chapter presentation final
TRANSCRIPT
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Group 6
Apekshya Bhusal
Dixa Shrestha
Erika Koirala
The research process:elements of research design
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esearch DesignDetailed outline of ho! a research shall "e
conducted
oad map that gi#es direction to the
researcher for sol#ing the pro"lem in hand
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Elements$%ssues related to esearch Design
&' (urpose of the study
)' *ocation
+' Types of in#estigation
,' Extent of researcher interference
-' Time hori.on /0ross sectional and longitudinal1
6' 2nit of analysis
3' Sampling Design
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%ssues contd''
4' Data 0ollection 5ethod
' 5easurement and measures
&7' Data analysis
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esearch DesignEmphasis on the elements of research design
depends upon the purpose of the study
Example &: %f a critical 8nancial decision to in#est
millions of dollars in a pro9ect is "ased on the results
of research in#estigation then careful attention to
detail is necessary to ensure that the study has
accepta"le le#el of con8dence
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Example ): (urpose of the research is to
generate a pro8le of managers in an
organi.ation to pu"lish a ne!sletter
esearcher should ensure that added
sophistication and rigor of research should
add "ene8t and commensurate !ith larger
in#estment of resources
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&' (urpose of the studyA' Exploratory Study
B' Descripti#e Study
0' ;ypothesis Testing
D' 0ase study analysis
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A' Exploratory study2ndertaken !hen not much is kno!n a"out the situation
2ndertaken to "etter comprehend the nature of pro"lem
Example: A service provider would want to know
why his customers are switching to other service
providers
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Exploratory study< Example
&' 5anager of 5=0 is curious to kno! if !ork
ethic #alues of employees !orking in its
su"sidiary in (ennathur city are di>erent
from those of Americans
)' esearcher !ant to kno! the factors that
in?uence the ad#ancement of !oman in
organi.ations
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A'Exploratory Study0an "e undertaken
%nter#ie!
@ocus group discussion
Doing a study for the 8rst time in a
particular organi.ation does not make the
research exploratory in nature
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Descripti#e study2ndertaken in order to ascertain and "e a"le to descri"e
the characteristics of #aria"les in a situation
Example
A "ank manager !ants to ha#e a pro8le of the indi#iduals!ho ha#e loan payments outstanding for 6 months and
more' %t !ould include details of their a#erage age
earnings nature of occupation' This might help him to
elicit further information or decide right a!ay on the types
of indi#iduals !ho should "e made ineligi"le for loans in
the future'
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Descripti#e study2ndertaken to learn a"out and descri"e the
characteristics of a group of a employee
2ndertaken to understand the characteristics of
organi.ation that follo! certain characteristics
Goal
(ro#ide a researcher a pro8le or to descri"e
rele#ant aspect of phenomenon of interest from an
indi#idual organi.ational industry perspecti#e etc
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B' Descripti#e Study
Descripti#e study helps to:
2nderstand the characteristics of a group
in a situation
Think systematically a"out aspects in a
gi#en situation
>er ideas for further pro"e and research
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Situation !arranting Descripti#eStudy
5arketing 5anager !ant to de#elop pricingsales distri"ution and ad#ertising strategy
5ight ask information regarding the
competitors&' (ercentage of company that ha#e prices higher andlo!er than the industry a#erage terms of sale controlof price
)' (ercentage of competitors hiring in and
independent agents+' Types of distri"ution channel used percentage of
customers using each
,' (ercentage of competitors spending more onad#ertising than the 8rm using less
-' (ercentage of those using !e" to sell the product
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B' Descripti#e studyuantitati#e data in terms of freCuency
mean standard de#iation are essential for
descripti#e study
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0' ;ypothesis TestingExplain the nature of certain relationship
Esta"lish the di>erences among the group
Esta"lish the independence of t!o or more
factors in a situation
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Explain the nature ofrelationship
5arketing manager !ants to kno! if the
sales !ill dou"le if he dou"les ad#ertising
dollars
;ypothesis: %f ad#ertising is increased sales !ill go up
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Esta"lish the di>erences amonggroups
;ypothesis: 5ore men than !omen are
!histle "lo!ers
