chapter10 personality.ppt

7/26/2019 chapter10 Personality.ppt

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General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign StudiesChapter 10

Chapter 10Personality


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Defining Some Terms

Personality: A persons unique and relatively staleehavior patterns! the "onsisten"y of #ho you are$ haveeen$ and #ill e"ome

Chara"ter: Personal "hara"teristi"s that have een

%udged or evaluated Temperament: &ereditary aspe"ts of personality$

in"luding sensitivity$ moods$ irritaility$ and adaptaility

Personality Trait: Stale qualities that a person sho#s in

most situations Personality Type: People #ho have several traits in

"ommon


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Personality Types and 'ther Con"epts

Carl (ung$ S#iss psy"hiatrist #ho #as a )reudiandis"iple$ elieved that #e are one of t#o personalitytypes:

* +ntrovert: Shy$ self,"entered person #hose attention is

fo"used in#ard* -.trovert: /old$ outgoing person #hose attention is

dire"ted out#ard

Self,Con"ept: our ideas$ per"eptions$ and feelings

aout #ho you are Self,-steem: &o# #e evaluate ourselves! a positive self,

evaluation of ourselves

* o# Self,esteem: A negative self,evaluation


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General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign StudiesChapter 10Figure 10.1

FIGURE 10.1Personality types are defined y the presen"e of several spe"ifi" traits2 )or

e.ample$ several possile personality traits are sho#n in the left "olumn2 A person #ho has a

Type A personality typi"ally possesses all or most of the highlighted traits2 Type A persons areespe"ially prone to heart disease 3see Chapter 1142


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FIGURE 10.2-nglish psy"hologist &ans -ysen"5 31617*16684 elieved that many personality

traits are related to #hether you are mainly introverted or e.troverted and #hether you tend to

e emotionally stale or unstale 3highly emotional42 These "hara"teristi"s$ in turn$ are related to

four asi" types of temperament first re"ogni9ed y the early ree5s2 The types are:

melan"holi" 3sad$ gloomy4$ "holeri" 3hot,tempered$ irritale4$ phlegmati" 3sluggish$ "alm4$ andsanguine 3"heerful$ hopeful42


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Personality Theories: An 'vervie#

Personality Theory: System of "on"epts$ assumptions$ideas$ and prin"iples proposed to e.plain personality!in"ludes five perspe"tives:* Trait Theories: Attempt to learn #hat traits ma5e up personality

and ho# they relate to a"tual ehavior* Psy"hodynami" Theories: )o"us on the inner #or5ings of

personality$ espe"ially internal "onfli"ts and struggles

* /ehavioristi" Theories: )o"us on e.ternal environment and oneffe"ts of "onditioning and learning

* So"ial earning Theories: Attriute differen"es in perspe"tives toso"iali9ation$ e.pe"tations$ and mental pro"esses

* &umanisti" Theories: )o"us on private$ su%e"tive e.perien"eand personal gro#th


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ordon Allport and Traits

Common Traits: Chara"teristi"s shared y most

memers of a "ulture

+ndividual Traits: Des"rie a persons unique personal

qualities

Cardinal Traits: So asi" that all of a persons a"tivities

"an e tra"ed a"5 to the trait

Central Traits: Core qualities of a personality

Se"ondary Traits: +n"onsistent or superfi"ial aspe"ts of aperson


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;aymond Cattell and Traits

Surfa"e Traits: )eatures that ma5e up the visile areas

of personality

Sour"e Traits:


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FIGURE 10.3The 17 sour"e traits measured y Cattells 17 P) are listed eside the graph2

S"ores "an e plotted as a profile for an individual or a group2 The profiles sho#n here are group

averages for airline pilots$ "reative artists$ and #riters2 ?oti"e the similarity et#een artists and#riters and the differen"e et#een these t#o groups and pilots2


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;aymond Cattell and the =/ig )ive>

