

IV. Southeastern Europe to 1500

V. Russia to 1500

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610

Diocletian (285–305)tetrarchs: caesars, augusti

A. Constantine and Constantinoplein hoc signo vinces (By this,

conquer)325 > Constantinople

dedicated, 330Arianism

B. Julian: The Last Pagan“the apostate”

renounces Christianity

closes Academy

C. Orthodoxy and Heresiespatriarchcaesaropapism

heresy a political offenseContantinople v. RomeMonophysitesNestorians

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610

D. The German Challenges378 — Valens, AdrianopleTheodosius the Great

Spanishcontrols Visigoths, OstrogothsEmpire definitively split

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610

E. Justinian and TheodoraJustinian (527–565)

strengthening:Hagia Sophiawalls of Contantinoplereconquest: North Africa, Spain,

Italyreform:

Justinian Codecodification of Roman Law

TheodoradislikedNika rebellion

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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II. The Age of Consolidation: 610–1071

A. Heraclius (610–641)610 — replaces PhocasPersian advancestheme system

defense a prioritysmaller statebased on free peasants

Ctesiphonvictory against Persians

Muslims636, Yarmuk — take Syria and

PalestineB. The Iconoclastic Period

Emperor as head of churchNew invasions:

Arabs, Avars, Bulgarians> Leo the Isaurian (717–741)

strengthens theme systempersecution of Jews, heretics,

iconophilesiconoclasm

split with Rome widens

C. Empress Irene and Iconophilismiconophileregent, co-emperor with Constantine VIfollowed by Nicepherus (802–811)Theophilus (829–842)

D. Missionary ActivitiesBulgarians, Slavs — 860'sBulgaria

Khan Borisplays Rome against Constantinople

Cyril and Methodiusfrom Thessalonicato Moravia, King Rastislav

E. Byzantium's Golden Age, 842–1071Macedonian dynasty, 867–1056preservers

e.g., Justinian Codereformed under Basil I and Leo VI

(867–912)

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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III. Western and Turkish Invasions: 1071–1453

A. Byzantine Decline and the Seljuq AdvanceAlp Arslan (the “Victorious Lion”)

1071- Manzikert

B. The Western CrusadesPope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael

Cerularius> 1054 – Schism

Alexius Comnenus (1081–1118)founds new dynastyasks Pope for help against Seljuks

> Crusades

Fourth Crusade, sack of Constantinople, 1204

C. The Ottoman VictoryPaleologus Dynasty (1261–1453)

Bulgarians threatenStephen Nemanja (1168–1196),Stephen Dushan (1331–1355)

Ottomans1354 - cross into Europetolerant of other monotheists

fewer divisionsmillet system

1453 - take Constantinople

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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IV. Southeastern Europe to 1500

A. BulgariaFinn-tatarslate 7thabsorbed by SlavsKhan Krum

defeats NicepherousKhan Boris

joins Byzantine churchencourages missionariesadopts Slavonic alphabet

Symeon (893–927)First Bulgarian Empire

Renewed invasions: Magyars, Pechenegs

Second Bulgarian Empire — 185–1240s

B. SerbiaStephen Nemanja, the Grand

Zhupanunites Serbians

Stephen Nemanja II (1196–1228)Serbian national church

Stephen Dushan (1308–1355)1389 — Battle of Kosovo

defeated by Sultan Murad

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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IV. Southeastern Europe to 1500

C. Romaniafrom DaciansLatinizedreligious divisions:

Wallachians — OrthodoxTransylvanians — Catholic

D. Albaniafrom Bronze Age

Skanderberg (1443–1468)independence

under Ottomans from 1468

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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V. Russia to 1500

A. Kiev Rus’ and Vladimirtrading townsVarangians

from Baltic, 860srelationship with Slavs?

dominance?equals?

Oleg (c. 882–913)Kiev

Sviatoslav (964–972)adds Novgorod

Vladimir (980–1015)pagan

Perun, VolosGreek Orthodoxy

Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054)alliance with Henry Iprimogeniture

Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125)

Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500

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V. Russia to 1500

B. Novogorod, Moscow and the Mongols

Mongol Dominance, 1240–1480997 — Novgorod autonomous

Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod

veche

Moscowreplaces Novgorod as centerGrand Duchy of Moscow

founded by Daniel, son of NevskyIvan I Kalita (1328–1341)

Dmitri Donskoi (1359–1389)

C. Ivan III and the Third RomeIvan III (1462–1505)

1492 - called “the new Emperor Constantine of the new Constantinople Moscow”

uses title tsar (Caesar)Philotheus of Pskov

theory of Moscow as Third Rome