chapter#6 emerging telecon technologies

8/8/2019 Chapter#6 Emerging Telecon Technologies

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Emerging TechnologiesEmerging Technologies

LecturersLecturers

A. Prof. Ibrarullah A. Prof. Wajid Ali Mir E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]

MSc (Communication & Electronics Engineering) M.Sc (Telecommunication Engineering )

UET Peshawar Technical University of Denmark (DTU)

BSc (Electrical Engineering) B.Sc (Computer and Electronics Engineering)

UET Peshawar University College of Copenhagen Denmark (IHK)

(CU-510 Sections A and D) (CU-510 Sections B and C)


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Emerging Telecom

Technologies

Chapter # 6


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IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a genericarchitecture for offering multimedia and voice over IPservices, defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP).

IMS is access independant as it supports multipleaccess types including GSM, WCDMA, CDMA2000,WLAN, Wireline broadband and other packet dataapplications.

IMS made Internet technologies, such as web browsing,e-mail, instant messaging and video conferencingavailable to everyone from any location.

It is also intended to allow operators to introduce newservices, such as web browsing, WAP and MMS, at thetop level of their packet-switched networks


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IMS

IP Multimedia Subsystem is standardized reference architecture. IMS consists of session control, connection control and an

applications services framework along with subscriber and servicesdata. It enables new converged voice and data services, whileallowing for the interoperability of these converged services betweeninternet and cellular subscribers.

IMS uses open standard IP protocols, defined by the IETF(The

InternetEngineeringTask Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards,

). So users will be able to execute all their services when roaming aswell as from their home networks. So, a multimedia session betweentwo IMS users, between an IMS user and a user on the Internet, andbetween two users on the Internet is established using exactly thesame protocol. Moreover, the interfaces for service developers are

also based on IP protocols.


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IMS applications

Some of the possible applications where IMS can be used

are:

Presence services

Full Duplex Video Telephony

Instant messaging

Unified messaging

Multimedia advertising

Multiparty gaming

VideostreamingWeb/Audio/Video Conferencing

Push-to services, such as push-to-talk, push-to-view, push-

to-video


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IMS architecture

Effectively, IMS provides a unified architecture that supports a widerange of IP-based services over both packet- and circuit-switchednetworks, employing a range of different wireless and fixed accesstechnologies. A user could, for example, pay for and download avideo clip to a chosen mobile or fixed device and subsequently use

some of this material to create a multimedia message for delivery tofriends on many different networks. A single IMS presence-and-availability engine could track a user's presence and availabilityacross mobile, fixed, and broadband networks, or a user couldmaintain a single integrated contact list for all types ofcommunications.

A key point of IMS is that it is intended as an open-systems

architecture: Services are created and delivered by a wide range ofhighly distributed systems (real-time and non-real-time, possiblyowned by different parties) cooperating with each other. It is adifferent approach to the more traditional telco architecture of a setof specific network elements implemented as a single telco-controlled infrastructure.


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High Speed Downlink Packet

Access (HSDPA) HSDPA is a packet based technology for W-CDMA

downlink with data transmission rates of 4 to 5 timesthat of current generation 3G networks (UMTS) and

15 times faster than GPRS. The latest release boostsdownlink speeds from the current end-user rate of384 kbps (up to 2 Mbps according to standards) to amaximum value according to standards of 14.4 Mbps.Real life end-user speeds will be in the range of 2 to3 Mbps.


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Access (HSDPA) HSDPA provides a smooth evolutionary path for Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) networks to higher data ratesand higher capacities, in the same way as Enhanced Data rates forGSM Evolution (EDGE) does in GSM world. The introduction ofshared channels for different users will guarantee that channel

resources are used efficiently in the packet domain, and will be lessexpensive for users than dedicated channels.

HSDPA was introduced in the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) release 5 standards. Assuming comparable cell sizes, it isanticipated that by using multi-code transmission it will be possibleto achieve peak data rates of about 10 Mbit/s (the maximumtheoretical rate is 14.4 Mbit/s). This will result in a six- to seven-fold

throughput increase during an average downlink packet sessioncompared with the Downlink Shared CHannel (DSCH) standards of3GPP release 99.


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HSDPA (cont.)