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Esta"lish the independence of t!oor more factors
;ypothesis: orking the night shift /as
opposed to day shift1 is related to !hether
or not one is married'
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D' 0ase Analysis
%n#ol#es in
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)' Type of %n#estigation%' 0ausal study
%%' 0orrelation study
III. Causal Study:
. To esta"lish a de8nite cause and e>ect
relationship
. esearcher interest is to delineate the factors
undou"tedly causing the pro"lem
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II. Correlational Study
0onducted !hen a researcher is interested
in delineating the important #aria"les
associated !ith the pro"lem
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Example: 0ausal and 0orrelationalstudy
0ausal study Cuestion: Does smoking
causes cancer
0orrelational study Cuestion: Are smoking
and cancer related
Are smoking drinking che!ing to"acco
associated !ith cancer %f so !hich of
these contri"utes most to the #ariance in
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Extent of esearcher %nterference!ith the Study
0orrelation study: normal ?o! of !ork
E'g': factor in?uencing training e>ecti#enessect relationship using the same natural
en#ironment in !hich employees normally function
*a" experiment: experiment done to esta"lish a
cause and e>ect relationships creating an arti8cial
en#ironment in !hich all the extraneous factors arestrictly controlled
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2nit of Analysis
*e#el of aggregation of the data collected
during the su"seCuent data analysis stage
%ndi#idual: moti#ational le#el of employees
in general
Dyad: hus"and
super#isor Fsu"ordinate relationships in
!orkplace
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2nit of AnalysisGroup: of employees from each department
using the ne! %S
Di#ision: (HG< di#isions /soap paper oil etc1 that
made pro8t o#er &)I during the current year
%ndustry: 9o" placement cell F !hich industry
employed most of their graduating students
0ountries: 5=0< pro8t of #arious regional centers
for each country are aggregated
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Time hori.on : 0ross sectionalstudies
Data gathered 9ust once o#er a period of daysor !eeks or months'
Also kno!n as cross sectional studies '
Example :
Data collected "y stock "roker to studytur"ulence in stock market at that period of time '
Drug companyJs research for ne! o"esity pill '/ ho! many o"ese people are interested in"uying ne! pill 1
%n "oth example data collected at one period oftime !as sucient '
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Time hori.on: *ongitudinal studies
Study of people or phenomena at more than one
point in time in order to ans!er research Cuestion
Example Study of employee "eha#ior "efore and
after the hange in top management '
Study is carried out longitudinally across the
period of time '
%t takes more time cost resources than cross
sectional study
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0ont' /*ongitudinal studies1
ell planned longitudinal relationship help
8nd cause and e>ect relationship
*ike sales #olume of product "efore and
after ad#ertisement '
Experiential design are longitudinal study
since data are collected "efore and after
manipulation '
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e#ie! of the element of researchdesign
The researcher makes the appropriate decision to
"e made in the study design "ased upon pro"lem
de8nition
Decision regarding :
(ropose of the study
Type of in#estigation
Extent of researcherJs interferenceStudy setting
2nit analysis and time hori.on
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0ontd'
0ompromise ideal research design due tocost and time constraint
igorous and costly research design isnecessary if result of the study are critical
for making important decision 'esearcher has to "e clear a"out each
aspect discussed in the chapter "eforecollecting the data
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5anagerial implicationKno!ledge a"out research design issue help the
manager to :
2nderstand !hat researcher is trying to do
hy report sometimes indicate small sample
si.e !hen lot of time is spent to collect data
from di>erent sources '
;elp the manager to kno! !hat type of design
!ill yield accepta"le result in ecient manner '
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@or example
hich #aria"le is needed $!hich is not
needed and directly e>ects or does not
e>ect the employee performance '
This decision might gi#e economy in
resources
Kno!ledge a"out interconnection among
#arious aspect of research design help
manager to
0all for the most e>ecti#e study
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5ain ad#antage2nderstand relationship "et!een casual and
correlational studies
5anager !ont make casual assumption
A could cause B
B could cause A
Both A and B could con#ary / "ecause of third
#aria"le 1Study and intelligently comment on research proposal '
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T;A=K L2