Personality )a"tors -.troversion

Agreealeness

Cons"ientious

?euroti"ism 'penness to -.perien"e


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FIGURE 10.4The /ig )ive2 A""ording to the five,fa"tor model$ asi" differen"es in personality "an

e =oiled do#n> to the dimensions sho#n here2 The five,fa"tor model ans#ers these essential

questions aout a person: +s she or he e.troverted or introverted@ Agreeale or diffi"ult@

Cons"ientious or irresponsile@ -motionally stale or unstale@ Smart or unintelligent@ Thesequestions "over a large measure of #hat #e might #ant to 5no# aout someones personality2


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Traits and Situations

Trait,Situation +ntera"tions: hen e.ternal

"ir"umstan"es influen"e the e.pression of personality

traits

/ehavioral eneti"s: Study of inherited ehavioral traits


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Psy"hoanalyti" Theory and Sigmund )reud$ B2D2

)reud #as a iennese physi"ian #ho thought hispatients prolems #ere more emotional than physi"al2

)reud egan his #or5 y using hypnosis and eventuallys#it"hed to psy"hoanalysis2

)reud had many follo#ers: (ung and Adler$ to name afe#2 )reud used "o"aine and toa""o and died from oral

"an"er2 Bore than 100 years later$ his #or5 is still influential and

very "ontroversial


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Some ey )reudian Terms

Psy"he:)reuds term for the personality

iido: -nergy

-ros: ife instin"ts

Thanatos: Death instin"t


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FIGURE 10.6The appro.imate relationship et#een the id$ ego$ and superego$ and the levelsof a#areness2


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)reuds Psy"hoanalyti" Theory: The +d

+nnate iologi"al instin"ts and urges! self,serving$

irrational$ and totally un"ons"ious

or5s on Pleasure Prin"iple: ishes to have its desires

3pleasurale4 satisfied ?'$ #ithout #aiting and

regardless of the "onsequen"es


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)reuds Psy"hoanalyti" Theory: The -go

-.e"utive! dire"ts id energies

* Partially "ons"ious and partially un"ons"ious

* or5s on ;eality Prin"iple: Delays a"tion until it is

pra"ti"al andEor appropriate


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)reuds Psy"hoanalyti" Theory: The Superego

(udge or "ensor for thoughts and a"tions of the ego

* Superego "omes from our parents or "aregivers! guilt"omes from the superego

T#o parts

* Cons"ien"e: ;efle"ts a"tions for #hi"h a person haseen punished

* -go +deal: Se"ond part of the superego! refle"tsehavior ones parents approved of or re#arded


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)reudian Dynami"s of Personality and An.ieties

-go is al#ays "aught in the middle of attles et#eensuperegos desires for moral ehavior and the idsdesires for immediate gratifi"ation

?euroti" An.iety: Caused y id impulses that the ego "an

arely "ontrol Boral An.iety: Comes from threats of punishment fromthe superego


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)reudian Personality Development

Develops in stages! everyone goes through same stagesin same order

Ba%ority of personality is formed efore age 7

-rogenous Fone: Area on ody "apale of produ"ing

pleasure )i.ation:


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)reudian Personality Development:

'ral Stage 'ral Stage: Ages 0,12 Bost of infants pleasure "omes

from stimulation of the mouth2 +f a "hild is overfed or

frustrated$ oral traits #ill develop2 -arly oral fi.ations "an

"auseG

* 'ral Dependent Personality: ullile$ passive$ and

need lots of attention2

ater oral fi.ations "an "auseG

* 'ral,aggressive adults #ho li5e to argue and e.ploit

others


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Anal Stage Anal Stage: Ages 1,H2 Attention turns to pro"ess of

elimination2 Child "an gain approval or e.press

aggression y letting go or holding on2 -go develops2

&arsh or lenient toilet training "an ma5e a "hild:

*Anal ;etentive: Stuorn$ stingy$ orderly$ and

"ompulsively "lean

*Anal -.pulsive: Disorderly$ messy$ destru"tive$ or

"ruel


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Phalli" Stage Phalli" Stage: Ages H,72 Child no# noti"es and is

physi"ally attra"ted to opposite se. parent2 The "hild isvain$ sensitive$ nar"issisti"2 Can lead to:

