chapters 5 and 6: ferrous and nonferrous metals group 5 patrick pace michael linley bryan estvanko...

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Chapters 5 and 6: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Group 5 Patrick Pace Patrick Pace Michael Linley Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee Matthew Sallee

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Page 1: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Chapters 5 and 6: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Ferrous and Nonferrous MetalsNonferrous Metals

Group 5Group 5

Patrick PacePatrick Pace

Michael LinleyMichael Linley

Bryan EstvankoBryan Estvanko

Matthew SalleeMatthew Sallee

Page 2: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Ferrous Metals and Ferrous Metals and AlloysAlloys

Production - General Properties - Production - General Properties - ApplicationApplication

CHAPTER 55.1-5.4

Page 3: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

IntroductionIntroduction

What is a ‘ferrous metal’ or What is a ‘ferrous metal’ or ‘ferrous alloy’? ‘ferrous alloy’? It is simply a metal It is simply a metal or alloy that contains Iron (the element or alloy that contains Iron (the element ferrous) as the base (starting) metal.ferrous) as the base (starting) metal.

26th element Iron or Ferrous 55.85 Atomic Mass

Page 4: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

General CategoriesGeneral Categories of of Ferrous Ferrous Metals and AlloysMetals and Alloys Carbon and alloy steelsCarbon and alloy steels Stainless steelStainless steel Tool and Die steelTool and Die steel Cast IronsCast Irons Cast SteelsCast Steels

**Ferrous tools first appear about 4000 to 3000 **Ferrous tools first appear about 4000 to 3000 BC, made from meteoritic iron. Real ironworking BC, made from meteoritic iron. Real ironworking started in about 1100 BC in Asia Minor, and started started in about 1100 BC in Asia Minor, and started the Iron Age.the Iron Age.

Page 5: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

APPLICATION OF APPLICATION OF FERROUS (IRON) FERROUS (IRON) METALS / ALLOYSMETALS / ALLOYS

Page 6: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

5.2 Production of Iron and 5.2 Production of Iron and

SteelSteel

Page 7: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Raw Materials for ProductionRaw Materials for Production

Iron OreIron Ore

Limestone ----------Limestone ----------

CokeCoke

Page 8: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Iron OreIron Ore

Abundant, makes up 5% of earth’s crustAbundant, makes up 5% of earth’s crust Is not found in ‘free state’, must be found in Is not found in ‘free state’, must be found in

rocks and oxides, hence Iron rocks and oxides, hence Iron ore.ore. After mining, the ore is crushed and the iron After mining, the ore is crushed and the iron

is separated, then made into pellets, balls or is separated, then made into pellets, balls or briquettes using binders, such as water.briquettes using binders, such as water.

The pellets are typically 65% iron, and about The pellets are typically 65% iron, and about 1” in diameter.1” in diameter.

Page 9: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

CokeCoke – (… – (…The black, legal The black, legal

kindkind))

Coke is formed by heating coal to 2100*F (1150 Coke is formed by heating coal to 2100*F (1150 C), then cooling it in quenching towers. C), then cooling it in quenching towers.

You need more than Iron? Why coke is You need more than Iron? Why coke is used…used…1. Generates high heat, needed in order for 1. Generates high heat, needed in order for chemical chemical reactions in reactions in ironmaking to take place.ironmaking to take place.

2. Produces CO (carbon monoxide) which reduces 2. Produces CO (carbon monoxide) which reduces

iron-oxide to Iron.iron-oxide to Iron.

Page 10: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Lastly, LimestoneLastly, Limestone

Limestone (calcium carbonate) is used to Limestone (calcium carbonate) is used to remove impurities. remove impurities.

– When the metal is melted, limestone When the metal is melted, limestone combines with impurities and floats to the combines with impurities and floats to the top of the metal, forming top of the metal, forming slagslag. The slag . The slag can then be removed, purifying the iron.can then be removed, purifying the iron.

Page 11: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

IronmakingIronmaking

Page 12: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Raw Materials Raw Materials Pig Pig IronIron The three raw materials are dumped into a blast The three raw materials are dumped into a blast

furnace.furnace.

Hot air (2000*F) is blasted into the furnace, which Hot air (2000*F) is blasted into the furnace, which helps drive the chemical reaction. The coke helps drive the chemical reaction. The coke forms CO and the CO reduces the iron oxide to forms CO and the CO reduces the iron oxide to iron.iron.

The slag floats to the top and the metal is The slag floats to the top and the metal is transferred to molds and cools. IT IS NOW PIG transferred to molds and cools. IT IS NOW PIG IRON, ready for more iron work or steelmaking. IRON, ready for more iron work or steelmaking.

Page 13: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Blast Blast FurnaceFurnace

Tuyeres

(Same height as a 10 story building)

Page 14: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

SteelmakingSteelmaking

Page 15: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Pig Iron Pig Iron Steel Steel

To make steel you are simply removing more To make steel you are simply removing more impurities, such as, manganese, silicon, carbon…, impurities, such as, manganese, silicon, carbon…, from the pig iron. from the pig iron.

Impurities are removed by re-melting the metal and Impurities are removed by re-melting the metal and adding carbon, steel scrap, and more limestone.adding carbon, steel scrap, and more limestone.

