chapter two grammar notes
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER TWO
PAGES 18-19
GRAMMAR NOTES
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Use the simple past to express an action, event or state occurring at a specific time in the past.
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Examples:Runze wanted to get married. (general)She filled out an application form several days before the wedding. (specific)
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Use the past progressive (past continuous) to express an action that was in progress (not finished) at a time in the past.
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Example:Runze was studying pharmacy at the University when she decided to get married.
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Use the present perfect without “for” or “since” to express an action, state or event occurring at an indefinite time in the past.
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Example:How many Americans have ever considered an arranged marriage?
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BE CAREFUL!!The present perfect does not express past time, finished in the past, if used with a time
expression that gives a specific time in the past:
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Incorrect:**Weinlick has gotten married a few years ago.
Correct: Weinlick got married a few years go.
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Incorrect:**I have come to the U.S. in 2008.
Correct: I came to the U.S. in 2008.
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They have already met. (Present perfect for an indefinite time in the past.)
The two met on June 8, 1998. (Simple past for a definite time in the past.)
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Remember that with for or since, the present perfect connects the past and the present:
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For example:
I have attended many weddings since then.
I have known my best friend for more than fifty years.
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Use used to + base form to show a habitual action, event or state that was true in the past but is no longer true.
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For example:
Kayoto used to play tennis a lot (but doesn’t play tennis any more).
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You can also use would + base form to express actions or events that occurred regularly during a period in the past.
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For example:
When we were children, we would spend every summer in Maine.
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BE CAREFUL!!
Used to and would are similar in meaning when they express repeated past
actions.
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For example:When we were children, we would spend every summer in Maine.
ORWhen we were children, we used to spend every summer in Maine.
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But don’t use “would” for a situation or condition that continued for a period in the past:
I used to live in Chicago. (location)
Incorrect:**I would live in Chicago.
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Mia used to be a nurse. (occupation)
Incorrect:**Mia would be a nurse.
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We used to have a summer home. (possession)
Incorrect:**We would have a summer home.
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Use the past perfect to show an action, event or state of being that happened before a certain time in the past.
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For example:
By June 13, the family had interviewed dozens of candidates.
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Use the past perfect with the simple past to show which of two past actions, events or states happened first.
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For example:
Weinlick and Runze had known each other for five days when they got married.
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The past perfect is usually used when we begin a sentence by talking about the later event:
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For example:By the time the wedding day arrived, Weinlick had prepared everything.
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The past perfect is not often used in sentences with before or after.
The simple past is generally used to describe both events.
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For example:
Weinlick started advertising for a bride after he graduated from college.
(= He graduated from college before he started advertising for a bride.)
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Use the past perfect progressive (= past perfect continuous) to express an action that was in progress before another past event, and continued up until that time.
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For example:
She had been working (for five years) when she got married.
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Use was/were going to or would + base form for an action that was
planned or expected in the past.
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For example:
Weinlick knew that he was going to get married on June 13, 1998.
He knew where the wedding would be.
Note: You can also think of these as examples of indirect speech.
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