TUCKER WILL ALWAYS BE LAZY(lets not forget that)

Chapter 27Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false?

A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls.B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments.C) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions.D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants.E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.Answer: C

Difference between prokaryote, fungi and plant cell walls

Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available?

A) Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls.B) Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals.C) Some have cell walls only for support.D) Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores.E) Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.Answer: B

Gram Neg. vs Gram Pos. bacteria

Which of the following statements is correct about gram-negative bacteria?b. They often possess an outer membrane containing toxic lipopolysaccharides.

Which of the following is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?d. peptidoglycan

Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, so which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?

A) mycoplasmasB) gram-positive bacteriaC) archaeaD) gram-negative bacteriaE) endospore-bearing bacteria

Primary compound of bacterial cell walls

Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria?

A) celluloseB) lipopolysaccharide C) ligninD) peptidoglycanE) protein

Adherence to substrates

11) Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other surfaces?1. capsules2. endospores3. fimbriae4. plasmids5. flagellaA) 1 and 2B) 1 and 3C) 2 and 3D) 3 and 4E) 3 and 5

Primary source of genetic diversity

mutation

In regard to prokaryotic reproduction, which of the following is true?d. Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations.

Function of endospore, sex pilus, flagellum, and capsule

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell.

16) Which of the following is composed almost entirely of peptidoglycan? A) endosporeB) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

17)  Which of the following requires ATP to function, and permits some species to respond to taxes (plural of taxis)? A) endosporeB) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

18)  Not present in all bacteria, this cell covering enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host organisms: A) endosporeB) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

19)  Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions, such as boiling:A) endospore B) sex pilusC) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

20)  Which of the following is a structure that permits conjugation to occur? A) endosporeB) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

21)  Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species? A) endosporeB) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

22) If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new genetic material: A) endosporeB) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

23)  Which of the following contains a copy of the chromosome, along with a small amount of dehydrated cytoplasm, within a tough wall?A) endospore B) sex pilusC) flagellum D) cell wallE) capsule

Autotroph, heterotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph

Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms.

1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. Chemotroph

40)  an organism that obtains its energy from chemicals A) 1 onlyB) 2 only C) 3 only D) 4 onlyE) 1 and 4

41)  a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms A) 1 onlyB) 4 only C) 1and3 D) 2 and 4E) 1, 3, and 4

42)  an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey A) 1 onlyB) 4 onlyC) 1and3 D) 2 and 4E) 1, 3, and 4

43)  an organism that relies on photons to excite electrons within its membranes A) 1 onlyB) 3 only C) 1and3 D) 2 and 4E) 1, 3, and 4

44)  Which of the following are responsible for many human diseases? A) photoautotrophsB) photoheterotrophsC) chemoautotrophsD) chemoheterotrophs that perform decompositionE) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

45)  Cyanobacteria areA) photoautotrophs.B) photoheterotrophs.C) chemoautotrophs.D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition.E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs.

46)  Which of the following use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO2?A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophsC) chemoautotrophsD) chemoheterotrophs that perform decompositionE) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

47)  Which of the following obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances; energy that is used, in part, to fix CO2?A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophsC) chemoautotrophsD) chemoheterotrophs that perform decompositionE) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

48)  Which of the following use light energy to generate ATP, but do not release oxygen? A) photoautotrophsB) photoheterotrophsC) chemoautotrophsD) chemoheterotrophs that perform decompositionE) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

49)  Which of the following are responsible for high levels of O2 in Earthʹs atmosphere?A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophsC) chemoautotrophs

D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decompositionE) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

50)  Modes of obtaining nutrients, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following except A) chemoautotrophy.B) photoautotrophy.C) heteroautotrophy. D) chemoheterotrophy.E) photoheterotrophy.

Compare and contrast the characteristics of bacteria and Archaea

57)  Which statement about the domain Archaea is false?A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archean species.B) Some archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane.C) The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. D) Some archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt.E) Some archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point.

58) If archaeans are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria, then which of the following is a reasonable prediction?A) Archaean DNA should have no introns.B) Archaean chromosomes should have no protein bonded to them.C) Archaean DNA should be single-stranded.D) Archaean ribosomes should be larger than typical prokaryotic ribosomes.E) Archaeans should lack cell walls.

59)  Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? 1. composition of the cell wall2. presence of plasma membrane3. lack of a nuclear envelope4. identical rRNA sequences

A) 1 onlyB) 3 only C) 1and3 D) 2 and 3E) 2 and 4

Who are the methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles? How do they survive and what are the products of their metabolic activities?

60)  Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

A) extreme halophilesB) extreme thermophilesC) methanogens D) cyanobacteriaE) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

Primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

65)  What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes? A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseasesB) breaking down organic matterC) metabolizing materials in extreme environments D) adding methane to the atmosphereE) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

How is crop rotation directly linked to nitrogen fixing bacteria and crop plants?