– The metal can be melted using one of three methods.The metal can be melted using one of three methods.– Open-Hearth furnaceOpen-Hearth furnace– Electric furnaceElectric furnace– Basic Oxygen furnace. (BOF)Basic Oxygen furnace. (BOF)

Page 16: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Open-Hearth FurnaceOpen-Hearth Furnace

Uses a fuel to generate heat, and melt the metal.

Page 17: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Basic-Oxygen FurnaceBasic-Oxygen Furnace

Fastest steelmaking process – can Fastest steelmaking process – can make 250 tons of steel / hourmake 250 tons of steel / hour

Melted pig iron and scrap are Melted pig iron and scrap are poured (charged) into a vessel.poured (charged) into a vessel.

Fluxing agents are added, like Fluxing agents are added, like limestone.limestone.

The molten metal is blasted with The molten metal is blasted with pure oxygen. This produces iron pure oxygen. This produces iron oxide which then reacts with oxide which then reacts with carbon to produce CO and CO2. carbon to produce CO and CO2. The slag floats to the top of the The slag floats to the top of the metal.metal.

Higher steel quality than open Higher steel quality than open hearth. Used to make plate, hearth. Used to make plate, sheet, I-beam, tubing and sheet, I-beam, tubing and channel.channel.

Page 18: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Electric FurnaceElectric Furnace

Uses electric arc from electrode to metal to heat and melt it.Uses electric arc from electrode to metal to heat and melt it. Can produce 60-90 tons of steel per day.Can produce 60-90 tons of steel per day. Steel is higher quality than open-hearth and BOFSteel is higher quality than open-hearth and BOF

Page 19: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Vacuum FurnaceVacuum Furnace

Uses induction furnaces.Uses induction furnaces. Air is removed from the furnace, this removes Air is removed from the furnace, this removes

the gaseous impurities from the molten metal. the gaseous impurities from the molten metal. Produces very high-quality steel.Produces very high-quality steel.

Page 20: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

5.3 Casting Ingots5.3 Casting Ingots

Page 21: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

IngotsIngots

While steel is still molten, it is poured into a mold. While steel is still molten, it is poured into a mold. The mold may be a square, rectangle or round. The mold may be a square, rectangle or round. The metal becomes an “ingot” in the mold.The metal becomes an “ingot” in the mold.

They can weigh 100 lbs to 40 tons. They can weigh 100 lbs to 40 tons. The ingot will be removed from the mold and The ingot will be removed from the mold and

heated uniformly to be rolled or formed into a final heated uniformly to be rolled or formed into a final product.product.

HOWEVER – While the molten metal cools, or HOWEVER – While the molten metal cools, or solidifies, gasses evolve and can affect the quality solidifies, gasses evolve and can affect the quality of the steel. This leads to three types of steel: of the steel. This leads to three types of steel: Killed Steel, Semi-Killed Steel, and Rimmed Steel.Killed Steel, Semi-Killed Steel, and Rimmed Steel.

Page 22: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Killed – Semi-Killed – Rimmed Killed – Semi-Killed – Rimmed SteelSteel

Killed SteelKilled Steel – This is a fully deoxidized steel, and – This is a fully deoxidized steel, and thus, has no porosity.thus, has no porosity.– This is accomplished by using elements like This is accomplished by using elements like

aluminum to de-oxidize the metal. The aluminum to de-oxidize the metal. The impurities rise and mix with the slag.impurities rise and mix with the slag.

– It is called killed because when the metal is It is called killed because when the metal is poured it has no bubbles, it is quiet.poured it has no bubbles, it is quiet.

– Because it is so solid, not porous, the ingot Because it is so solid, not porous, the ingot shrinks considerably when it cools, and a shrinks considerably when it cools, and a “pipe” or “shrinkage cavity” forms. This must “pipe” or “shrinkage cavity” forms. This must be cut off and scrapped.be cut off and scrapped.

Page 23: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Killed – Semi-Killed – Rimmed Killed – Semi-Killed – Rimmed SteelSteel

Semi-Killed SteelSemi-Killed Steel: This is practically the same as : This is practically the same as killed steel, with some minor differences. killed steel, with some minor differences. – It is only partially de-oxidized, and therefore, is It is only partially de-oxidized, and therefore, is

a little more porous than killed steel.a little more porous than killed steel.– Semi-Killed does not shrink as much as it Semi-Killed does not shrink as much as it

cools, so the pipe is much smaller and scrap is cools, so the pipe is much smaller and scrap is reduced.reduced.

– It is much more economical and efficient to It is much more economical and efficient to produce.produce.

Page 24: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Killed – Semi-Killed – Rimmed Killed – Semi-Killed – Rimmed SteelSteel

Rimmed SteelRimmed Steel: This is produced by adding : This is produced by adding elements like aluminum to the molten metal to elements like aluminum to the molten metal to remove unwanted gases. The gasses then form remove unwanted gases. The gasses then form blowholes around the rim.blowholes around the rim.– Results in little or no piping.Results in little or no piping.– HOWEVER, impurities also tend to collect in HOWEVER, impurities also tend to collect in

the center of the ingot, so products or rimmed the center of the ingot, so products or rimmed steel need to be inspected and tested. steel need to be inspected and tested.

**Refining**Refining

Page 25: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

5.4 Continuous Casting 5.4 Continuous Casting

-Molten metal skips ingot step, and goes directly the furnace to a “tundish”

-Metal solidifies in the mold-The metal descends @ about 1”/sec-The solidified metal then goes through ‘pinch rollers’ that determine the final form.

