Chapters 16 & 17

Vocabulary:

1. Christopher Columbus

2. Ferdinand Magellan

3. Columbian Exchange

4. Vasco de Balboa

5. Treaty of Paris

6. Seven Years War

7. Mercantilism

8. Francisco Pizarro

9. Italian Renaissance

10. Humanism

11. Northern Renaissance

12. Johannes Gutenberg

13. Martin Luther

14. Protestantism

15. Anglican Church

16. Catholic Reformation

17. Thirty Years War

18. English Civil War

19. Scientific Revolution

20. Copernicus

21. Galileo

22. Isaac Newton

23. John Locke

24. Absolute monarchy

25. Louis XIV

26. Glorious Revolution

27. Enlightenment

28. Mary Wollstonecraft

29. Indulgences

30. Parliamentary monarchy

The First Stepsof Western Expansion

The West experiencedincreased contact fromthe 12th century…the

Crusades, new imports, contactwith the Mongols, etc.

The Fall of theYuan empire (Mongols)

hurt European trade efforts.

The increasing strengthof the Ottoman Empire hurt

European trade efforts.

Lack of gold and poornaval technology also hurtEuropean trade attempts.

By the 13th Century,Europeans were pushing

for expansion of trade.

I. The West Expands

A. New Technology1. Deep-draft ships… better

on ocean voyages

a. Armaments better…allowed the use of cannon

b. Compasses, mapmaking help navigation

B. European Leaders: Portugal and Spain

1. Prince Henry the Navigator…Portugal

a. He helped these early explorationsby sponsoring many of them

2. Other Portuguese expeditions along African coast…WHY?

a. 1488, pass Cape of Good Hope

b. 1497, Vasco da Gama reaches India

c. 1514, Portuguese to Indonesia, China

3. Columbus…To the Americas (1492); sailed for Spain…which monarchs?which monarchs?

a. Spain searched in the opposite direction of Portugal by sailing west

4. Ferdinand Magellan…Spain

a. 1519, begins circumnavigation of the world

5. Spain ended up with the Americas and the Philippines. Portugal had bases in India (Goa), Indonesia, China (Macao), Japan, and Brazil.

6. The Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), negotiated by the pope, split the world between Portugal (Eastern hemisphere) and Spain (Western hemisphere)

C. Northern Europe Gets Into the Act

1. England, France, and the Netherlands began to lead exploration and expansion in the late 1500s…profit was the chief motive.

a. 1588, English defeat Spanish Armada…this put the Northern European countries into a position of dominance

b. 1534, French cross the Atlantic…settle Canada, Mississippi valley…FursFurs

c. 1497, British sail to North America; by the 1600s, begin colonization…searching for Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage

d. Dutch

--Holdings in North America and Indonesia

2. Much activity was through trading companies chartered by the government. Companies were given trade monopolies and could even raise armies and coin money

a. The Dutch East India Company ejected Portugal from Spice Islands (Indonesia) and dominated spice trade.

b. The British East India Company played great role in colonizing India.

c. France established a vibrant fur trade in Canada.

d. All established colonies in the Caribbean where they set up sugar plantations.

II. Toward a World Economy

A. The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

1. New World crops spread to Europe such as corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tobacco.

2. Animals such as horses and cattle were brought to the New World.

3. Europeans brought diseases such as Smallpox while the Native-Americans returned the favor by giving Europeans syphilis. People in both the Americas and Polynesia lacked natural resistance…they died in great numbers.

Led to large population increasesin Europe and Asia!

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

B. Although Muslims and Asians continued to trade, Europeans dominated ocean shipping due to military superiority.

1. By defeating the Ottoman Turks in 1571, Europeans controlled the Western Mediterranean.

2. European traders set up posts and ports in many African and Asian civilizations – allowing them to influence these civilizations.

C. Trade Imbalances

1. Spain initially gained great power and wealth from its New World colonies but numerous wars (primarily religious wars) eventually bankrupted the state.

2. Portugal became over-extended and lost trade to the Dutch, England, and France.

3. Mercantilism helped Northern Europe become powerful, dominant trade states.

a. Nations import raw materials from colonies and ship finished products to colonies for sale.

b. Nations deny imports but push exports…emphasis on favorable balance of trade.

c. National industries are protected through tariffs and subsidies.

