chapter1 human growth development

1

The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the ________ approach.

a. continuity

b. discontinuity

c. nurture

d. nature

status: not answered () correct: b your answer:

2

Sara believes that memory processes develop the same way in all children. Sara is most likely to support a ________ position regarding human development.

a. universal

b. discontinuous

c. non-normative

d. nurture

status: not answered () correct: a your answer:

3

Because Dr. Jefferson is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by events, it would be most accurate to say that Dr. Jefferson is most interested in studying ________ forces.

a. biological

b. psychological

c. sociocultural

d. life-cycle

status: not answered () correct: d your answer:

4

Who is best associated with psychosocial theory?

a. Erikson

b. Watson

c. Freud

d. Bandura


5

When would Erikson say is the stage in life where the biggest challenge involves committing to another in a loving relationship?

a. adolescence

b. childhood

c. old adulthood

d. young adulthood


6

In operant conditioning theory, reinforcement is to punishment as:

a. unwanted is to wanted.

b. increasing is to decreasing.

c. good is to bad.

d. giving is to taking.

status: not answered () correct: b your answer:

7

Even though Brenda was never reinforced directly for doing so, she increased the frequency of her swearing after she saw her friend Elizabeth get a lot of attention after she swore. This is most likely an example of:

a. self-efficacy.

b. punishment.

c. operant conditioning.

d. observational learning.


8

Whose theory of development is best exemplified by the idea that children construct their own knowledge and this constructed knowledge changes with age/experience?

a. Erikson

b. Skinner

c. Piaget

d. Bronfenbrenner

status: not answered () correct: c your answer:

9

What type of theorist would most likely describe human cognitive development using the analogy of "mental software?"

a. an Eriksonian

b. a social learning theorist

c. an operant conditioning theorist

d. an information processor


10

According to ecological theory, developmentalists, the people closest to a developing child, represent their:

a. macrosystem.

b. exosystem.

c. macrosystem.

d. microsystem.


11

Professor Linwood always makes a point of learning the names of all the students in her class. She used to always be able to do this in her head but has recently found that she needs note cards to help her remember. This change in behavior is best described as:

a. the epigenetic principle.

b. elective selection.

c. loss-based selection.

d. compensation.


12

The notion of "balancing" work and home-life responsibilities is best associated with:

a. the synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones.

b. history determining the outcome of life.

c. individual timing of life events in relation to external historical events.

d. the impact of earlier life events on current conditions.


13

Carrie is most interested in studying adolescent behavior occurring at a high school prom. Which method is most likely to help her accomplish this goal?

a. structured observation

b. self-report

c. naturalistic observation

d. experiment

status: not answered () correct: c your answer:

14

You read a research article that concludes that the higher a student's self-esteem, the worse they perform in school. This sort of relationship would best be characterized as:

a. a negative correlation.

b. positive correlation.

c. cause and effect.

d. no relationship.


15

In the Fujita and Diener (2005) study, which variable was most likely to change over time?

a. personality traits

b. body mass index

c. weight

d. life satisfaction


1

The continuity-discontinuity issue concerns whether there is just one path of development or several.

True

False

status: not answered () correct: false your answer:

2 If you believe in continuity you believe that development is best characterized as following a smooth progression.

True

False

status: not answered () correct: true your answer:

3

Someone taking a universal stance believes that there is only one path of development.

True

False


4

The influence of your family on your behavior would be considered a psychological force.

True

False


5

In a life-cycle model, the timing of an event has little influence on the type of impact it has on behavior.

True

False


6

The epigenetic principle is a component of psychosocial theory.

True

False


7

Vygotsky emphasized the role of cultural context on human development.

True

False


8 When explaining an individual's behavior, proponents of ecological theory would say that you have to consider factors outside of the child himself or herself.

True

False


9

A mesosystem provides connections across microsystems.

True

False


10

Plasticity refers to the fact that as we develop, some of our skills grow and others decline.

True

False


11

Compensation cannot involve the learning of a new skill.

True

False


12

Determining whether a form of measurement is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring is determining its reliability.

True

False


13

Teenagers would be considered a sample of a population that includes all individuals between ages 5 and 50.

True

False


14 The strength of correlational research lies in its ability to determine cause.

True

False


15

In an experiment, the dependent variable is manipulated.

