chapter4 smart drinking water aust 2015
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sustainable and Smart City : AUST Summer Course
Chapter 4 : Smart drinking water
Professor Isam SHAHROUR Isam.shahrour@univ-‐lille1.fr
![Page 2: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Water key figures • Drinking water system • Smart water system • Smart water pilot
4 Parts
![Page 3: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
In the world
Cost of the water supply: 184 billion € Cost of leakage = 9.6 billion €
![Page 4: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
France
Drinking Water network • 906 000 km (value: ~ 80 billion €) • Annual investment = 1.5 billion € Sewage network : • 394 000 km (~ 70 billion €) • Annual investment =: 0.8 to 1.3 billion € �
![Page 5: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Average life span of a pipeline: ~ 70 years • Average age of pipes: ~ 40 years (more
than 100 years for some pipes) • Average renewal rate = 0.6%
France
![Page 6: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lebanon
![Page 7: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lebanon : Water demand
![Page 8: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Lebanon : Water losses
![Page 9: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Lebanon has potenKally sufficient water resources to meet domesOc demand. Transforming resources into quality drinking water suffered from lack of investments in the infrastructures.
Water Service in Lebanon
![Page 10: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1) Water resources are overexploited due to excessive pumping. There are an esOmated 40,000 private wells, compared with 3,000 in 1970 which is factor in contaminaOon of the groundwater by seawater. Most of these wells are Illegal
Factors contribuKng to the poor water quality:
![Page 11: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2) inadequate provision of sanitaOon services has led to polluted streams, rivers and aquifers. Up to 70% of natural sources are affected by bacterial contaminaOon.
MulKple factors contribute to poor water quality:
![Page 12: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3) Absence of water metering Without a metering system, supply and demand is de-‐linked at the household level: the amount of water provided to each household is unrelated to the amount of water a household would consume and pay for.
![Page 13: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Water key figures • Drinking water system • Smart water system • Smart water pilot
4 Parts
![Page 14: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Water system organisaKon and operaKon
![Page 15: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Drinking water system components
DistribuKon tanks
![Page 17: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Water pipes
• Ductile iron • Plastic (HDPE/PVC) • Concrete • Steel
Drinking water system components
![Page 18: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Valves
![Page 20: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Fire Hydrants
![Page 21: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
water counter
![Page 22: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Challenges : 1) Water quality : contaminaKon (biological,
chemical) could occur at : • The Source (strict control) • TransportaOon from the treatment staOon
to the tank (strict control) • TransportaOon from the tank to consumers
(Control at large Ome interval)
![Page 23: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Challenges : 2) Water leakage : • In the pipes (provider responsibility) (in ciOes it
could take long Ome,…) • In buildings (the owner responsibility)
![Page 24: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tap drip 43,8 m3/year 175 € (France)
Toilet flush 220 m3/year 880 € (France)
Small water leakage in buildings
![Page 25: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Challenges : 3) Energy consumpKon:
• Water treatment • Water transport (pumps) • Pressure …(affects also the network
deterioraOon and the leakage).
![Page 26: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Challenges : 4) Balance between demand and producKon It requires a good knowledge of the consumers behavior.
![Page 27: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Challenges : 5) Investment : • Priority for the network maintenance,
rehabilitaOon, modernizaOon and extension. • Huge investment
![Page 28: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Movies A1 How It's Made Drinking Water A2 Water DistribuOon system A3 Illinois Drinking Water A4 Challenges to modernize the public water distribuOon system
![Page 29: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Water key figures • Drinking water system • Smart water system • Smart water pilot
4 Parts
![Page 30: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Smart Technology Smart governance
![Page 31: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ObjecKve of the smart water system Improve the management of the water system • Assets management • Leakage detecOon • Early contaminaOon detecOon • User awareness • Energy saving • OpOmizaOon of the investment (priority
according to the operaOon sate of the network…)
![Page 32: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CommunicaKon : • OpKcal (wired) • Contactless
SunRise -‐ Plateform InformaKon System
• Asset data (SIG) • Monitoring data
3D graphic tools AnalyKcal tools
CommunicaKon web Servor
• Users • Technical team
Governance team • Public data
Monitoring: • Leakage • Quality
Leakage Quality Sensors • Flow • Pressure
Sensors • Chlorine, • ConducKvity, • pH, • Turbidity • temperature, • +
OrganizaKon
![Page 33: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Asset informaKon : Pipes :
• geo-‐localizaOon, • diameter, material, roughness, • surrounding soils, • accident, maintenance,…
InformaKon system Geographic informaOon system (GIS)
![Page 34: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Asset informaKon : Valves : type, geo-‐localizaOon, sate, accident, maintenance,… Counters : type, geo-‐localizaOon, accident, maintenance,… Hydrants : type, geo-‐localizaOon, maintenance,
InformaKon system Geographic informaOon system (GIS)
![Page 35: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
OperaKonal data : ConsumpOon : Water counter, Velocity : water flow meter Pressure :
InformaKon system Geographic informaOon system (GIS)
![Page 36: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Smart meters
![Page 37: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Water quality parameters
Physical • Temperature • Flow • ConducKvity • Pressure
Chemical • Free Chlorine • Mono-‐chloramine • Dissolved Oxygen • pH • ORP • ISE (e.g. Ammonium, Fluoride, Nitrate)