This push for cheap raw materials, cheap manufacturedgoods, and the desire for European imports throughout

many of the colonized areas helped stimulate the demandfor a coercive labor system…slavery. WHY?

D. World Trade???? – Some areas were left unaffected

1. Initial contacts with Japan were cut off as Japan closed itself to the world during the 17th to 19th centuries.

2. The Muslim “Gunpowder” empires (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals) readily traded with the West but with little governmental interest.

3. Much of Russian trade focused on its eastern lands and not with Europe.

4. Other than slave-trading, Africa remained an outsider to trade.

5. Other than the Dutch Spice Islands, Southeast Asia remained apart from expanding world trade networks.

6. China deliberately closed itself off from the world – ignoring new technologies from the West. China exported but did not want Western goods.

a. China mostly traded for European gold and silver.

E. Europeans Continue to Expand

1. Mughal Empire declines in India…British, French move in; will eventually lead to war.

2. Eastern Europe begins to export grain to the West…was primarily produced by serfs on large estates

III. European Colonial ExpansionA. The Americas

1. Spain quickly begins colonization of the new worlda. West Indies were firstb. 1509, Panama – Balboac. Aztec (Cortes), Incas (Pizarro)

conquered--Area was loosely supervised by

conquistadors--Search for gold

d. Administration develops as agriculture grows

--missionary activity also grows

Reasons forexplorations

are often describedas “God,Gold, and

Glory!”

2. North America

a. From 17th century

--French: Canada, Mississippi

--Dutch, English: Atlantic seaboard

--West Indies: colonized by all three

B. British and French North America

1. Different pattern from Latin America…North America was populated by religious refugees…primarily from England. Land grants were also offered to attract settlers.

2. Canada – the French wanted to establish estates controlled by state. As in France, the Catholic church was influential.

3. 1756 – 1763…Seven Years War (French & Indian War)

a. Treaty of Paris (1763) – French relinquish Canada, Mississippi River basin to British

--Was a “world war”…doubled the size of Britain’s debt…led to higher taxes on American colonists and eventually, the American Revolution

b. Little merging of natives and immigrants unlike Latin America where entire new social classes were formed

c. Enlightenment ideas popular with American colonists

d. European economic and political ideas took root with the colonists

C. Africa and Asia

1. Barriers to colonization: climate, disease, geography…led to the growth of coastal trading centers in both places

2. Exceptions to the coast: Expeditions into Africa

a. Angola – Portuguese slaving expeditions; destructive

b. South Africa – 1652, Dutch found Cape Town as a way station for trips to Asia

-- Dutch settlers (Boers – farmers) moved into the interior and came into conflict with the natives

3. Asia

a. Spain into Philippines – main task was conversion

b. Indonesia – Dutch East India Company

4. French and British fight for control of India as Mughal power declines…1744, war begins…British win out

a. Initially, British administration was limited in India, as it was in much of Asia and Africa…European powers preferred to make agreements with local rulers

D. Impact on western Europe

1. Hostilities between countries exacerbated as the race for colonization grew

a. Seven Years War – First global war…fighting in Europe, Asia (mainly India), and the Americas

E. The Impact of a New World Order

1. Slave trade affects Africa…disrupts populations…How?

2. Latin America, eastern Europe were greatly affected by slavery and serfdom respectively

IV. Cultural & Economic Changes in Western Europe

WHY???

Western Europe isstill agricultural,

but developsstrong manufacturing.

Western Governmentsincreased their

powers.

Intellectually, sciencebecame the

centerpiece of society

The Renaissance and the Enlightenmentbrought considerable internal conflict! WHY???

The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation(Counter-reformation) changed European culture. HOW?

TheRenaissance

ProtestantReformation

ScientificRevolution

TheEnlightenment

Exploration &Expansion

TheNew World

DevelopmentOf the Nation

State

CommercialRevolution

Factors AffectingEurope!!!!