Page 26: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Benefits of Continuous CastingBenefits of Continuous Casting

Costs less to produce final productCosts less to produce final product Metal has more uniform composition and Metal has more uniform composition and

properties than ingot processing.properties than ingot processing.

Page 27: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Sections 5.5 - 5.7Sections 5.5 - 5.7•Carbon and Alloying Carbon and Alloying SteelSteel

•Stainless SteelsStainless Steels

•Tool and Die SteelsTool and Die Steels

Page 28: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Carbon and Alloying Carbon and Alloying SteelsSteels Carbon and alloying steels are the most Carbon and alloying steels are the most

commonly used metals commonly used metals The structural makeup and controlled The structural makeup and controlled

processing of these steels make them processing of these steels make them suitable for many different functions.suitable for many different functions.

Basic product shapes include plate, sheet, Basic product shapes include plate, sheet, bar, wire, tube, castings, and forgings.bar, wire, tube, castings, and forgings.

Increasing the percentages of these Increasing the percentages of these elements in steels, increases the elements in steels, increases the properties they impart. properties they impart.

Page 29: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Effects of Elements in Effects of Elements in SteelsSteels Different elements are added to Different elements are added to

steels to given the steel different steels to given the steel different properties.properties.

The elements pass on properties such The elements pass on properties such as harden- ability, strength, as harden- ability, strength, hardness, toughness, wear hardness, toughness, wear resistance, etc. resistance, etc.

Some properties are beneficial while Some properties are beneficial while others are detrimental. others are detrimental.

Page 30: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Effects of Elements in Effects of Elements in SteelsSteels BoronBoron: Improves hardenability without the loss of (or even : Improves hardenability without the loss of (or even

with some improvement in) machinability and formability. with some improvement in) machinability and formability. CalciumCalcium: Deoxidizes steels, improves toughness, and may : Deoxidizes steels, improves toughness, and may

improve formability and machinability. improve formability and machinability. CarbonCarbon: improves hardenability, strength, hardness, and : improves hardenability, strength, hardness, and

wear resistance; it reduces ductility, weldability, and wear resistance; it reduces ductility, weldability, and toughness.toughness.

CeriumCerium: controls the shape of inclusions and improves : controls the shape of inclusions and improves toughness in high-strength low alloy steels; it deoxidizes toughness in high-strength low alloy steels; it deoxidizes steels.steels.

ChromiumChromium: improves toughness, hardenability, wear and : improves toughness, hardenability, wear and corrosion resistance, and high-temperature strength; it corrosion resistance, and high-temperature strength; it increases the depth of the hardness penetration resulting increases the depth of the hardness penetration resulting from heat treatment by promoting carburization. from heat treatment by promoting carburization.

CobaltCobalt: improves strength and hardness at elevated : improves strength and hardness at elevated temperatures.temperatures.

Page 31: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Effects of Elements in Effects of Elements in SteelsSteels CopperCopper: improves resistance to atmospheric : improves resistance to atmospheric

corrosion and, to a lesser extent, increases strength corrosion and, to a lesser extent, increases strength with little loss in ductility; it adversely affects the hot-with little loss in ductility; it adversely affects the hot-working characteristics and surface quality.working characteristics and surface quality.

LeadLead: improves machinability; it causes liquid-metal : improves machinability; it causes liquid-metal embrittlement.embrittlement.

MagnesiumMagnesium: has the same effects as cerium.: has the same effects as cerium. ManganeseManganese: improves hardenability, strength, : improves hardenability, strength,

abrasion resistance, and machinability; it deoxidizes abrasion resistance, and machinability; it deoxidizes the molten steel, reduce shot shortness, and the molten steel, reduce shot shortness, and decreases weldability.decreases weldability.

MolybdenumMolybdenum: improves hardenability, wear : improves hardenability, wear resistance, toughness, elevated-temperature resistance, toughness, elevated-temperature strength, creep resistance, and hardness; it strength, creep resistance, and hardness; it minimizes temper embrittlement. minimizes temper embrittlement.

Page 32: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Effects of Elements in Effects of Elements in SteelsSteels NickelNickel: improves strength, toughness, and corrosion : improves strength, toughness, and corrosion

resistance; it improves hardenability.resistance; it improves hardenability. Niobium Niobium (columbium): imparts fineness of grain size (columbium): imparts fineness of grain size

and improves strength and impact toughness; it and improves strength and impact toughness; it lowers transition temperature and may decrease lowers transition temperature and may decrease hardenability. hardenability.

PhosphorusPhosphorus: improves strength, hardenability, : improves strength, hardenability, corrosion resistance, and machinability; it severely corrosion resistance, and machinability; it severely reduces ductility and toughness.reduces ductility and toughness.

SeleniumSelenium: improves machinability.: improves machinability. SiliconSilicon: improves strength, hardness, corrosion : improves strength, hardness, corrosion

resistance, and electrical conductivity; it decreases resistance, and electrical conductivity; it decreases magnetic-hysteresis loss, machinability, and cold magnetic-hysteresis loss, machinability, and cold formability.formability.

