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Chapter 18Northern Europe and Spain,

1500 to 1600

Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, The Western

Perspective 13e

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Europe in the 16th Century

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Goals

• Understand the consequences of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Understand the diversity of cultures and artistic styles in Spain and Northern Europe

• Identify artists from the 16th century Spain and Northern Europe

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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18.1 Art in the Holy Roman Empire during the 16th Century

• Understand German culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative German artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 18-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’ 1/2” (each wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’ 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar.

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Figure 18-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’ 1/2” (each wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’ 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar.

Albrecht Durer: “Leonardo of the North”

• Travelled widely through Europe and became an international celebrity

• Took trips to Italy to study Renaissance art• First artist to synthesize Northern European stylistic features (intricate detail, realistic rendering of objects, symbols hidden as everyday objects) and blend them with Italian features (classical body types, linear perspective) --- admired the work of Leonardo

• First artist to keep a thorough record of his life (self-portraits, treatises on his thoughts, and a diary)

• Important graphic artist --- best known for his engravings

• Influenced significantly by Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation

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Figure 18-4 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Great Piece of Turf, 1503. Watercolor, 1’ 3/4” x 1’ 3/8”. Albertina, Vienna.

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Figure 18-1 ALBRECHT DÜRER, The Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), 1504. Engraving, 9 7/8” x 7 5/8”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (centennial gift of Landon T. Clay).

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18.2 Protestant Reformation

• Understand the consequences of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Observe how Protestantism affected the role and imagery of art

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Figure 18-7 LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER, Allegory of Law and Grace, ca. 1530. Woodcut, 10 5/8” x 1’ 3/4”. British Museum, London.

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Figure 18-9 HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER, The French Ambassadors, 1533. Oil and tempera on wood, approx. 6’ 8” x 6’ 9 1/2”. National Gallery, London.

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18.3 Art in France during the 16th Century

• Understand the French culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative French artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 18-10 JEAN CLOUET, Francis I, ca. 1525–1530. Tempera and oil on wood, approx. 3’ 2” x 2’ 5”. Louvre, Paris.

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18.4 Art in the Netherlands during the 16th Century

• Understand Dutch culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative Dutch artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

Figure 18-13 HIERONYMUS BOSCH, Garden of Earthly Delights, 1505-1510. Oil on wood, center panel 7’ 2 5/8” X 6’ 4 ¾”, each wing 7’ 2 5/8” X 3’ 2 ¼”. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

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Figure 18-17 CATERINA VAN HEMESSEN, Self-Portrait, 1548. Oil on panel, 1’ 3/4” x 9 7/8”. Kunstmuseum, Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel.

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Figure 18-18 Attibuted to LEVINA TEERLINC. Elizabeth I as a Princess, ca. 1559. Oil on wood, 3’ 6 3/4” x 2’ 8 1/4”. The Royal Collection, Windsor Castle, Windsor, England.

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Figure 18-20 PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER, Netherlandish Proverbs, 1559. Oil on wood, 3’ 10” x 5’ 4 1/8”. Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin.

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18.5 Art in Spain during the 16th Century

• Understand Spanish culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative Spanish artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 18-24 Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo, El Escorial, near Madrid, Spain, ca. 1563–1584 (detail of an anonymous 18th-century painting).

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Figure 18-25 EL GRECO, The Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586. Oil on canvas, 16’ x 12’. Santo Tomé, Toledo.

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Discussion Questions

How does art influence or reflect religion? How does Protestant art differ from Catholic art during the Reformation and Counter Reformation?

Does religion influence art today? If so, how? How prevalent is religious art today? Why?