16)  In a practice known as crop rotation, farmers alternate a crop of legumes (plants, like beans, whose roots bear nodules containing Rhizobium) with a crop of nonlegumes.  What is the benefit of this practice?C) Rhizobium fixes nitrogen, and excess products of this process can fertilize the soil.

Success of prokaryotes is due to what characteristics

68) How can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans? A) Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass.B) Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats. C) Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism. D) Only B and C are correct.E) A, B, and C are correct.

Antibiotic resistance

70)  Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease symptoms. Why can this practice cause more problems for these patients, and for others not yet infected?A) The antibiotic administered may kill viruses that had been keeping the bacteria in check. B) Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients.C) Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. D) Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic.E) Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present.

Chapter 28How are all protists similar?

Protists are alike in that all areA) unicellular. B) eukaryotic. C) symbionts.D) monophyletic. E) autotrophic.

Why is “Protista” considered paraphyletic?

Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is both true and consistent with this conclusion?

A)  Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans.B)  Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestorsC)  The eukaryotic condition has evolved only once among the protists, and all eukaryotes are descendants of that first eukaryotic cell.

D)  Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes.E)  Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms

*Biologists have discovered the kingdom Protista to be paraphyletic. Which of the following statements is true, and consistent with this conclusion?

*e. The protists arose from a common ancestor that was a parabasalid.

Origin of mitochondria in eukaryotes?

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

A)  from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactionsB)  from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotesC)  by secondary endosymbiosisD)  from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranesE)  when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont

What is a mixotroph?Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria?A) photoautotrophB) photoheterotrophC) chemoheterotrophD) chemoautotrophE) mixotroph

You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (e.g., 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of these structures would you provide your protist?1. hydrogenosome2. apicoplast3. pseudopods4. chloroplast from red alga5. chloroplast from green algaA) 1 and 2B) 2 and 3C) 2 and 4D) 3 and 4E) 4 and 5

63) Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to their zoochlorellae?A) mutualisticB) commensalC) parasiticD) predatoryE) pathogenic

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol.B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids.

C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D) It has an endospore.E) It is protected by a siliceous case.

Classify and describe the following groupings of protists:Which group(s) within the Alveolata include(s) members that are important in ocean food webs, cause(s) red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous?c. dinoflagellates

Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?a. cercozoans

What makes certain red algae appear red?b. They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light

The structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts in red algae are most like the structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts in which of the following organisms?d. green algae

A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which groupa. red algae

Members of the green algae often differ from members of the plant kingdom in that some green algaeb. are unicellular.

Which taxonomic group containing eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom?e. green algae

11) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. EntamoebaB) 1 and 4

47) A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong?B) Diatoms

59) Which of these are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism?A) cellulose-digesting gut protists : wood-eating termitesB) dinoflagellates : reef-building coral animalsC) Trichomonas : humansD) algae : certain foraminiferansE) all except CAnswer: E

12) Which statement regarding resistance is false?A) Many of the oomycetes that cause potato late blight have become resistant to pesticides.B) Many of the mosquitoes that transmit malaria to humans have become resistant to pesticides.C) Many of the malarial parasites have become resistant to antimalarial drugs.D) Many humans have become resistant to antimalarial drugs.

E) Trichomonas vaginalis is resistant to the normal acidity of the human vagina.

14) Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched?A) apicomplexans : internal parasitesB) golden algae : planktonic producersC) euglenozoans : unicellular flagellatesD) ciliates : red tide organismsE) entamoebas : ingestive heterotrophs

21) The Irish potato famine was caused by an organism that belongs to which group?A) ciliatesB) oomycetesC) diatomsD) apicomplexans

44) Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics?A) diplomonads : micronuclei involved in conjugationB) ciliates : pseudopodsC) apicomplexans : parasiticD) gymnamoebas : calcium carbonate testE) foraminiferans : abundant in soils

Which group is incorrectly paired with its description?A) rhizarians–morphologically diverse group defined by DNA similaritiesB) diatoms–important producers in aquatic communities C) red algae–acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis D) apicomplexans–parasites with intricate life cyclesE) diplomonads–protists with modified mitochondria

If one were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then one wouldA) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans. B) increase the dosage of the most common pesticide used to kill Anopheles mosquitoes.C) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans. D) use a ʺcocktailʺ of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes.E) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.

The following are all characteristic of the water molds (oomycetes) exceptE) a feeding plasmodium.

Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics? A) diplomonads : micronuclei involved in conjugationB) ciliates : pseudopods C) apicomplexans : parasitic D) gymnamoebas : calcium carbonate testE) foraminiferans : abundant in soils

A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), no chloroplasts, and is anaerobic. To which clade does this organism probably belong?B) Diplomonads

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? A) apicomplexans : internal parasites

B) golden algae : planktonic producers C) euglenozoans : unicellular flagellates D) ciliates : red tide organismsE) entamoebas : ingestive heterotrophs

Which of the following statements concerning protists is false? A) All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial.B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly.C) All apicomplexans are parasitic. D) Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores areproduced. E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.