Page 33: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Effects of Elements in Effects of Elements in SteelsSteels SulfurSulfur: Improves machinability when combined with : Improves machinability when combined with

manganese; it lowers impact strength and ductility manganese; it lowers impact strength and ductility and impairs surface quality and weldability.and impairs surface quality and weldability.

TantalumTantalum: has effects similar to those of niobium.: has effects similar to those of niobium. TelluriumTellurium: improves machinability, formability, and : improves machinability, formability, and

toughness.toughness. TitaniumTitanium: improves hardenability; it deoxidizes : improves hardenability; it deoxidizes

steels.steels. TungstenTungsten: has the same effects as cobalt.: has the same effects as cobalt. VanadiumVanadium: improves strength, toughness, abrasion : improves strength, toughness, abrasion

resistance, and hardness at elevated temperatures; it resistance, and hardness at elevated temperatures; it inhibits grain growth during heat treatment. inhibits grain growth during heat treatment.

ZirconiumZirconium: has the same effects as cerium : has the same effects as cerium

Page 34: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Residual ElementsResidual Elements

During the processing of During the processing of steels some residual steels some residual elements remain in the elements remain in the medal.medal.

These residuals are trace These residuals are trace elements that are elements that are unwanted due to their unwanted due to their detrimental properties detrimental properties but cannot be extracted but cannot be extracted completely.completely.

Some of these residual Some of these residual elements include: elements include: antimony, arsenic, antimony, arsenic, hydrogen, nitrogen, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and tin.oxygen, and tin.Molten

Steel

Page 35: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Carbon SteelsCarbon Steels

Carbon steels are group Carbon steels are group by their percentage of by their percentage of carbon content per carbon content per weight. The higher the weight. The higher the carbon content the carbon content the greater the hardness, greater the hardness, strength and wear strength and wear resistance after heat resistance after heat treatment. treatment.

Low-carbon steel,Low-carbon steel, also also called mild steels, has less called mild steels, has less than 0.30% carbon. Used than 0.30% carbon. Used in everyday industrial in everyday industrial products like bolts, nuts, products like bolts, nuts, sheet, plate and tubes.sheet, plate and tubes. High Carbon Steel

Nails

Page 36: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Carbon SteelsCarbon Steels

Medium-carbon steelMedium-carbon steel has 0.30% to has 0.30% to 0.60% carbon. Used for jobs requiring 0.60% carbon. Used for jobs requiring higher strength such as machinery, higher strength such as machinery, automotive equipment parts, and automotive equipment parts, and metalworking equipment.metalworking equipment.

High-carbon steelHigh-carbon steel has more than has more than 0.60% carbon. Used parts that require 0.60% carbon. Used parts that require the highest strength, hardness, and the highest strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Once manufactured wear resistance. Once manufactured they are heat treated and temperedthey are heat treated and tempered

Page 37: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Alloy SteelsAlloy Steels

Alloy steelsAlloy steels are steels that are steels that contain significant amounts of contain significant amounts of alloying elements.alloying elements.

– High strength low alloy steelsHigh strength low alloy steels– Microalloyed steelsMicroalloyed steels– Nanoalloyed steelsNanoalloyed steels

Page 38: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Alloy SteelsAlloy Steels

High-strength, low-High-strength, low-alloy steelsalloy steels (HSLA) (HSLA) steels were steels were developed to improve developed to improve the ratio of strength the ratio of strength to weight. to weight. – Commonly used in Commonly used in

automobile bodies and automobile bodies and in the transportation in the transportation industry (the reduced industry (the reduced weight makes for weight makes for better fuel economy ).better fuel economy ).

MicroalloyedMicroalloyed steels steels Provide Provide superior properties superior properties without the use of without the use of heat treating. When heat treating. When cooled carefully cooled carefully these steels these steels develop enhanced develop enhanced and consistent and consistent strength. strength.

Page 39: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Alloy SteelsAlloy Steels

Nanoalloyed steels Nanoalloyed steels have have extremely small grain size (10-extremely small grain size (10-100 nm). Since their synthesis is 100 nm). Since their synthesis is done at an atomic level their done at an atomic level their properties can be controlled properties can be controlled specifically. specifically.

Page 40: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Stainless SteelsStainless Steels

Stainless steels Stainless steels are primarily know are primarily know for their corrosion for their corrosion resistance, high resistance, high strength, and strength, and ductility and ductility and chromium content.chromium content.

Page 41: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Stainless SteelsStainless Steels

The reason for the name stainless is due to the The reason for the name stainless is due to the fact that in the presence of oxygen, the steel fact that in the presence of oxygen, the steel develops a thin, hard, adherent film of develops a thin, hard, adherent film of chromium. chromium. – Even if the surface is scratched, the protective film is Even if the surface is scratched, the protective film is

rebuilt through passivation.rebuilt through passivation. For passivation to occur there needs to be a minimum For passivation to occur there needs to be a minimum

chromium content of 10% to 12% by weight.chromium content of 10% to 12% by weight.

Page 42: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Stainless SteelsStainless Steels

Stainless steels tend to have lower Stainless steels tend to have lower carbon content since increased carbon content since increased carbon content lowers the corrosion carbon content lowers the corrosion resistance of stainless steels.resistance of stainless steels.

– Since the carbon reacts with chromium Since the carbon reacts with chromium it decreases the available chromium it decreases the available chromium content which is needed for developing content which is needed for developing the protective film.the protective film.