3GPP standards beyond release 5 will aim to achieve further throughputincreases, say peak data rates in the range 20 to 30 Mbit/s, by using MultipleInput Multiple Output (MIMO) or other antenna array techniques, and possiblyasymmetric allocation of frequency spectrum in multi-carrier cells (e.g. a further100% downlink packet session throughput increase by allocating an additional 5MHz unpaired band).HSDPA achieves its performance gains from the following radio features:

High speed channels shared both in the code and time domains

Adaptive modulation and coding schemes: QPSK and 16QAM.

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) retransmission protocol (Data istransmitted together with error correction bits. Minor errors can thus be corrected without retransmission.If retransmission is needed, the user device saves the packet and later combines it with retransmittedpacket to recover the error-free packet as efficiently as possible. Even if the retransmitted packets arecorrupted, their combination can yield an error-free packet. Retransmitted packet may be either identicalor different from the first transmission (incremental redundancy). The round-trip time for retransmissions isimproved since the retransmissions are done from base station instead of Radio Network Controller(RNC).

Short transmission time interval (TTI) Fast packet scheduling controlled by the Medium Access Control - high speed

(MAC-hs) protocol in Node B. (Each user device continually transmits an indication of thedownlink signal quality, as often as 500 times per second. Using this information from all devices, thebase station decides which users will be sent data on the next 2 ms frame and how much data should besent for each user. More data can be sent to users which report high downlink signal quality. When thebase station decides which users will receive data on the next frame, it also decides which channelisationcodes will be used for each user. This information is sent to the user devices over one or more"scheduling channels. )


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Access (HSDPA) HSDPA will make life easy for 3G customers, providing

vastly better service for both corporate users andindividuals, with data delivered at speeds comparable toor better than fixed-line broadband access systems.

Corporate users will have easy and secure mobileaccess to corporate networks, with rapid retrieval anddownloading of confidential corporate information.

Consumers will enjoy superior quality for videoservices, including video streaming and gaming.

All customers will enjoying fast Web browsing, withrapid access to graphics-heavy Internet sites.


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Mobile TV Mobile TV is the technology where the TV services are

streamed on to the mobile or hand-held devices. Mobile TV isgoing to get more and more common over the next coupleyears . There is lot of momentum in the area, even if there area few commercial products so far.

Already, many mobile operators offer a selection of televisionchannels or individual shows, which are streamed across their

3G networks. In South Korea, television is also sent to mobilephones via satellite and terrestrial broadcast networks, whichis far more efficient than sending video across mobilenetworks.

At the moment, mobile TV is mostly streamed over 3Gnetworks. But sending an individual data stream to each

viewer is inefficient and will be unsustainable in the long run ifmobile TV takes off. So the general consensus is that 3Gstreaming is a prelude to the construction of dedicatedmobile- TV broadcast networks, which transmit digital TVsignals on entirely different frequencies to those used forvoice and data.


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Mobile TV Standards There are three main standards:

1): DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting - Handhelds) , favoured inEurope;

2): DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting), in South Korea andJapan; and

3): Media FLO ,stands forForward Link Only, meaning that the datatransmission path is one way, from the tower to the device. TheMediaFLO system transmits data on a frequency, separate from thefrequencies used by current mobile telephone networks. )

MediaFLO is a technology to transmit video and data to portable devicessuch as mobile phones and personal TVs, used for mobile TV. In the UnitedStates, the service powered by this technology is branded as FLO TV.

Broadcast data transmitted via MediaFLO includes live, real time audio andvideo streams, as well as scheduled video and audio clips and shows. Thetechnology can also carry IP datacast application data, such as stock marketquotes, sports scores, and weather reports.).

Among the three technologies, DVB-H was officially adopted by ETSI(the European Telecommunications Standards Institute) as thestandard for mobile TV services in Europe. It is considered to be asthe best delivery system currently available for most markets,according to many of the operators and vendors.


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Mobile TVDVB-H: DVB-H is a terrestial digital TV standard that uses less power in receiving

client than DVB-T (DVB Terrestial), and allows the receiving device tomove freely while receiving the transmission, thus making it ideal formobile phones and haldheld computers to receive digital TV broadcastingover the digital TV network (without using mobile phone networks at all) .There is therefore a trade off between the data rate required for theservice and how much this can be packed into short bursts to save the

battery power of the receiver. Like DMB, DVB-H uses OFDM but with a bandwidth of either 6, 7, or 8

MHz. Additionally it uses a range of different types of modulation fromQPSK up to 64QAM and this enables it to have a very high data rate.However it is more susceptible to signal variations and synchronisationproblems. Additionally higher transmitter powers are required than thoseneeded for DMB. Also the wide RF bandwidth also means that current

drain is increased, as wide bandwidth amplifiers are inherently morepower hungry.