A. The Italian Renaissance

1. Begins 14th, 15th centuries…in northern Italy

2. Why Italy?

a. It was urbanized with a vibrant merchant class

b. Competitive politics were normal…brought new ideas

3. Petrarch, Boccaccio

a. Used Italian, not Latin

b. Secular, not religious

4. Painting

a. Use of perspective

b. Shadow, distance

c. Focus on humans

La Pieta -

Michelangelo

The Creation - Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

Mona Lisa –

da Vinci

B. Changing Styles

1. Michelango Buonarotti

2. Leonardo da Vinci – realism in art

3. Nicolo Machiavelli – “The Prince”

a. revolutionized political thought

4. Florence was the artistic center

C. Patrons made the Renaissance possible…financial support

1. Wealthy families like the Medicisor the church

D. Humanism

1. Focus on man instead of religion

a. Looking back to classical past

--Ancient Greece and Rome werelarge influences

--Study of texts, especially ancient

Renaissance influence can be overstated.Feudal political forms remained strong.

Ordinary people were touched little by the new values,and general economic life was not much altered.

E. The Northern Renaissance

1. By 1500, impetus moves north…WHY?

a. France & Spain invade; Atlantic trade routes hurt Mediterranean trade

2. The North

a. Begins in France, Low Countries, England, Germany then moves to eastern Europe

b. More concerned with religious matters than the Italian Renaissance

c. Popular writers of the time…William Shakespeare and Cervantes

d. Northern rulers became patrons of the arts

F. Johann Gutenberg – developed the printing press using movable type. Allowed books, especially the Bible, to be produced much faster. The Bible (1455) was the first full-sized book to be printed.

1. Access to books helped increase learning and increased literacy rates.

--People wanted to read the Bible

2. Movable type was not new.

The Printing Process

G. The Reformations

1. Protestant Reformation

a. 1517, Martin Luther's challenge… Nailed 95 theses to church door in Wittenberg, Germany

b. Attacks church institutions…Wanted to reform the Church from within; protested sale of indulgences

c. Bible the only authority; vernacular translations

d. Luther was put on trial and excommunicated

e. An outlaw, Luther translated the new testament into German

How did the printing press help the Reformation?

f. Protestant protest used for political gain

--German opposition to the papacy

--Rulers converted to Lutheranism and seized church lands…gave them the opportunity to get more tax $$$

g. Henry VIII – asked Pope for annulment of marriage to Catherine of Aragon (1529)…had not produced son (heir)

--Henry VIII pushed laws through Parliament that made him head of the Church of England (Law of Supremacy) and granted him a divorce

--Henry gained wealth from confiscated Church holdings

--Church of England (Anglican Church) founded but kept

many aspects of Catholicism

h. Jean Calvin…founded Calvinism…believed in the doctrine of predestination – souls were predestined for either heaven or hell

--Anglicanism spread throughout England.

--Calvinism spread from Switzerland to Scotland.

--Lutheranism spread from Wittenberg in modern Germany north into Scandinavia.

Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation

2. Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)

a. The Catholic Church attempted to counter Protestant gains using a reformed papacy, new monastic orders, and an effective reforming council

--This counter-Reformation produced a more dynamic and unified Catholic Church

b. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) became the chief weapon against Protestants. Jesuits acted as missionaries and operated schools

--Jesuits gave oath of loyalty to the pope

H. Christianity Splits in the West1. Religious Wars

a. France…Calvinists vs. Catholics --1598, Edict of Nantes…promises Protestants’

tolerationb. 30 Years War (1618-1648)…German and Swedish

Protestants vs. Holy Roman Empire and Spain --Devastating to Germany…rulers and cities could

now choose their religion --Netherlands gained their independence from Spain --France became the greatest continental power

Literacy rates begin to increase…WHY?

Europe in 1648

I. The Changing Economy of Europe

1. 16th century inflation was caused by gold and silver from New World explorations and colonies

a. Demand outstrips supply…stimulates manufacturing, development of trading companies

2. Societal Changes

a. Proletariat (working class) develops

b. Attitudes towards poor change…elite classes begin to pull away from the masses

c. Protests called for the lower classes to have a political voice

V. Continuing Changes in Europe

A. Scientific Revolution (Mid 1500s)

1. Nicolai Copernicus…Polish monk…proved Earth was not at the center of the universe…possibly copied

2. Galileo publishes Copernicus' work and Kepler’s observations confirmed this earlier work

a. Church condemned Galileo…WHY?