Page 43: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Stainless SteelsStainless Steels Using stainless steels as reinforcing bars, has Using stainless steels as reinforcing bars, has

become a new trend, in concrete structures such become a new trend, in concrete structures such as highways buildings and bridges. as highways buildings and bridges. – It is more beneficial than carbon steels because it is It is more beneficial than carbon steels because it is

resistant to corrosion from road salts and the concrete resistant to corrosion from road salts and the concrete itself.itself.

Rebar corrosion in concrete

Page 44: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Tool and Die SteelsTool and Die Steels

Tool and die steels Tool and die steels are alloyed are alloyed steels design for high strength, steels design for high strength, impact toughness, and wear impact toughness, and wear resistance at normal and elevated resistance at normal and elevated temperatures.temperatures.

– High-speed steelsHigh-speed steels Maintain their Maintain their hardness and strength at elevated hardness and strength at elevated operating temperatures. There are two operating temperatures. There are two basic types the M-series and T-seriesbasic types the M-series and T-series

Page 45: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Tool and Die SteelsTool and Die Steels

M-seriesM-series contain 10 contain 10 % molybdenum and % molybdenum and have higher abrasion have higher abrasion resistance than T- resistance than T- seriesseries

T- SeriesT- Series contain 12 contain 12 % to 18 % tungsten. % to 18 % tungsten. They undergo less They undergo less distortion in heat distortion in heat treatment and are treatment and are less expensive than less expensive than the M-series.the M-series.

M- series steel drill bits coated with titanium

Page 46: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Tool and Die SteelsTool and Die Steels

Dies Dies are tools used for drawing wire, are tools used for drawing wire, and for blanking, bending, cutting, and for blanking, bending, cutting, machine forging, and embossing. .machine forging, and embossing. .– H-series H-series (Hot-working steels) for use at (Hot-working steels) for use at

elevated temperatureselevated temperatures. . They have high They have high toughness and high resistance to wear toughness and high resistance to wear and cracking.and cracking.

– S-series S-series (shock resisting steels) (shock resisting steels) designed for impact toughness.designed for impact toughness.

Page 47: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Chapter 6: Nonferrous Chapter 6: Nonferrous Metals and AlloysMetals and Alloys

6.1 Introduction6.1 Introduction 6.2 Aluminum6.2 Aluminum 6.3 Magnesium6.3 Magnesium 6.4 Copper6.4 Copper 6.5 Nickel6.5 Nickel 6.6 Superalloys6.6 Superalloys 6.7 Titanium6.7 Titanium 6.8 Refractory Metals6.8 Refractory Metals

Page 48: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

IntroductionIntroduction

Nonferrous metals and alloysNonferrous metals and alloys– Common- aluminum, copper, and magnesiumCommon- aluminum, copper, and magnesium– High-strength high-temperature alloys High-strength high-temperature alloys

include: tungsten, tantalum, and include: tungsten, tantalum, and molybdenum.molybdenum.

– Higher cost than ferrous metals but have Higher cost than ferrous metals but have good properties such as:good properties such as: Corrosion resistanceCorrosion resistance High thermal and electrical conductivityHigh thermal and electrical conductivity Low density and ease of fabricationLow density and ease of fabrication

Page 49: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Aluminum and Aluminum and Aluminum AlloysAluminum Alloys

Most abundant metallic element (8% Most abundant metallic element (8% crust)crust)

High strength to weight ratioHigh strength to weight ratio Resistant to corrosionResistant to corrosion High thermal and electrical conductivityHigh thermal and electrical conductivity NonmagneticNonmagnetic Easy formability and Easy formability and

machinabilitymachinability

Page 50: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

UNSUNS

UNS-Unified Numbering SystemUNS-Unified Numbering System– A common system used everywhere to A common system used everywhere to

describe the condition of a metal or an describe the condition of a metal or an alloy.alloy.

Generally has 4 numbers and a temper Generally has 4 numbers and a temper designationdesignation– Temper designation tells the condition of Temper designation tells the condition of

the material.the material. Example: 2024 wrought aluminum is A92024Example: 2024 wrought aluminum is A92024

Page 51: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

UNS-Wrought UNS-Wrought AluminumAluminum Form: 1XXXForm: 1XXX 11stst #- major alloying element #- major alloying element 22ndnd #- modifications of alloy #- modifications of alloy 33rdrd & 4 & 4thth #- minimum amount of #- minimum amount of

aluminum in the alloyaluminum in the alloy– EX: 1050 is aluminum with minimum EX: 1050 is aluminum with minimum

99.50% Al99.50% Al– Ex: 1090 shows a minimum of 99.90% AlEx: 1090 shows a minimum of 99.90% Al

Page 52: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

UNS-Cast AluminumUNS-Cast Aluminum

Form: 1XX.XForm: 1XX.X 22ndnd & 3 & 3rdrd #- minimum amount of #- minimum amount of

aluminumaluminum 44thth #- Product form #- Product form

Page 53: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Temper DesignationTemper Designation

F: as fabricated (by cold or hot working F: as fabricated (by cold or hot working or or by casting)by casting)

O: Annealed (from the cold worked or O: Annealed (from the cold worked or cast cast state)state)

H: strain hardened by cold working (for H: strain hardened by cold working (for wrought products only)wrought products only)