As it is really just an extension to DVB-T, DVB-H uses the same specsDVB-T.

Video is normally encoded with MPEG-2 and the standard, just like itsother siblings DVB-C (Cable) , DVB-S (Satellite) and DVB-T, is mostlyused in Europe.


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Mobile TVBenefits of DVB-H:

An approved standard for handheld equipment by ETSI (EuropeanTelecommunications Institute) with a high adoption rate worldwide

DVB-H is an open industry standard that was developed by the DVB Project, an industry association /group and is currently being supported by leadingcompanies throughout the wireless industry.

It benefits from existing DVB-T infrastructure components, which reducesinitial investments in many cases

It provides the best user experience in the mobile environment, with anenergy saving handset that is only on 10% of the time, soft handover andin-building coverage

It offers an excellent, broadcast-quality picture, because the screenresolution is of a similar standard to VHS

Battery consumption is reduced by 90% due to time-slicing technology

DVB-H comes from the proven DVB standard used in Europe for standardDTV transmission with a low power mode for battery-powered devices.

Efficient use of bandwidth enables up to 55 mobile channels.

It is supported by publicly available air interface specifications helping todrive device interoperability and market development

Its security includes end-to-end control of stream encryption, generation ofdecryption keys and delivery of keys to consumers in a billing-integrated

way.


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Mobile Virtual Network Operator

(MVNO)

Mobile Virtual Network Operator(MVNO) is a GSM phenomenonwhere an operator or company which does not own a licencedsprectrum and generally with out own networking infrastructure.Instead MVNOs resell wireless services under their brandname, using regular telecom operator's network with which theyhave a business arrangements. Usually they buy minutes of usefrom the licenced telecom operator and then resell minutes of usageto their customers of MVNO. Currently MVNOs are emerging in fastpace in European markets. Slowly MVNO phenomenon catching upin Asia and other parts of the world also.

An example for MVNO is Virgin Mobile. Virgin Mobile plc is a mobilephone service provider operating in the UK, Australia and Canada,

and the US. The company was the world's first Mobile VirtualNetwork Operator, launched in the UK in 1999. It does not maintainits own network, and instead has contracts to use the existingnetwork(s) of other providers.


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(MVNO)

Usually MVNO's do not have their own infrastructure,some providers are actually deploying their own MobileSwitching Centers (MSC) and even Service ControlPoints (SCP) in some cases. Some MVNO's deploy their

own mobile Intelligent Network (IN) infrastructure inorder to facilitate the means to offer value-addedservices.

MVNO's have full control over the SIM card, branding,marketing, billing, and customer care operations. While

sometimes offering operational support systems (OSS)and business support systems (BSS) to support theMVNO.


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(MVNO)

Characteristics of an MVNO: MVNOs are new breed of wireless network operators who

may not own the wireless spectrum, or wirelessinfrastructure but give a virtual appearance of owning awireless network. These operators lease the pipe orwireless capacity from traditional operators and then

repackage it for a specific vertical industry application. Main added value that MVNO provides is billing and

customer care functions. In that sense MVNOs own thecustomers.

MVNOs generally provide both voice and data services toend users through a paid up subscription agreement.

To become an MVNO, one should make together apartnership that consists of a connectivity of a regular telco,a customer base, and a sales channel. Most important,they need unique and compelling data services.


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(MVNO) MVNO Services

For now MVNO services have been limited, but analysts have predicted that aswireless services grow, so will the availability of MVNO applications. For instance, inthe future a cell phone user may be able to subscribe to a network operator plusmultiple MVNOs for specific data services over the same phone. One MVNO couldprovide sports news, another weather and traffic and still another could provideinstant messaging capabilities.

In this way, each MVNO and the network operator could focus on their own marketsand form customized detailed services that would expand their customer reach andbrand.

Regulation

So far MVNOs have not been regulated in any country. The ITU has received severalrequests to study the issue, specifically to provide input on whether governmentintervention is necessary to allow MVNOs to offer services and applications at a lowerprice to consumers. This would help to ensure a more efficient use of the spectrumbut some present providers argue that the market is already competitive andintervention is not necessary.