* 'edipus Confli"t: )or oys only2 /oy feels rivalry #ithhis father for his mothers affe"tion2 /oy may feelthreatened y father 3"astration an.iety42 To resolve$oy must identify#ith his father 3i2e2$ e"ome moreli5e him and adopt his heterose.ual eliefs42

*-le"tra Confli"t: irl loves her father and "ompetes#ith her mother2 irl identifies #ith her mother moreslo#ly e"ause she already feels "astrated2

* /oth "on"epts are #idely re%e"ted today y mostpsy"hologists


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aten"y Stage aten"y: Ages 7,Puerty2 Psy"hose.ual development is

dormant2 Same se. friendships and play o""ur here2

G l P h l G D U i it f F i St di


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enital Stage enital Stage: Puerty,on2 ;eali9ation of full adult

se.uality o""urs here! se.ual urges re,a#a5en2



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earning Theories and Some ey Terms

/ehavioral Personality Theory: Bodel of personality that

emphasi9es learning and oservale ehavior

earning Theorist: /elieves that learning shapes our

ehavior and e.plains personality

Situational Determinants: -.ternal "onditions that

influen"e our ehaviors



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Dollard and Billers Theory

&aits: earned ehavior patterns! ma5es up stru"ture of

personality2 overned y:

* Drive: Any stimulus strong enough to goad a person

into a"tion 3li5e hunger4

* Cue: Signals from the environment that guide

responses

* ;esponse: Any ehavior$ either internal or

oservale! a"tions

* ;e#ard: Positive reinfor"ement



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So"ial earning Theory 3;otter4

Definition: An e.planation that "omines learning

prin"iples$ "ognition$ and the effe"ts of so"ial

relationships

Psy"hologi"al Situation: &o# the person interprets or

defines the situation

-.pe"tan"y: Anti"ipation that ma5ing a response #ill

lead to reinfor"ement

;einfor"ement alue: Subjective value atta"hed to a

parti"ular a"tivity or reinfor"er



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So"ial earning Theory 3"ontId4

Self,effi"a"y: Capa"ity for produ"ing a desired result

Self,reinfor"ement: Praising or re#arding oneself forhaving made a parti"ular response 3getting a goodgrade4

So"ial ;einfor"ement: Praise$ attention$ andEor approvalfrom others

+dentifi"ation: )eeling emotionally "onne"ted to admiredadults

+mitation: Desire to a"t li5e an admired person

General Psychology: GuangDong University of Foreign Studies


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/e"oming Bale or )emale

+dentifi"ation: )eeling emotionally "onne"ted to admired

adults

+mitation: Desire to a"t li5e an admired person



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Biller and Dollards )our Criti"al

Childhood Situations )eeding Toilet or "leanliness training

Se. training

earning to e.press anger or aggression



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/em Se. ;ole +nventory 3/S;+4 and

Androgyny /S;+: Created y Sandra /em

* Consists of 70 personal traits$ J0 ea"h for=mas"uline$> =feminine$> and =neutral>

Androgyny: &aving oth mas"uline and feminine traits ina single person

*Androgynous individuals are more adaptale in ourso"iety

* ;igid gender stereotypes "an restri"t ehavior$espe"ially in males

+nstrumental /ehaviors: oal,dire"ted

-.pressive /ehaviors: -motion,oriented



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FIGURE 10.7Another indi"ation of the possile enefits of androgyny is found in a study of

rea"tions to stress2 hen "onfronted #ith an onslaught of negative events$ strongly mas"uline

or feminine persons e"ome more depressed than androgynous individuals do2



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&umanism

Approa"h that fo"uses on human e.perien"e$ prolems$potentials$ and ideals

&uman ?ature: Traits$ qualities$ potentials$ and ehaviorpatterns most "hara"teristi" of humans

)ree Choi"e: Aility to "hoose that is ?'T "ontrolled ygeneti"s$ learning$ or un"ons"ious for"es