T: heat treated T: heat treated W: solution treated only (unstable W: solution treated only (unstable

temper)temper)

Page 54: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Magnesium and Magnesium and Magnesium AlloysMagnesium Alloys

Lightest of all metalsLightest of all metals Not sufficiently strong in pure form Not sufficiently strong in pure form

but alloyed to increase strength.but alloyed to increase strength. UsesUses

– Aircraft and missile components, bikes, Aircraft and missile components, bikes, luggage, portable power tools…luggage, portable power tools…

Designations for magnesiumDesignations for magnesium– A. 1 or 2 prefix lettersA. 1 or 2 prefix letters– B. 2 or 3 numbersB. 2 or 3 numbers

Page 55: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Copper and Copper and Copper AlloysCopper Alloys

First produced in 4000 BCFirst produced in 4000 BC Properties:Properties:

– Best conductors of electricity and heat, Best conductors of electricity and heat, good corrosion resistance, and easily good corrosion resistance, and easily processed.processed.

Uses:Uses:– Electronics, springs, cartridges, plumbing, Electronics, springs, cartridges, plumbing,

heat exchangers, and marine equipment.heat exchangers, and marine equipment. Common alloys:Common alloys:

– Brass, Bronze, Beryllium copperBrass, Bronze, Beryllium copper

Page 56: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Nickel and Nickel AlloysNickel and Nickel Alloys

Major alloying element for strength, Major alloying element for strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance.toughness, and corrosion resistance.

Offers a wide range of strength at Offers a wide range of strength at different temperatures.different temperatures.

Uses:Uses:– High temperature applications, food High temperature applications, food

handling, chemical processing, coins, handling, chemical processing, coins, marine applications.marine applications.

Magnetic properties-electromagneticMagnetic properties-electromagnetic– Used in solenoidsUsed in solenoids

Page 57: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

SuperalloysSuperalloys

Used in high temperature applications and have Used in high temperature applications and have good resistant properties to:good resistant properties to:– Mechanical and thermal fatigue, thermal shock, Mechanical and thermal fatigue, thermal shock,

creep, and erosion at elevated temperaturescreep, and erosion at elevated temperatures Examples: jet engines, gas turbines, and Examples: jet engines, gas turbines, and

reciprocating enginesreciprocating engines– Max temp.- 1000Max temp.- 1000°C (1800°F)°C (1800°F)– Max temp. (non load)- 1200°C (2200°F)Max temp. (non load)- 1200°C (2200°F)

Identified by trade names or by a Identified by trade names or by a special numbering systemspecial numbering system

Page 58: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Titanium and Titanium and Titanium AlloysTitanium Alloys

Has the highest strength to weight ratioHas the highest strength to weight ratio Uses:Uses:

– Jet engines, race cars, golf clubs, Jet engines, race cars, golf clubs, submarines, and armor plates.submarines, and armor plates.

Pure state: strong and lightPure state: strong and light Alloys: improved workability, strength, Alloys: improved workability, strength,

hardenabilityhardenability High cost due to long production processHigh cost due to long production process

Page 59: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Refractory Metals and Refractory Metals and AlloysAlloys 4 refractory metals: Molybdenum, Niobium, 4 refractory metals: Molybdenum, Niobium,

Tungsten, and Tantlum.Tungsten, and Tantlum. Called refractory because of their high Called refractory because of their high

melting points.melting points. Discovered about 200 years ago.Discovered about 200 years ago. Used in steels and superalloys because Used in steels and superalloys because

they maintain their strength at high they maintain their strength at high temperatures.temperatures.

Temperature range of 1100 to 2200° C Temperature range of 1100 to 2200° C (2000 to 4000° F).(2000 to 4000° F).

Page 60: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Molybdenum (Mo)Molybdenum (Mo)

A silvery-white metal.A silvery-white metal. Discovered in the 18Discovered in the 18thth century. century. Has high melting point, high modulus of elasticity, Has high melting point, high modulus of elasticity,

good resistance to thermal shock, and good good resistance to thermal shock, and good electrical and thermal conductivity.electrical and thermal conductivity.

Needs a protective coating because of low resistance Needs a protective coating because of low resistance to oxidation at high temperatures.to oxidation at high temperatures.

Used in solid-propellant rockets, jet engines, Used in solid-propellant rockets, jet engines, honeycomb structures, electronic computers, honeycomb structures, electronic computers, heating elements, and dies for die casting.heating elements, and dies for die casting.

Principle alloying element for titanium and Principle alloying element for titanium and zirconium.zirconium.

Page 61: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Niobium (Nb)Niobium (Nb)

First identified in 1801.First identified in 1801. Also known as Columbium.Also known as Columbium. Has good ductility and formability and has Has good ductility and formability and has

greater oxidation resistance than other greater oxidation resistance than other refractory metals.refractory metals.

Used in rockets and missiles and in nuclear, Used in rockets and missiles and in nuclear, chemical, and superconductor applications.chemical, and superconductor applications.

Processed from ores by reduction and Processed from ores by reduction and refinement and from powder by melting refinement and from powder by melting and shaping into ingots.and shaping into ingots.