True

False


Glossary

Chapter 1

biopsychosocial framework

a useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

cohort effects problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from developmental processes

continuity–discontinuity issue

whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity)

correlation coefficient

an expression of the strength and direc-tion of a relation between two variables

correlational study

investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world

cross-sectional study

study in which developmental differences are identied by testing people of different ages

dependent variable

the behavior being observed

ecological theory

theory based on idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops

epigenetic principle

in Erikson’s theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance

exosystem social settings that a person may not experience first-hand but that still influence development

experiment a systematic way of manipulating the key factor(s) that the investigator thinks causes a particular behavior

human development

the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time

imitation (observational learning)

learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave

independent variable

the factor being manipulated

information-processing theory

theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software

life-course perspective

description of how various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts

life-span view that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the

perspective scope of a single framework

macrosystem the cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded

mesosystem provides connections across microsystems

meta-analysis a tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables

microgenetic study

a special type of longitudinal design in which participants are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks, typically with the aim of observing change directly as it occurs

microsystem the people and objects in an individual’s immediate environment

naturalistic observation

technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real-life situation

nature–nurture issue

the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are

operant conditioning

learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future

populations broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers

psychodynamic theories

theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages

psychosocial theory

Erikson’s proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands

punishment a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

qualitative research

method that involves gaining in-depth understanding of human behavior and what governs it

reinforcement a consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

reliability extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic

sample a subset of the population

selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model

model in which three processes (selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging

self-efficacy people’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents

self-reports people’s answers to questions about the topic of interest

sequential design

developmental research design based on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

structured observations

technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest

systematic observation

watching people and carefully recording what they do or say

theory an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

universal versus context-specific development issue

whether there is just one path of development or several paths

validity extent to which a measure actually assesses what researchers think it does

. Which of these is not a part of the code for conducting ethical research?

Which of these is not a part of the code for conducting ethical research?

a. Always accurately describe risks to the participants before the study

b. Never use deception

c. Keep results confidential while always assuring anonymity

d. Always minimize risks to participants

B.F. Skinner is closely associated with which of the following?

a. Behaviorism

b. Social learning theory

c. Cognitive-development theory

d. The life-course perspective

1. For a correlation coefficient, the ________ shows the direction of the relationship, while the ________ shows the strength of the relationship.

For a correlation coefficient, the ________ shows the direction of the relationship, while the ________ shows the strength of the relationship.

a. positive or negative sign; difference from zero

b. difference from zero; probability

c. probability; difference from zero

d. difference from zero; positive or negative sign

. ________ theories hold that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.

________ theories hold that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.

a. Cognitive

b. Psychodynamic

c. Systems

d. Learning

Dr. Garcia is studying the impact of cancer treatment on psychological well-being. In her current study, she is comparing the reactions of different age groups of patients (in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s). Most likely, Dr. Garcia is interested in the ________ forces of development.

Dr. Garcia is studying the impact of cancer treatment on psychological well-being. In her current study, she is comparing the reactions of different age groups of patients (in their 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s). Most likely, Dr. Garcia is interested in the ________ forces of development.

a. sociocultural

b. psychological

c. life-cycle

d. biological

"Infants who were irritable at birth tend to be irritable as adults," is an example of which of the following?

"Infants who were irritable at birth tend to be irritable as adults," is an example of which of the following?

a. Genetics

b. Continuity

c. Environment

d. Discontinuity

If peer reviewers positively evaluate a full-length manuscript submitted for publication, the editor may decide it is publishable in a ________.

If peer reviewers positively evaluate a full-length manuscript submitted for publication, the editor may decide it is publishable in a ________.

a. trademark magazine of the research discipline

b. annotated bibliography

c. journal

d. scientific society's newsletter

A ________ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.

a. theory

b. hypothesis

c. rejoinder

d. position

Results from experiments and other studies are usually presented to the peer group of an academic field through publication in a ________.

a. journal

b. thesis

c. textbook

d. dissertation

According to Erikson, a person experiencing an identity conflict is what age?

a. Young adult

b. Adolescent

c. Middle-aged adult

d. School-age

Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development are all considered ________ forces.

a. sociocultural

b. psychological

c. lifecycle

d. biological

The selective optimization with compensation model describes how ________.

a. people successfully adapt to aging

b. children learn in the first few months of life

c. personality changes after experiencing a traumatic event

d. adolescents overcome their identity crises

3.________ designs cannot determine cause and effect.

a. Correlational

b. Experimental

c. Cross-sectional

d. Sequential

4.Which of the following is not one of the four key features of the life-span perspective as identified by Paul Bates and his associates?

a. Ethnicity

b. Historical context

c. Multiple causation

d. Plasticity

5.Which of the following is not one of the ethical-research criteria outlined in the text?

a. Clearly identify any and all results

b. Describe the research to potential participants

c. Minimize risk

d. Avoid deception

Which is the proper order of Piaget's stages?

a. Preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotor

b. Formal operations, sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational

c. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

d. Concrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotor, preoperational

According to the text, in a sociocultural context, which of the following highly populated countries is the most diverse?

a. The United States

b. Russia

c. India

d. China

According to the example in the text, which product below was pulled from American shelves in response to human development research and its impact on social policy?

a. Lead-based paint

b. Flammable pajamas

c. Stem cells

d. Mercury-based thermometer

Which of these is not considered a psychological force?