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IPv4

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourthrevision in the development of the InternetProtocol (IP) and it is the first version of theprotocol to be widely deployed.

IPv4 is still by far the most widely deployed

Internet Layerprotocol. IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on

packet-switched Link Layernetworks (e.g.,Ethernet). It operates on a best effort deliverymodel, in that it does not guarantee delivery, nor

does it assure proper sequencing or avoidance ofduplicate delivery. These aspects, including dataintegrity, are addressed by an upper layertransport protocol (e.g., Transmission ControlProtocol).


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IPv4 IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address

space to 4,294,967,296 ( ) possible unique addresses.However, some are reserved for special purposes such as privatenetworks (~18 million addresses) ormulticast addresses (~270million addresses). This reduces the number of addresses that canpotentially be allocated for routing on the public Internet. As

addresses are being incrementally delegated to end users, an IPv4address shortage has been developing. However, networkaddressing architecture redesign via classful network design,Classless Inter-Domain Routing, and network address translation(NAT) has contributed to delay significantly the inevitableexhaustion.

This limitation has stimulated the development ofIPv6, which iscurrently in the early stages of deployment, and is the only long-term solution.


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IPv4

IPv4 Addressing Notation An IPv4 address consists of fourbytes (32 bits). Thesebytes are also known as octets. For readability purposes,humans typically work with IP addresses in a notation calleddotted decimal. This notation places periods between eachof the four numbers (octets) that comprise an IP address.

For example, an IP address that computers see as 00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001

is written in dotted decimal as

10.0.0.1

Because each byte contains 8 bits, each octet in an IPaddress ranges in value from a minimum of0 to a maximumof255. Therefore, the full range of IP addresses is from0.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255. That represents a total of

4,294,967,296 possible IP addreses.


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IPv4 Classes of IP Addresses, IP Broadcast and IP Multicast

IPv4 Address Classes The IPv4 address space can be subdivided into 5 classes -

Class A, B, C, D and E. Each class consists of a contiguoussubset of the overall IPv4 address range.

With a few special exceptions explained further below, thevalues of the leftmost four bits of an IPv4 addressdetermine its class as follows:

All Class C addresses, for example, have the leftmost threebits set to '110', but each of the remaining 29 bits may beset to either '0' or '1' independently (as represented by an x

in these bit positions):110xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Converting the above to dotted decimal notation, itfollows that all Class C addresses fall in the range from192.0.0.0 through 223.255.255.255.

IP Address Class E and Limited Broadcast The IPv4 networking standard defines Class E addresses

as reserved, meaning that they should not be used on IPnetworks. Some research organizations use Class Eaddresses for experimental purposes. However, nodes thattry to use these addresses on the Internet will be unable tocommunicate properly.

A special type of IP address is the limited broadcastaddress 255.255.255.255. A broadcast involves delivering amessage from one sender to many recipients. Sendersdirect an IP broadcast to 255.255.255.255 to indicate allother nodes on the local network (LAN) should pick up thatmessage. This broadcast is 'limited' in that it does not reachevery node on the Internet, only nodes on the LAN.

Technically, IP reserves the entire range of addresses from255.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255 for broadcast, and thisrange should not be considered part of the normal Class Erange.

Class Leftmostbits

Startaddress

Finish address

A 0xxx 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255

B 10xx 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255

C 110x 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255

D 1110 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255

E 1111 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255


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IPv4

Address space exhaustion:

Since the 1980s it has been apparent that the number ofavailable IPv4 addresses is being exhausted at a ratethat was not initially anticipated in the design of the

network. This was the driving factor for the introduction ofclassful networks, for the creation ofCIDR addressing,and finally for the redesign of the Internet Protocol, basedon a larger address format (IPv6).

The accepted and standardized solution is the migrationto IPv6. The address size jumps dramatically from 32 bits

to 128 bits, providing a vastly increased address spacethat allows improved route aggregation across theInternet and offers large subnet allocations of a minimumof 264 host addresses to end-users. Migration to IPv6 isin progress but is expected to take considerable time.


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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is a new suite of

standard protocols for the network layer of the Internetdefined by IETF to replace the current version of InternetProtocol version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 is also called as NextGeneration Internet Protocol or IPng.