Page 62: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Tungsten (W)Tungsten (W)

First identified in 1781.First identified in 1781. Most abundant of all refractory metals.Most abundant of all refractory metals. Highest melting point of any metal at 3410° C (6170° Highest melting point of any metal at 3410° C (6170°

F).F). High strength at high temperatures.High strength at high temperatures. Has high density (which makes it brittle at low Has high density (which makes it brittle at low

temperatures).temperatures). Used in hottest part of missiles and rockets, Used in hottest part of missiles and rockets,

weldinging electrodes, spark-plug electrodes, and the weldinging electrodes, spark-plug electrodes, and the wire filament in incadescent bulbs.wire filament in incadescent bulbs.

Processed from ore concentrates by chemical Processed from ore concentrates by chemical decomposition and is then reduced.decomposition and is then reduced.

Page 63: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Tantalum (Ta)Tantalum (Ta)

Characterized by its high melting point (3000° C, Characterized by its high melting point (3000° C, 5425° F), high density, good ductility and 5425° F), high density, good ductility and resistance to corrosion.resistance to corrosion.

Used mainly in electrolytic capacitors and various Used mainly in electrolytic capacitors and various electrical, electronic and chemical industries.electrical, electronic and chemical industries.

Sometimes used in thermal applications such as Sometimes used in thermal applications such as in furnaces and acid-resistant heat exchanges.in furnaces and acid-resistant heat exchanges.

Processed from ores by reduction and refinement Processed from ores by reduction and refinement and from powder by melting and shaping into and from powder by melting and shaping into ingots.ingots.

Page 64: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Beryllium (Be)Beryllium (Be)

Steel grey in color.Steel grey in color. High strength-to-weight ratio.High strength-to-weight ratio. Used in rocket nozzles, space and missile Used in rocket nozzles, space and missile

structures, aircraft disc brakes, and structures, aircraft disc brakes, and precision instruments and mirrors.precision instruments and mirrors.

Low neutron absorption.Low neutron absorption. Alloy element of copper and nickel.Alloy element of copper and nickel. Toxic. Its dust and fumes should not be Toxic. Its dust and fumes should not be

inhaled.inhaled.

Page 65: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Zirconium (Zr)Zirconium (Zr)

Silvery in appearance.Silvery in appearance. Good strength and ductility at Good strength and ductility at

elevated temperatures.elevated temperatures. Good corrosion resistance because of Good corrosion resistance because of

adherent oxide film.adherent oxide film. Used in electronic components and in Used in electronic components and in

nuclear-power reactor applications.nuclear-power reactor applications. Low neutron absorption.Low neutron absorption.

Page 66: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Low-Melting AlloysLow-Melting Alloys

Relatively low melting points.Relatively low melting points. Consists of lead, zinc, and tin.Consists of lead, zinc, and tin.

Page 67: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Lead (Pb)Lead (Pb)

High density, resistance to corrosion, softness, low High density, resistance to corrosion, softness, low strength, good ductility and workability.strength, good ductility and workability.

Alloying it with antimony and tin make it usable in Alloying it with antimony and tin make it usable in piping, collapsible tubing, bearing alloys, cable piping, collapsible tubing, bearing alloys, cable sheathing, roofing and lead-acid storage batteries.sheathing, roofing and lead-acid storage batteries.

Also used for damping sound and vibrations, Also used for damping sound and vibrations, radiation shielding against x-rays, ammunition, as radiation shielding against x-rays, ammunition, as weights, and in the chemical industry.weights, and in the chemical industry.

Poisonous; major efforst are being made to Poisonous; major efforst are being made to replace it with other elements.replace it with other elements.

Source mineral is galena (PbS).Source mineral is galena (PbS).

Page 68: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)

Bluish-white in color.Bluish-white in color. 44thth most utilized metal in industry. most utilized metal in industry. Not developed until 18Not developed until 18thth century. century. Used for galvanizing iron, steel sheet, and wire and as an Used for galvanizing iron, steel sheet, and wire and as an

alloy base for casting.alloy base for casting. Alloyed with aluminum, copper, and magnesium.Alloyed with aluminum, copper, and magnesium. Zinc-based alloys are used for making fuel pumps and Zinc-based alloys are used for making fuel pumps and

grills for automobiles, components for household grills for automobiles, components for household appliances, kitchen equipment, various machinery parts appliances, kitchen equipment, various machinery parts and photoengraving equipment.and photoengraving equipment.

Used in superplastic alloys.Used in superplastic alloys. Comes from a principle source mineral called zinc sulfide.Comes from a principle source mineral called zinc sulfide.

Page 69: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Tin (Sn)Tin (Sn)

Silvery-white, lustrous metal.Silvery-white, lustrous metal. Developed in the 15Developed in the 15thth century. century. Used mainly as a protective coating on steel sheets Used mainly as a protective coating on steel sheets

called tin plating which is used to make tin cans.called tin plating which is used to make tin cans. Low shear strength.Low shear strength. Unalloyed tin is used as a lining material for water Unalloyed tin is used as a lining material for water

distillation plants and as a molten layer of metal over distillation plants and as a molten layer of metal over which plate glass is made.which plate glass is made.

Tin is usually alloyed with copper, antimony, lead, Tin is usually alloyed with copper, antimony, lead, titanium, and zirconium.titanium, and zirconium.

Can be used in journal-bearing materials because of Can be used in journal-bearing materials because of its low friction coefficient.its low friction coefficient.