OpKcal • Turbidity • Color
![Page 38: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
OperaKonal data : Water quality devices
Chlorine analyzer
![Page 39: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
OperaKonal data : Water quality
Intellesonde
12 Parameters Monitored Physical • Temperature • Flow • Pressure
Chemical • Free Chlorine • Mono-‐chloramine • Dissolved Oxygen • ConducKvity • pH • ORP • ISE (e.g. Ammonium,
Fluoride, Nitrate)
OpKcal • Turbidity • Colour
![Page 40: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Optiqua EventLab: measures refracOve index changes in the water It allows monitoring of the water quality for any change in (chemical)
Quality instrumentaKon
S::Scan AOC, BOD, BTX, COD, color, DOC, FTU/NTU, H2S, NO2-‐N, NO3-‐N, O3, TOC, TSS, UV254,
![Page 41: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Water Counter
Quality control
![Page 42: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Data collecKon
« Walk-by » « Drive-by »
![Page 43: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TelecommunicaKon network
![Page 44: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Water key figures • Drinking water system • Smart water system • Smart water pilot
4 Parts
![Page 45: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
SunRise project
![Page 46: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SunRise “Large Scale Demonstrator of the Smart and Sustainable City”
![Page 47: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Small town: • 110 Hectares • 250 000 users • 140 Buildings (320 000 m2 )
ScienOfic Campus (Lille1 University)
![Page 48: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
C1 – Chimie (1966) Polytech’Lille (2000)
IUT (2006)
![Page 49: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
100 km of Urban Networks
• Drinking Water • Sewage • District HeaKng • Gas • Electrical ( HV, LV) • Public light • Roads
![Page 50: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
InnovaKon centers and Clusters • Pole Ubiquitaire • CITC –EURARFID • PRN
Local government • AMGVF • Lille Metroplis • Region • ArtoisComm
InternaKonal: • W-‐Smart (Int. Ass. for
water Security) • New York University • Netherland • Great Britain • Spain
Private and public operators • Dalkia • Eaux du Nord (Suez) • Eau de Paris • ERDF • Lille Métropole Habitat
Research Laboratories: • Engineering • InformaKon technology • Social Science
EducaKon : • Master programs • PhD programs
Starts-‐ups : Stereograph, Nooliic, Inodesign, Calmwater, Planete oui, Ixsane, Projex,
Public and private partners:
![Page 51: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
SunRise Community : Faculty members, PhD, Master Degree Students,
engineers, April 2014
![Page 52: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
SunRise Smart Water
![Page 53: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
TWUL Demo site London
Smart Caceres Burgos
VIP Leeuwarden
Sunrise Demo site Lille
ü Project Budget: 12M€ ü EU funding: FP7 INNO DEMO ü Project duraKon: 4 year ü Project Management: Vitens N.V.
ü 12 innovaKve SMEs ü 3 water uKliKes ü 3 research insKtutes ü 1 company ü 2 plalorm organizaKons
European Project SmartWater4Europe
![Page 54: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Water network • 15 km pipes • 49 fire hydrants • 250 valves • 90 meters • 5 pressure sensors
![Page 55: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
90 AMR
InstrumentaKons
![Page 56: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
VHF 169 MHz
Portail de resKtuKon des données
GPRS
Data collecKon and transmission
![Page 57: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Data in teaching building (P4), May 2014
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
Lundi Mardi Mercredi Jeudi Vendredi Samedi Dimanche
Consom
maK
on (m
3 /h)
ConsommaOon du bâOment P2 (Mai 2014) Weekend 1ère semaine 2ème semaine
3ème semaine 4ème semaine
![Page 58: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Water balance verification
Supply ConsumpKon
![Page 59: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Consommation d’eau - Jours de travail (m3/j)
Water ConsumpKon (Working Day)
![Page 60: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Consommation d’eau - Weekend (m3/j)
Basse consommation
Forte consommation
Water ConsumpKon (Week-‐end)
![Page 61: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
InstrumentaKons 5 capteurs de pression
![Page 62: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4/1/2015 12:00:00 AM
4/7/2015 12:00:00 AM
4/13/2015 12:00:00 AM
4/19/2015 12:00:00 AM
4/25/2015 12:00:00 AM
5/1/2015 12:00:00 AM
Pres
sion
(bar
s) C1
![Page 63: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Numerical modelling using EPANET
![Page 64: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Water velocity March, 12, 2014 at 8:00 am
Vitesse (m/s)
![Page 65: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Online real-‐Time water quality survey
Intellisonde S::can OpKqua
Sensors used in the program
![Page 66: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Phase 1 : EvaluaOon of the sensors in Lab-‐Large scale pilot
![Page 67: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Lab pilot
ð Total length = 61 m
ð 16 mm opaque double layer pipes
ð Diameter = 16mm.
InjecOon
Measuring point
67
![Page 68: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Example : Mercury dichloride injecKon (HgCl2)
7 injecOon events (EventLab –OpOqua)
![Page 69: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Monitoring Water Quality sensors
![Page 70: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Movies: B1 The Value of Smart Water Networks B2 Water is becoming smart thanks to remote metering B3 The Customer Benefits of Smart Water Networks B4 Arad Group -‐ Smart Water Metering SoluOons
![Page 71: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Water System organisaKon
(1)
(1) (2) (3)
(4)
(1) : Water Source (2) Drinking water
treatment (3) DistribuOon Tank (4) Drinking water
network
![Page 72: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Water System organisaKon
(5) (6)
(7) (9) (9)
(9)
(1) : Water Source (2) Drinking water
treatment (3) DistribuOon Tank (4) Drinking water
network (5) SaOaOon network (6) SanitaOon treatment (7) Rain network (8) Rain treatment (9) Treated water reuse
![Page 73: Chapter4 smart drinking water AUST 2015](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051315/55d3850ebb61eb3f3f8b4633/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Water System organisaKon
(1)
(1) (2) (3)
(4)
(5) (6)
(7) (9) (9)
(9)
(1) : Water Source (2) Drinking water
treatment (3) DistribuOon Tank (4) Drinking water
network (5) SaOaOon network (6) SanitaOon treatment (7) Rain network (8) Rain treatment (9) Treated water reuse