Chapters 4–51. The verb “to be”

2. Adjectives and agreement

3. Uses of the ablative

4. Prepositions

5. Adverbs

1. The verb “to be”

cōgitō ergō sum

amō ergō sum …

labōrō ergo sum …

1. The verb “to be”cōgitō ergō sum

cōgitās ergō es

cōgitat ergō est

cōgitāmus ergō sumus

cōgitātis ergō estis

cōgitant ergō sunt

principal parts:sum, esse, fuī, futūrus

cōgitāre soleō, ergō esse dēbeō …

I tend to think, therefore I ought to exist …

1. The verb “to be” Two senses

… et quod sursum est deorsum faciuntand what is up, they make down.

nihil bonum est quod nōn est honestumNothing is good that is not honorable.

Christiānus sum, nōn CicerōniānusI am a Christian, not a Ciceronian.

cōgitō ergō sumI think therefore I am

esse, aut nōn esse?To be, or not to be?

sunt Nocturnae!! …Witches exist (there are witches)!!…

est locus …A place exists (there is a place) …

cōgitō bene, ergō bonus sumI think well, therefore I am good

1. The verb “to be” Two senses

… et quod sursum est deorsum faciuntand what is up, they make down.

nihil bonum est quod nōn est honestumNothing is good that is not honorable.

Christiānus sum, nōn CicerōniānusI am a Christian, not a Ciceronian.

cōgitō ergō sumI think therefore I am

esse, aut nōn esse?To be, or not to be?

sunt Nocturnae!! …Witches exist (there are witches)!! …

EXISTENTIAL

LINKING (“COPULA”)

cōgitō bene, ergō bonus sumI think well, therefore I am good

existential est: often first

in the sentence

1. The verb “to be” Truly existential …

By Roman Hands 50:

N – F – F – N – S – N – C

Nōn fuī.

Fuī.

Nōn sum.

Nōn cūrō.

2. Adjectives

Christiānus sum, nōn Cicerōniānus

—St. Jerome (4th c. CE)

Sometimes derived from nouns:

Christus ChristiānusCicerō Cicerōniānus

Rōma Rōmānusdeus dīvīnus

Principal parts:Christiānus, -a, -um

bonus, -a, -ummalus, -a, -um

aeger, aegra, aegrumnoster, nostra, nostrum

līber, lībera, līberum

1. Adjectives declined

2. Adjectiveslinked to nouns or on their own

bonus vir sum, nōn malus vir

bonus vir sum, nōn malus

I am a good man, not a bad (man).

bonus sum, nōn malus

bona sum, non mala

bonum est, nōn malum.

vir is merely implied the second time round(“gapping”, or “ellipsis”)

“Man”, “woman”, “thing”—depending

on gender of adjective.

“Substantive” use of adjective: noun merely implied.

2. Adjectives agreement with noun according to number, gender, and case

singular pluralm. f. n. m. f. n.

agricola bonus

dominus bonus

agerbonus

rosa bona templum bonum

agricolae bonī

rosae bonae

templa bona

E.G. NOMINATIVE NOUNS WITH NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVES

Now in the genitive plural …

agricolārum bonōrumrosārum bonārum

templōrum bonōrum

2. AdjectivesAgreement also in linking contexts

episcopus bonus

episcopus est bonus

episcopus esse bonus dēbet, nōn malus

3. Uses of the ablative

ABLATIVECASE

MEANS/INSTRUMENT

oculīs vidēmusWe see with (by means of)

our eyes

templum incendiō consumptum

a temple consumed by fire

SEPARATION

ACCOMPANIMENT(typically with cum + person

in abl.)

cum puerō puellāque amubulāmus

We walk with the boy and girl

MANNER(typically with cum + thing in

ablative)

bonō cum animō nāvigāmus

We sail with (in) a good state of mind.

LOCATION

and combined with certain prepositions

…

4. Prepositions

Vīperam sub ālā nūtrīcās

You are nourishing a viper under your wing.

—addressed to Trimalchio in Petronius, Satyrica

sub:a preposition that “takes” the ablative

4. PrepositionsPrepositions taking

accusativePrepositions taking ablative

Vīpera trāns agrum ambulat.

Vīpera sub rosās ambulat.

Vipera ad silvam ambulat.

Vīpera in silvām ambulat.

Vīpera in silvā habitat.

Vīpera sub rosīs est.

Vīpera ex silvā ambulat.

Vīperam prō silvā vidēmus!

Vīpera ā silvā ambulat.

4. PrepositionsPrepositions taking

accusativePrepositions taking ablative

ACCUSATIVE: TYPICALLY INVOLVING MOTION TOWARD

OR AGAINST

Vīpera trāns agrum ambulat.

Vīpera sub rosās ambulat.

Vipera ad silvam ambulat.

Vīpera in silvām ambulat.

Vīpera in silvā habitat.

Vīpera sub rosīs est.

Vīpera ex silvā ambulat.

Vīperam prō silvā vidēmus!

ABLATIVE: TYPICALLY INVOLVING MOTION AWAY FROM

OR LOCATION

4. Prepositions Proverb toolkit ē terrā ad caelum

From earth to heaven+ ACC. + ABL.

ad (to, toward)in (into, onto, against)

per (through)trans (across, beyond)

ā/ab (away from)cum (with)

ē/ex (out of, from)in (in, on)

prō (in front of; on behalf of; instead of)

sub (underneath)

angusta (n. pl. narrows)alta (n. pl. heights)astra (n. pl. stars)terra (f. sg. earth)silva (f. sg. forest)pontus (m. sg. sea)caelum (n. sg. heaven, sky)

imperium (n. sg. power)sapientia (f. sg. wisdom)consilium (n. pl. strategy)arma (n. pl. arms)regnum (n. sg. kingship)cūra (f. sg. care, anxiety)

5. AdverbsIrregular Regular 2nd declension

(add –ē to stem)Regular 3rd declension

(add –(i)ter to stem)

facile (easily)nōn (not)

nunc (now)saepe (often)

tandem (finally)tum (then, at that time,

next)

altus (high, deep)

altē (loftily, deeply)

fortis (courageous)

fortiter (courageously)

nōn cōgitō, ergō nōn sum

nunc tandem nōn saepe altē cōgitō, ergō nunc nōn sum