a. Interpersonal factors

b. Cognitive factors

c. Personality factors

d. Emotional factors

Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental issues pervading modern research in the text's topic?

a. Tabula rasa versus innate response

b. Nature versus nurture

c. Universal versus context-specific

d. Continuity versus discontinuity

3.________ designs cannot determine cause and effect.

a. Correlational

b. Experimental

c. Cross-sectional

4.Which of the following is not one of the four key features of the life-span perspective as identified by Paul Bates and his associates?

a. Ethnicity

b. Historical context

c. Multiple causation

d. Plasticity

5.Which of the following is not one of the ethical-research criteria outlined in the text?

a. Clearly identify any and all results

b. Describe the research to potential participants

c. Minimize risk

d. Avoid deception


a. sociocultural

b. psychological

c. lifecycle

d. biological

Results from experiments and other studies are usually presented to the peer group of an academic field through publication in a ________.

a. journal

b. thesis

c. textbook

d. dissertation

________ may not always be valid, as participants may not accurately answer the questions.

a. Self-reports

b. Sample studies

c. Questionnaires

d. Surveys

The main issue in the continuity-discontinuity debate involves ________.

a. stage-like progression

b. environmental influences

c. genetic influences

d. universal development

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the effect of nurture on development?

a. Learning

b. Ecological

c. Psychodynamic

d. Cognitive

________ designs are based on both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

a. Sequential

b. Experimental

c. Meta-analysis

d. Correlational

1. Neuroscience identifies brain-behavior relations, thereby providing developmental psychologists an overall understanding of ________.

a. interactions among biological, psychological, sociocultural, and lifecycle forces

b. the ways in which people are similar in cognition, personality, and biology

c. how nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) interact during developmental transitions(X)

d. the brain and nervous system's hard-wired contributions to development (X)

2. The selective optimization with compensation model describes how ________.

a. children learn in the first few months of life

b. people successfully adapt to aging

c. adolescents overcome their identity crises

d. personality changes after experiencing a traumatic event

6. In the nature-nurture debate, a researcher believes that home environment has very little influence on IQ scores. With which side of the debate does this researcher most probably side?

In the nature-nurture debate, a researcher believes that home environment has very little influence on IQ scores. With which side of the debate does this researcher most probably side?

a. Nurture (X)

b. Stage-like progression

c. Nature

d. Context-specific development

7. The main issue in the continuity-discontinuity debate involves ________.

The main issue in the continuity-discontinuity debate involves ________.

a. stage-like progression

b. universal development

c. genetic influences

d. environmental influences

8. Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development are all considered ________ forces.


a. psychological

b. sociocultural

c. biological

d. lifecycle

9. Which force is considered to have the most powerful influence on development?

8.Which force is considered to have the most powerful influence on development?

a. Psychological (X)

b. Sociocultural (X)

c. Biological(X)

d. None of these are correct.

10.Dr. Chen has always been interested in what make some people more susceptible to cold viruses and other infections. Currently, Dr. Chen is studying how stress during pregnancy influences the physical health of newborns. Dr. Chen is probably most interested in ________ forces of development.

a. psychological (X)

b. sociocultural (X)

c. biological

d. lifecycle (X)

11. Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the effect of nurture on development?

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the effect of nurture on development?

a. Learning

b. Cognitive

c. Psychodynamic

d. Ecologica

14.Which of these is a difference between Bandura's and Skinner's theories?

a. Negative reinforcement (X)

b. Punishment (X)

c. Cognitive interpretation

d. Importance of operant conditioning (X)

15.In the textbook's example of how human development can shape social policy, every state in the United States and almost every country has laws protecting the rights and safety of ________.

a. children

b. humans

c. animals

d. the elderly

16. The two forms of systematic observation are ________ and ________.

a. self-reports; observer reports (X)

b. case study; self-report (X)

c. correlational; experimental (X)

d. naturalistic; structured

17. The ________ of a measure is the extent to which it consistently gives a consistent estimate of the attribute it is attempting to measure.

a. validity (X)

b. reliability

c. self-report

d. sampling

18. A researcher surveyed college students and found that as self-esteem went up, grades in school also went up. The researcher most likely used a(n) ________ design.

a. experimental (X)

b. longitudinal (X)

c. correlational

d. cross-sectional (X)

19.In an experiment, the variable the experiment manipulates is called the ________ variable.

a. independent

b. control

c. dependent

d. None of these are correct.

20 In ________ theory, human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops.

a. cross-sectional(X)

b. ecological

c. longitudinal (X)

d. environmental (X)

21________ designs are based on both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

a. Sequential

b. Correlational

c. Meta-analysis

d. Experimental

23. Which of the following is not one of the five general perspectives influencing current research in human development?

a. Erikson's theory

b. Cognitive theory

c. Life-plan theory (X)

d. Psychodynamic theory (X)

chapter1 human growth development

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