IPv6 is designed to be an evolutionary step from IPv4. It

is a natural increment to IPv4. It can be installed as anormal software upgrade in internet devices and isinteroperable with the current IPv4. Its deploymentstrategy is designed to not have any flag days or otherdependencies. IPv6 is designed to run well on high

performance networks (e.g. Gigabit Ethernet, OC-12,ATM, etc.) and at the same time still be efficient for lowbandwidth networks (e.g. wireless). In addition, itprovides a platform for new internet functionality that willbe required in the near future.


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IPv6

IPv6 describes rules for three types of addressing: unicast (one hostto one other host), anycast (one host to the nearest of multiplehosts), and multicast (one host to multiple hosts). Additionaladvantages of IPv6 are:

Options are specified in an extension to the header that is examinedonly at the destination, thus speeding up overall networkperformance.

The introduction of an "anycast" address provides the possibility ofsending a message to the nearest of several possible gateway hostswith the idea that any one of them can manage the forwarding of thepacket to others. Anycast messages can be used to update routingtables along the line.

Packets can be identified as belonging to a particular "flow" so that

packets that are part of a multimedia presentation that needs toarrive in "real time" can be provided a higher quality-of-servicerelative to other customers.

The IPv6 header now includes extensions that allow a packet tospecify a mechanism for authenticating its origin, for ensuring dataintegrity, and for ensuring privacy.


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IPv6 IPv6 Addressing Notation

IP addresses change significantly with IPv6. IPv6 addresses are 16 bytes (128 bits)long rather than four bytes (32 bits). This larger size means that IPv6 supports morethan

300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

possible addresses! In the coming years, as an increasing number of cell phones,PDAs, and other consumer electronics expand their networking capability, the smallerIPv4 address space will likely run out and IPv6 address become necessary. IPv6addresses are generally written in the following form:

hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh In this full notation, pairs of IPv6 bytes are separated by a colon and each byte in

turns is represented as a pair of hexadecimal numbers, like in the following example:

E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:9BC8:C0A8:6420

As shown above, IPv6 addresses commonly contain many bytes with a zerovalue.Shorthand notation in IPv6 removes these values from the text representation(though the bytes are still present in the actual network address) as follows:

E3D7::51F4:9BC8:C0A8:6420

Finally, many IPv6 addresses are extensions of IPv4 addresses. In these cases, therightmost four bytes of an IPv6 address (the rightmost two byte pairs) may berewritten in the IPv4 notation. Converting the above example to mixed notationyields

E3D7::51F4:9BC8:192.168.100.32

IPv6 addresses may be written in any of the full, shorthand or mixed notationillustrated above.


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IPv6

IPv6 Address Types

IPv6 does not use classes. IPv6 supports the following three IPaddress types:

unicast

multicast

anycast Unicast and multicast messaging in IPv6 are conceptually the same

as in IPv4. IPv6 does not support broadcast, but its multicastmechanism accomplishes essentially the same effect. Multicastaddresses in IPv6 start with 'FF' (255) just like IPv4 addresses.Anycast in IPv6 is a variation on multicast. Whereas multicast

delivers messages to all nodes in the multicast group, anycastdelivers messages to any one node in the multicast group. Anycastis an advanced networking concept designed to support the failoverand load balancing needs of applications.


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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

Mobile IPv6: Mobile IPv6 allows an IPv6 node to be mobile - to

arbitrarily change its location on an IPv6 network - andstill maintain existing connections. When an IPv6 nodechanges its location, it might also change its link. Whenan IPv6 node changes its link, its IPv6 address might

also change in order to maintain connectivity. There aremechanisms to allow for the change in addresses whenmoving to a different link, such as stateful and statelessaddress autoconfiguration for IPv6. However, when theaddress changes, the existing connections of the mobilenode that are using the address assigned from thepreviously connected link cannot be maintained and areungracefully terminated. The key benefit of Mobile IPv6is that even though the mobile node changes locationsand addresses, the existing connections through whichthe mobile node is communicating are maintained.


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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

IPv6 Features:

New header format

Large address space

Efficient and hierarchical addressing and fasterrouting infrastructure

Stateless and stateful address configuration

Mobile support (Mobile IPv6)

Built-in network layer security Better support for QoS

New protocol for neighboring node interaction


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Congratulation

END

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