chapter12 information system development
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powerpoint presentation for Information System DevelopmentTRANSCRIPT
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Discovering Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Computers 2011
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Objectives OverviewObjectivesOverview
Discusstheimportanceofproject managementDefinesystemdevelopment
andlistthesystemdevelopmentphases
Identifytheguidelinesforsystemdevelopment
projectmanagement,feasibilityassessment,
documentation,anddataandinformationgatheringg g
techniques
Explaintheactivitiesperformedintheplanning
phase
Discussthepurposeoftheactivitiesperformedinthe
analysis phase
Describethevarioustoolsusedinprocessmodelingphase analysisphase
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Objectives OverviewObjectivesOverview
D ib h i E l i h i i i Recognize the developDescribethevarioustoolsusedinobject
modeling
Explaintheactivitiesperformedinthedesignphase
Recognizethedevelopprogramsactivityis
partofsystemdevelopmentdevelopment
Discuss the purpose ofDiscusstheactivitiesperformedinthe
implementation phase
Discussthepurposeoftheactivities
performedintheoperation support andimplementationphase operation,support,and
securityphase
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Systemdevelopment isasetofactivitiesused to build an information systemusedtobuildaninformationsystem
Aninformation
Asystem isasetofcomponents that
system(IS)isacollectionof
hardware software
Systemdevelopmentactivitiesaregroupedinto phases and iscomponentsthat
interacttoachieveacommongoal
hardware,software,data,people,and
proceduresthatwork
intophases,andiscalledthesystemdevelopmentlife
togethertoproducequalityinformation
cycle (SDLC)
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Systemdevelopmentshouldfollowthreegeneralguidelines:g
GroupactivitiesortasksintophasesGroupactivitiesortasksintophasesp pp p
Involve usersInvolve usersInvolveusersInvolveusers
f d df d dDefinestandardsDefinestandards
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Systemdevelopmentshouldinvolverepresentativesfromeachdepartmentinwhichtheproposedsystemwillbeused
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Projectmanagement istheprocessofplanning,scheduling,andthencontrollingtheactivitiesduringsystemdevelopment
Toplanandscheduleaprojectefficiently,theprojectleaderidentifies:
Required Time estimatesProjectscope RequiredactivitiesTimeestimatesforeachactivity
Costestimatesfor each activity
Orderofactivities
Activitiesthatcantakeplaceath
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foreachactivity activities thesametime
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Apopulartoolused to planusedtoplanandschedulethetime
relationshipsamongprojectactivitiesisaGanttchart
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 12, Click Web Link from left navigation
DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorldChapter12
9Page623Figure123a
Link from left navigation, then click Gantt Charts below Chapter 12
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
APERTchartalsocanbeusedfor
planningandscheduling timeschedulingtime
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 12, Click Web Link from left navigation
DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorldChapter12
10Page624Figure123b
Link from left navigation, then click PERT Charts below Chapter 12
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Feasibility isameasureofhowsuitablethedevelopmentofasystemwillbetothep yorganization
Operationalfeasibility
Schedulefeasibility
Technicalfeasibility
Economicfeasibility
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Documentation isthecollectionandsummarizationofdataandinformation Aprojectnotebookcontainsalldocumentationforasingle projectsingleproject
UsersandITprofessionalsrefertoexistingd i h ki i h d dif idocumentationwhenworkingwithandmodifyingcurrentsystems
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What is System Development?WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Duringsystemdevelopment,membersoftheprojectteamgatherdataandinformationusingseveraltechniques
Reviewdocumentation Observe Survey
I i JAD S i R hInterview JADSessions Research
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WhoInitiatesaSysteml j ?DevelopmentProject?
Ausermayrequestanewormodifiedsystem
Organizationsmaywanttoimprovehardware,software,orothertechnology
Situationsbeyondanorganizationscontrolmightrequireachange
Managementmightmandateachange
Ausermayrequestanewormodifiedinformationsystemusingarequestfor system services or a project requestforsystemservicesoraprojectrequest
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WhoInitiatesaSysteml j ?DevelopmentProject?