Su%e"tive -.perien"e: Private per"eptions of reality

Self,A"tuali9ation 3Baslo#4: Pro"ess of fully developing

personal potentials Pea5 -.perien"es: Temporary moments of self,

a"tuali9ation



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Carl ;ogers Self Theory

)ully )un"tioning Person: ives in harmony #ith hisEherdeepest feelings and impulses

Self: )le.ile and "hanging per"eption of ones identity Self,+mage: Total su%e"tive per"eption of your ody and

personality +n"ongruen"e: -.ists #hen there is a dis"repan"yet#een ones e.perien"es and self,image

+deal Self: +deali9ed image of oneself 3the person one#ould li5e to e4



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FIGURE 10.8+n"ongruen"e o""urs #hen there is a mismat"h et#een any of these three

entities: the ideal self 3the person you #ould li5e to e4$ your self,image 3the person you thin5

you are4$ and the true self 3the person you a"tually are42 Selfesteem suffers #hen there is a

large differen"e et#een ones ideal self and self,image2 An.iety and defensiveness are

"ommon #hen the self,image does not mat"h the true self2



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Bore ;ogerian Con"epts

Conditions of orth: +nternal standards of evaluation

used y "hildren

Positive Self,;egard: Thin5ing of oneself as a good$

lovale$ #orth#hile person

'rganismi" aluing: ?atural$ undistorted$ full,ody

rea"tion to an e.perien"e


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Personality Assessment

+ntervie#: )a"e,to,fa"e meeting designed to gain

information aout someones personality$ "urrent

psy"hologi"al state$ or personal history

*


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'ther Types of Personality Assessments

/ehavioral Assessment: ;e"ording the frequen"y ofspe"ifi" ehaviors

Situational Test: ;eal life situations are simulated so thatsomeones spontaneous rea"tions "an e re"orded

+n,/as5et Test: Simulates de"ision,ma5ing "hallengesthat e.e"utives fa"e

* /as5et full of memos is given to appli"ant$ andappli"ant must a"t appropriately as qui"5ly aspossile

eaderless roup Dis"ussion: Test of leadership thatsimulates group de"ision ma5ing and prolem solving



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Bore Types of Personality AssessmentsK

;eliaility: Does a test give "lose to the same s"oreea"h time it is given to the same person@

alidity: Does the test measure #hat it "laims tomeasure@

Personality Luestionnaire: Paper,and,pen"il test"onsisting of questions that reveal personality aspe"ts

* Binnesota Bultiphasi" Personality +nventory,J 3BBP+,J4: idely used o%e"tive personality questionnaire

&onesty 3+ntegrity4 Test: Assumes that poor attitudesto#ard dishonest a"ts predispose a person to dishonestehavior



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FIGURE 10.9Sample rating s"ale items2 To understand ho# the s"ale #or5s$ imagine someone

you 5no# #ell2 here #ould you pla"e "he"5 mar5s on ea"h of the s"ales to rate that persons

"hara"teristi"s@



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Pro%e"tive Tests

Psy"hologi"al tests that use amiguous or unstru"tured

stimuli! person needs to des"rie the amiguous stimuli

or ma5e up stories aout them

* ;ors"ha"h Te"hnique: Developed y S#iss

psy"hologist &ermann ;ors"ha"h! "ontains 10standardi9ed in5lots 3the =in5lot> test4

* Themati" Apper"eption Test 3TAT4: Developed y

&enry Burray$ personality theorist! pro%e"tive devi"e

"onsisting of J0 dra#ings 3la"5 and #hite4 of varioussituations! people must ma5e up stories aout the

people in it



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Shyness

Definition: Tenden"y to avoid others and feelinguneasiness and strain #hen so"iali9ing

So"ial An.iety: )eeling of apprehension in the presen"eof others

-valuation )ears: )ears of eing inadequate$emarrassed$ ridi"uled$ or re%e"ted

Private Self,Cons"iousness: Attention to inner feelings$thoughts$ and fantasies

Puli" Self,Cons"iousness: +ntense a#areness ofoneself as a so"ial o%e"t

chapter10 personality.ppt

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