chapter the chemical & molecular basis of life roselyn a. naranjo uspf, college of pharmacy ...
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CHAPTER THE CHEMICAL & MOLECULAR BASIS OF LIFE
Roselyn A. NaranjoUSPF, College of Pharmacy
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES•To understand the nature of life & the
substances involved in the process of living
•To differentiate between inorganic & organic compounds
•To explain the role of water in maintaining life
•To apply the knowledge of biochemical processes to commercial concepts
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
AtomMolecule
Compound
Cell
Tissue
Muscle
Matter
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELEMENT
COMPOUND
MIXTURE
Composed of only one kind of atom
Na
Na
Na
Na Na
Na Na
Composed of two or more elements of different kinds
Contains two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined
O
H H
C12 H22 O11
Forms of Matter
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
++
+
++
++ +
+
+--
-- --
- --- -
-
--
-
-
--
--
---
--
-
-
-- -
-
-
protons
-
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 neutrons
electrons
The Nucleus
Composition of an ATOM
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen
(insert photo here)
Ca, P, I, S, Fe, Zn, Na, Cl, F, Cu, K
98%
2%
Elements & Compounds
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Complete transfer of electron from one atom to anotherIonic Bond
Na
.. : : ..
.. . Cl
.. : : ..
.. ..
..
: .
SODIUM donated to CHLORINE
Complete transfer of electrons
Chemical Bonds
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sharing of electrons between atomsCovalent Bond
. ..
HYDROGEN shared electrons to OXYGEN
Sharing of electrons
OHH.
PolarDifferent atoms share an electron
Chemical Bonds
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sharing of electrons between atomsCovalent Bond
:
2 OXYGEN shared electrons to form a dipolar molecule
Sharing of electrons
ONon-PolarSame atoms share an electron
:O O2
Chemical Bonds
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sharing of electrons between atomsCovalent Bond
.
HYDROGEN shared electrons to CARBON
Sharing of electrons
CHydrogen Bonds
Weakest & most important bonds in biological system
.H .
. .
Chemical Bonds
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
All living
organisms
..mainly composed of .... CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
PHOSPHORUS
NITROGEN SULFUR
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
O
H H O
HH
O
HH O
HH
O
HH
OH
H
O
H
H
PROTOPLASMComposed of :
Carbohydrates Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Carbohydrates
building blocks
Simple SUGARS
Provides energy to the
body
Composed of
C
H
O
Classification
MONOSACCHARIDESOne sugar unit
Example Glucose
FructoseGalactose
Grapes, blood
Honey, fruits
milk
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Carbohydrates
building blocks
Simple SUGARS
Provides energy to the
body
Composed of
C
H
O
Classification
DISACCHARIDES Two sugar units
Example Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Table sugar
Beer, milkshake,cereals, grains
Milk
Glucose + Fructose
Glucose + Glucose
Glucose + Galactose
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Carbohydrates
building blocks
Simple SUGARS
Provides energy to the
body
Composed of
C
H
O
Classification
POLYSACCHARIDES Two or more sugar unit
Example Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
storage form of glucose in plants
Abundant material in cell wall
Primary form of glucose storage in animalsCHITIN – polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans & insects
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
LipidsReferred as
STEROIDS
WAX
OILS
Composed of
C
H
OCHOLESTEROL
Kinds of FATS
SATURATED UNSATURATEDExample Margarine Example Vegetable oil
• remain solid at room temperature
• Becomes liquid at room temperature
• Easily converted into cholesterol
building blocks
GLYCEROL
• Easily converted into cholesterol
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
LipidsReferred as
STEROIDS
WAX
OILS
Composed of
C
H
OCHOLESTEROL
Kinds of FATS
SATURATEDExample Margarine
building blocks
GLYCEROL
Accumulation of CHOLESTEROL in the walls of arteries reduces blood flow & increases blood pressure, which will result to a condition called ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Lipids
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Important compounds in cell membrane
LipidsReferred as
STEROIDS
WAX
OILS
Composed of
C
H
OCHOLESTEROL
Kinds of FATS
building blocks
GLYCEROL
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Lipids
• Storage molecule of energy
LipidsReferred as
STEROIDS
WAX
OILS
Composed of
C
H
OCHOLESTEROL
Functions
building blocks
GLYCEROL
• Provides mechanical protection to internal organs such as the heart & visceral organs
• Serve as waterproof material in some plants & animals
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Proteins
• Serve as catalyst in the body’s chemical reactions in a form of ENZYMES
Body-building molecules
Composed of
C
H
O
Functions
building blocks
AMINO ACIDS
• Responsible for the contraction of muscle
NSP
• Transport Oxygen & Carbon dioxide
• Provides structure to different organs in the body
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Proteins
• Protect the body against infection in a form of WBC
Body-building molecules
Composed of
C
H
O
Functions
building blocks
AMINO ACIDS
NSP
• Give color to the skin
• Basic components of the cell
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
ProteinsExample
Hemoglobin
BLOOD
KeratinHAIR
Collagen
SKINActin & Myosin
MUSCLE
Hormones
MOOD
Catalyst
CHEMICAL REACTION
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
ProteinsGroups of PROTEINS
GLOBULAR PROTEINS Forms a spherical shape
FIBROUS PROTEINS Forms a long & parallel groups of protein, they are insoluble
Example
Red & White Blood Cells
Feather, Nails, Hair, Hooves & tissues
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
ProteinsCommon SOURCES
MEAT
FLOUREGG WHITE
BLOOD
MILK
NAILS SKIN
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Nucleic Acid
Types of Nucleotides
building blocks
NUCLEOTIDES
PHOSPHATE
SUGAR
BASE
DNA Found in the nucleus of the cell; part of chromosome structureReplicates the genetic code
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Nucleic Acid
Types of Nucleotides
building blocks
NUCLEOTIDES
PHOSPHATE
SUGAR
BASE
RNA Carry te message directed by the DNA to the RibosomesFound in the cytoplasm
Involved in protein synthesis
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS
Vitamins
Classification of Vitamins
Basic food material for all living organisms
Water Soluble
Vitamin B-Complex & Vitamin C
Vitamins A,D,E & K
Promotes growth & development of
tissues and prevent disease
Fat Soluble
Refer to Page 19 for Functions