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Planning PhasePlanningPhase
Theplanningphase foraprojectbeginswhenthesteeringcommitteereceivesaprojectrequestg p j q
Fourmajoractivitiesareperformed:
Reviewandapprovethe
projectrequests
Reviewandapprovethe
projectrequests
PrioritizetheprojectrequestsPrioritizethe
projectrequestsAllocateresourcesAllocateresources
Formaprojectdevelopment
team
Formaprojectdevelopment
team
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Theanalysisphase consistsoftwomajoractivities:
Conductapreliminaryinvestigation
Performdetailedanalysisinvestigation
Determinesanddefines the exact
Determinesanddefines the exact
analysis
Studyhowthecurrentsystem works
Studyhowthecurrentsystem worksdefinestheexact
natureoftheproblemorimprovement
definestheexactnatureoftheproblemorimprovement
systemworks Determinetheuserswants, needs, and
systemworks Determinetheuserswants, needs, andp
Interviewtheuserwhosubmittedtherequest
p Interviewtheuserwhosubmittedtherequest
wants,needs,andrequirements
Recommendasolution
wants,needs,andrequirements
Recommendasolution
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 12, Click Web Link from left navigation
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Link from left navigation, then click Feasibility Study below Chapter 12
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Processmodeling (structuredanalysisanddesign)isananalysisanddesigntechniquethatdescribesprocessesthattransforminputsintooutputs
EntityEntityrelationshipdiagrams
Dataflowdiagrams
ProjectdictionaryClick to view Web Link,click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation
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Link from left navigation, then click Process Modeling below Chapter 12
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Anentityrelationshipdiagram (ERD)isatoolthatgraphicallyshowstheconnectionsamongentitiesinasystem
Entitiesareobjectsinthesystemthathavedata
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Adataflowdiagram(DFD)isatoolthatgraphicallyshowstheflowofdatainasystem Dataflows Processes Datastores Sources
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Theprojectdictionary containsallthedocumentationanddeliverablesofaprojectp j
StructuredEnglishisastyle of writing thatstyleofwritingthatdescribesthestepsinaprocess
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Adecisiontable isatablethatlistsavarietyofconditionsyandtheactionsthatcorrespondtoeachcondition
Adecisiontreealsoshowsconditionsandactions,butit,showsthemgraphically
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Decisiontable Decisiontree
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Thedatadictionary storesthedataitemsname,description,andotherdetailsabouteachdatapitem
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Objectmodeling combinesthedatawiththeprocessesthatactonthatdataintoasingleunit,calledanobject
UML (UnifiedModelingLanguage)hasbeenadoptedasastandardnotationforobjectmodelinganddevelopment UMLincludes13differentdiagrams Twodiagramsinclude:g
Use caseUsecasediagram ClassdiagramClick to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web Link from left navigation
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Link from left navigation, then click UML below Chapter 12
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Ausecasediagramgraphicallyshowshowactors(users)interactwiththeinformationsystem
Diagramsareconsideredeasytounderstand
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
A l di Aclassdiagramgraphicallyshowsclasses and subclassesclassesandsubclassesinasystem
Each class can have one Eachclasscanhaveoneormoresubclasses
Subclasses use Subclassesuseinheritancetoinheritmethods and attributesmethodsandattributesofhigherlevels
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Analysis PhaseAnalysisPhase
Thesystemproposalassessesthefeasibilityofeachalternativesolution
Thesteeringcommitteediscussesthesystemproposal and decides which alternative to pursueproposalanddecideswhichalternativetopursue
Packagedsoftware
Customsoftware Outsourcing
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Link from left navigation, then click Vertical Market Software below Chapter 12
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Thedesignphase consistsoftwomajoractivities
AcquirehardwareDevelopallofthedetailsofthenew
andsoftware ormodifiedinformationsystem
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Toacquirethenecessaryhardwareandsoftware:
Useresearch
Solicitvendorproposals Varioustechniques
Makeadecision
techniquessuchasezines RFQ,RFP,orRFIis
senttopotentialvendorsorVARs
qareusedtodeterminethebestproposal
Systemsanalystmakesrecommendationtosteering committee
Identifytechnicalspecifications
Testandevaluatevendorproposals
steeringcommittee
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 12, Click Web Link from left navigation