Page 70: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Precious MetalsPrecious Metals

Also known asAlso known as

Noble MetalsNoble Metals

(Gold, Silver, and Platinum)(Gold, Silver, and Platinum)

Page 71: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Gold (Au)Gold (Au)

Soft and ductile.Soft and ductile. Has good corrosion resistance Has good corrosion resistance

and any temperature.and any temperature. Used in jewelry, coinage, Used in jewelry, coinage,

reflectors, gold leaf for decorative reflectors, gold leaf for decorative purposes, dental work, purposes, dental work, electroplating, and electrical electroplating, and electrical contacts and terminals.contacts and terminals.

Page 72: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Silver (Ag)Silver (Ag)

DuctileDuctile Highest electrical and thermal Highest electrical and thermal

conductivity of any metal. conductivity of any metal. Used as tableware, jewelry, coinage, Used as tableware, jewelry, coinage,

electroplating, photographic film, electroplating, photographic film, electrical contacts, solders, bearing electrical contacts, solders, bearing linings and food and chemical linings and food and chemical equipment.equipment.

Sterling silver is an allow of silver and Sterling silver is an allow of silver and 7.5% copper.7.5% copper.

Page 73: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

PlatinumPlatinum

Soft, ductile.Soft, ductile. Grayish-white metal.Grayish-white metal. Good corrosion resistance at any Good corrosion resistance at any

temperature.temperature. Used as electrical contacts, for spark-Used as electrical contacts, for spark-

plug electrodes, as catalysts for plug electrodes, as catalysts for automobile pollution-control devices, automobile pollution-control devices, in filaments, in nozzles as jewelry, and in filaments, in nozzles as jewelry, and in dental work.in dental work.

Page 74: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Shape-Memory AlloysShape-Memory Alloys

Can be deformed into any shape at Can be deformed into any shape at room temperature but when heated room temperature but when heated will return to original shape.will return to original shape.

A typical one is 55% Nickel – 45% A typical one is 55% Nickel – 45% titanium.titanium.

Used as sensors, eyeglass frames, Used as sensors, eyeglass frames, stents, relays, pumps, switches, stents, relays, pumps, switches, connectors, clamps, fasteners, and connectors, clamps, fasteners, and seals.seals.

Page 75: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Amorphous Alloys (Metallic Amorphous Alloys (Metallic Glasses)Glasses)

No long-range crystalline structure. Have no grain No long-range crystalline structure. Have no grain boundaries and the atoms are packed randomly boundaries and the atoms are packed randomly and tightly.and tightly.

First obtained in the 1960s.First obtained in the 1960s. Typically contain iron, nickel, and chromium, which Typically contain iron, nickel, and chromium, which

are alloyed with carbon, phosphorus, boron, are alloyed with carbon, phosphorus, boron, aluminum, and silicon.aluminum, and silicon.

Have excellent corrosion resistance, good ductility, Have excellent corrosion resistance, good ductility, and high strength.and high strength.

Being developed to have twice the strength has Being developed to have twice the strength has high strength steels so they can be used in large high strength steels so they can be used in large structures.structures.

Page 76: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

Metal FoamsMetal Foams

Foam-like substances that metal Foam-like substances that metal is only 5% to 20% of its volume.is only 5% to 20% of its volume.

Very light weight.Very light weight. Used in aerospace applications.Used in aerospace applications. Also used as filters and Also used as filters and

orthopedic implants.orthopedic implants.

Page 77: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

NanomaterialsNanomaterials

Materials with grains, fibers, films, and composites Materials with grains, fibers, films, and composites having particles that are 1-100 nm in size.having particles that are 1-100 nm in size.

First investigated in the 1980s.First investigated in the 1980s. Have qualities superior to those of traditional materials Have qualities superior to those of traditional materials

such as strength, hardness, ductility, wear resistance, such as strength, hardness, ductility, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.and corrosion resistance.

Used in cutting tools, ceramics, powders for powder-Used in cutting tools, ceramics, powders for powder-metallurgy processing, next generation computer metallurgy processing, next generation computer chips, flat panel displays for laptop computers and chips, flat panel displays for laptop computers and televisions, spark-plug electrodes, igniters and fuels for televisions, spark-plug electrodes, igniters and fuels for rockets, medical implants, high-sensitivity sensors, rockets, medical implants, high-sensitivity sensors, high power magnets and high-energy-density high power magnets and high-energy-density batteries.batteries.

Page 78: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

ReferencesReferences TextbookTextbook http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/kc767/images/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/kc767/images/

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Flagpole%20Cleats,%20Halyards,%20Snaps%20&Flagpole%20Cleats,%20Halyards,%20Snaps%20&%20Accessories/Heavy-Duty%20Cast%20Aluminum%20Accessories/Heavy-Duty%20Cast%20Aluminum%20Cleat.JPG%20Cleat.JPG

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cad_nozzle.jpegcad_nozzle.jpeg

Page 79: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

References cont.References cont.

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HBTR01/HBTR01/TyreRecapFittingsHighCarbonSteelTyrePolishNail.jpgTyreRecapFittingsHighCarbonSteelTyrePolishNail.jpg

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imagecache/I5430.gifimagecache/I5430.gif The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 6th ed. Copyright ©

2005, Columbia University Press2005, Columbia University Press

Page 80: Chapters 5 and 6: Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals Group 5 Patrick Pace Michael Linley Bryan Estvanko Matthew Sallee

References Cont.References Cont.

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