3. Francis Bacon urged the value of empirical research

4. Isaac Newton developed a system of natural laws

a. He established the principles of motion, defined the forces of gravity, and refined the principles of scientific methodology.

5. John Locke stated that people could learn all that was necessary through their senses and reason.

Science became central to Western intellectual life,a result not occurring in other civilizations.

B. Monarchies Develop – 17th century, balance between Kings and nobles is disrupted…kings gain power

1. France dominates

a. Develops a centralized monarchy with a professional bureaucracy

b. “Absolute monarchy” – Monarch has nearly total control…divine right

c. Louis XIV the best example

--The “Sun King”

--“L’etat c’es moi”…“I am the state”

--The Court at Versailles…nobles are kept…can’t interfere in politics

--Colonies…needed for raw materials and as markets for domestic manufactures

1638 - 1715

2. Other absolute monarchs from Spain, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary pushed for territorial expansion and tighter control over the lands they already possessed. This was done

primarily through having a strong military.

a. Philip II of Spain - “The Most Catholic King”

--New World wealth

--Religious wars: Thirty Years War, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish Armada (1588…defeated by the English and Elizabeth…began the downfall of Spain)

--Decline of Spain – weak rulers, bankruptcy, decline in military power

3. England…different in that parliament had some control

a. Henry VIII…Tudors

--“Bloody Mary”

--Elizabeth I – Consolidation of Protestantism

b. After the Tudors

--The Stuarts

--James I – Catholicism versus Protestantism and Monarch versus parliament

--Charles I

Elizabeth I

Execution of Charles I

c. Civil War (The Glorious Revolution)

--Oliver Cromwell…leader of parliament’s army

--Roundheads (parliament) versus Cavaliers (Charles)

--Parliament won basic sovereignty over the king…not an absolute monarchy, but a parliamentary monarchy

--Charles is executed

--Ireland and Scotland conquered

--Cromwell rules as a military dictator…dies in 1658

--Charles II (son of Charles I) takes over in 1660

--James II (Catholic brother of Charles II) takes over in 1685

--William & Mary (Protestants) take over in 1688 in a bloodless revolution…James II flees to France

The Cross of St. Andrew - Scotland

The Cross of St. George - England

The Cross of St. Patrick - Ireland

=

The Union Jack

Act Of Union 1707

4. Holy Roman Empire

a. Hapsburgs – lands divided by Emperor Charles V

b. Core of Empire was Austria (Hungary added)

c. Lost German states after Thirty Years War

d. Weakly bound nation-state

C. The Development of Nation-States

1. Definition – area with a common language, culture

a. National literature, songs, foods

b. People didn’t really have a say in government, but felt it should act in their interest

2. As the nation-states of Western Europe competed, the result was often war

VI. The West at the Dawn of the Industrial Age

A. Political Changes…were the smallest

1. Great change in central Europe

a. Frederick the Great of Prussia (dominant German state)

--Extended religious freedom, expanded state regulation of the economy

--Military state…fourth largest army in Europe

2. Continual warfare in the West

a. France vs. Britain…battled over colonies

b. Prussia vs. Austria…Territorial conflicts…Prussia gained area

B. Social Change…the Enlightenment

1. Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment

a. Scientific methods applied to other fields, particularly that of human society

2. Political science…Adam Smith promoted “Laissez-faire”…government shouldn’t interfere with the economy

a. Smith believed that people acting in their own interests would help the economy

3. Others advocated for women’s rights;especially Mary Wollstonecraft

--women have the same rights

C. Economic Change

1. Mass consumerism…people bought goods for daily use on a scale never seen before…colonies very important

2. Agriculture – Nitrogen-fixing crops, stockbreeding, swamp drainage, the introduction of the potato, etc. all increased the food supply…led to increased manufacturing…WHY?

3. Domestic system…households produce finished goods…alternate between manufacturing & agriculture