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Link from left navigation, then click E-Zines below Chapter 12
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Thenextstepistodevelopdetaileddesignspecificationsp Sometimescalledaphysicaldesign
Databasedesign
Inputandoutputdesign
Programdesigndesign
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Systemsanalyststypicallydeveloptwotypesofdesignsforeachinputandoutputg p p
Mockup Layoutchart
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Aprototype (proofofconcept)isaworkingmodeloftheproposedsystemp p y PrototypeshaveinadequateormissingdocumentationUsers tend to embrace the prototype as a final system Userstendtoembracetheprototypeasafinalsystem
Shouldnoteliminateorreplaceactivities
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Computeraidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)toolsaredesignedtosupportoneormoreg ppactivitiesofsystemdevelopment
CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools: CASEtoolssometimescontainthefollowingtools:
Project hProjectrepository Graphics Prototyping
Qualityassurance
Codegenerator Housekeeping
Click to view Web Link,click Chapter 12, Click Web Link from left navigation
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gLink from left navigation, then click CASE Toolsbelow Chapter 12
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
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Design PhaseDesignPhase
Manypeopleshouldreviewthedetaileddesignspecificationsp
Aninspectionisaformalreviewofanysystemdevelopment deliverabledevelopmentdeliverable Ateamexaminesthedeliverablestoidentifyerrors
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Implementation PhaseImplementationPhase
Thepurposeoftheimplementationphase istoconstructthenewormodifiedsystemandthenydeliverit
Install andInstall and Convert toConvert toDevelopprogramsDevelopprograms
Installandtestthenew
system
Installandtestthenew
systemTrainusersTrainusers
Converttothenewsystem
Converttothenewsystem
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Implementation PhaseImplementationPhase
Theprogramdevelopmentlifecyclefollowsthesesteps: Analyze the requirementsp 1 Analyzetherequirements
2 Designthesolution2 g
3 Validatethedesign
4 Implementthedesign
T t th l ti5 Testthesolution
6 Documentthesolution
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6
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Implementation PhaseImplementationPhase
Varioustestsshouldbeperformedonthenewsystemy
Unittest Systemstest IntegrationtestAcceptance
test
Verifiesthateach
Verifiesthateach
y
Verifiesthatall programs
Verifiesthatall programs
test
Verifiesthatan
Verifiesthatan
test
Checksthenew system
Checksthenew systemeach
individualprogramorobject works
eachindividualprogramorobject works
allprogramsinanapplicationwork
allprogramsinanapplicationwork
anapplicationworkswithother
anapplicationworkswithother
newsystemtoensurethatitworkswith actual
newsystemtoensurethatitworkswith actualobjectworks
byitselfobjectworksbyitself
worktogetherproperly
worktogetherproperly
otherapplicationsotherapplications
withactualdatawithactualdata
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Implementation PhaseImplementationPhase
Training involvesshowingusersexactlyhowtheywillusethenewhardwareandsoftwareinthesystem Oneonone sessions Oneononesessions Classroomstylelectures Webbasedtraining
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Implementation PhaseImplementationPhase
Oneormoreoffourconversionstrategiescanbeusedtochangefromtheoldsystemtothenewg ysystem
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Operation, Support, and Security PhaseOperation,Support,andSecurityPhase
Thepurposeoftheoperation,support,andsecurityphase istoprovideongoingassistancefory p p g ganinformationsystemanditsusersafterthesystem is implementedsystemisimplemented
Perform Monitor Assess systemmaintenanceactivities
systemperformance
Assesssystemsecurity
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Link from left navigation, then click Chief Security Officer below Chapter 12
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Operation, Support, and Security PhaseOperation,Support,andSecurityPhase
Acomputersecurityplan shoulddothefollowing:
Foreachrisk,
Identifyallinformation
Identifyallsecurityrisksthat may cause
identifythesafeguardsthatexist to detectassetsofan
organization
thatmaycauseaninformation
assetloss
existtodetect,prevent,andrecoverfroma
loss
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SummarySummary
Systemd l t
Guidelinesfortdevelopment
phasessystem
development
Activitiesthatoccurduring system
Activitiesperformedduringduringsystem
development eachsystemdevelopmentphasep p
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Discovering Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Computers 2011
Chapter12Complete