30)  Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group? A) radiolarians and foramsB) gymnamoebasC) entamoebasD) amoeboid stage of cellular slime moldsE) oomycetes

31)  Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze found in certain areas of the deep -ocean floor? A) foramsB) dinoflagellates C) radiolarians D) ciliatesE) apicomplexans

32)  A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? A) diatomsB) foraminiferans C) radiolarians D) gymnamoebasE) ciliates

59)  Which of these are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism? A) cellulose-digesting gut protists : wood-eating termitesB) dinoflagellates : reef-building coral animals C) Trichomonas : humansD) algae : certain foraminiferansE) all except C

46) Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?A) oomyceteB) kinetoplastidC) apicomplexanD) diatomE) radiolarian

40) Which taxon of eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom?A) golden algaeB) radiolariansC) foraminiferansD) apicomplexansE) green algae

32) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?

A) diatomsB) foraminiferansC) radiolariansD) gymnamoebasE) ciliates

31) Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze found in certain areas of the deep-ocean floor?A) foramsB) dinoflagellatesC) radiolariansD) ciliatesE) apicomplexans

30) Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?A) radiolarians and foramsB) gymnamoebasC) entamoebasD) amoeboid stage of cellular slime moldsE) oomycetes

29) Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica?1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests2. marine sediments consisting of diatom cases (valves)3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian shells4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate platesA) 1 and 2B) 1 and 4C) 2 and 3D) 2 and 4E) 3 and 4

7) Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?A) autotrophic euglenidsB) diatomsC) dinoflagellatesD) red algaeE) cyanobacteria

10) A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), no chloroplasts, and is anaerobic. To which clade does this organism probably belong?A) moneraB) the diplomonadsC) the ciliatesD) protistaE) the euglenids

11) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing theirsurface proteins?1. Plasmodium2. Trichomonas3. Paramecium4. Trypanosoma5. EntamoebaA) 1 and 2

B) 1 and 4C) 2 and 3D) 2 and 4E) 4 and 5

13) Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and poison humans?A) red algaeB) dinoflagellatesC) diplomonadsD) euglenidsE) golden algae

15) Which of these statements about dinoflagellates is false?A) They possess two flagella.B) Some cause red tides.C) Their walls are composed of cellulose plates.D) Many types contain chlorophyll.E) Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material.

16) Which group includes members that are important primary producers in ocean food webs, causes red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous?A) ciliatesB) apicomplexansC) dinoflagellatesD) brown algaeE) golden algae

17) You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group?A) foraminiferansB) radiolariansC) ciliatesD) kinetoplastidsE) slime molds

18) Which of the following is not characteristic of ciliates?A) They use cilia as locomotory structures or as feeding structures.B) They are relatively complex cells.C) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.D) Most live as solitary cells in fresh water.E) They have two or more nuclei.

19) Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process wherein the population size of Paramecium increases?A) buddingB) meiotic divisionC) mitotic divisionD) conjugationE) binary fission

25) The following are all characteristic of the water molds (oomycetes) exceptA) the presence of filamentous feeding structures.B) flagellated zoospores.

C) a nutritional mode that can result in the decomposition of dead organic matter.D) a morphological similarity to fungi that is the result of evolutionary convergence.E) a feeding plasmodium.

Know how the following pathogens are transmitted:

o Malaria- apicomplexans: plasmodium o African Sleeping sickness- Kinetoplastids: Trypanosoma

Giardia- Diplomonads: Giardia intestinalis

Which of the following statements concerning protists is false?A) All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial.B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly.C) All apicomplexans are parasitic. D) Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced.E) Euglenozocans that are mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.

Know the names/functions of the anatomical structures of seaweed

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following?

A) thalliB) bladdersC) blades D) holdfastsE) gel-forming polysaccharides

Know the evolutionary link between algae and higher order plants

Which taxonomic group containing eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom?

*e. green algae

Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?A) autotrophic euglenidsB) diatomsC) dinoflagellasD) red algaeE) cyanobacteria

36) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plantsB) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plantsC) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plantsD) red algae → cyanobacteria → land plantsE) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants

Be able to identify the nutritional mode of any of the protists

Phototrophic: Uses energy from the sun

Autotrophic: Uses CO2

Chemotrophic: Uses an alternate chemicalMixotrophic: engulfs organic material by phagocytosis (answer)Heterotrophic: Eating food/ absorbing sugars from consumptionHeterotrophic: Consumes sugar molecule

Choose the nutritional mode that is primarily employed by each of the protists listed below.A. autotrophicB. mixotrophicC. heterotrophic (by absorption)D. heterotrophic (by ingestion)

48. oomycetesa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

49. diatomsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

50. phagocytic euglenids that possess functional chloroplastsa. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

Most unique among protists: chemoautotroph

43) Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium?A) prokaryotic or eukaryoticB) plant or animalC) unicellular or multicellularD) diploid or haploidE) autotroph or heterotroph

A mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?c. It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis.