CHAPTERS FIVE -TEN

The Western Crossroads

CHAPTER 5

Section 1: War in the West

Section 2: Western Farmers

Section 3: The Cattle Boom

Section 4: The Mining Boom

War in the West

Question:How did American Indians respond to western settlement?

SECTION 1

War in the West

SECTION 1

Chief Joseph

American Indian Responses to White Treatment

GeronimoSarah

Winnemucca

Called attention to problems; made

speeches; participated in

political activities

Fled a reservation with his tribe;

raided settlements; eventually

surrendered

Agreed to move tribe to a

reservation; fled from the U.S. Army; eventually

surrendered

Western Farmers

Question:How did the U.S. government promote economic development in the West?

SECTION 2

Western Farmers

SECTION 2

Homestead Act

Pacific Railway Act

Morrill Act

permitted “any citizen or intended citizen” to have 160 acres of land

gave lands to railroad companies to develop a transcontinental railroad linking the East and West coasts

granted more than 17 million acres of land to be sold to finance the construction of agricultural and engineering colleges

The Cattle Boom

Question:How did cattle and sheep ranching develop in the West?

SECTION 3

The Cattle Boom

SECTION 3

Ranching in the West

The Development

of Cattle Ranching• the introduction of the

Texas longhorn

• the expansion of the eastern beef market

The Development

of Sheep Ranching• the introduction of sheep ranching by the Spanish

• the participation of American Indian groups

• the market expansion sparked by the Gold Rush

The Mining Boom

Question:What role did mining play in bringing more people to the West?

SECTION 4

The Mining Boom

SECTION 4

Where Prospective

Miners Migrated

Nevada

The Klondike

Arizona

Alaska

Pike’s Peak

The Fraser River Valley

CHAPTER 5

Can you answer the following?How did differing views of white settlement

in the West contribute to the Massacre at Wounded Knee?

In what ways did farming, mining, and ranching alter the western landscape and environment?

Explain how technological innovations addressed specific needs during westward expansion.

Chapter Wrap-Up

The Second Industrial Revolution

CHAPTER 6

Section 1: The Age of Invention

Section 2: The Rise of Big Business

Section 3: Labor Strives to Organize

The Age of Invention

Question:How might improved refining processes have affected industrial growth in the late 1800’s?

SECTION 1

The Age of Invention

SECTION 1

Refining Processes in the United States

Effects on Industry

• resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel or light

• allowed the manufacturing of other important industrial petroleum products

• helped machinery operate

Effects on Industry

• provided a strong, inexpensive source of building material

• allowed the expansion of the railroad industry

• allowed the construction of sophisticated machinery,

bridges, tall buildings, and so on

Steel Oil

The Rise of Big Business

Question:How did business leaders and social critics of the late 1800s and early 1900s regard government involvement?

SECTION 2

The Rise of Big Business

SECTION 2

Business Leaders

• argued that individuals should be self-reliant

• argued that businesses would prosper in the absence of government interference

• argued that government interference would reduce self-reliance

Social Critics

• argued that factory life and poor working conditions harmed work

• argued that all citizens should own all means of production

• argued that government assistance would prevent

the best businesses from rising to the

top

ARGUMENTS REGARDING

GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN BUSINESS

Labor Strives to Organize

Question:Why did some Americans want trusts to be banned and how did the government respond?

SECTION 3

Labor Strives to Organize

SECTION 3

Americans’ Arguments Against Trusts

• argued that without competition, large monopolies would not maintain quality or keep prices low

Government Response

• passes the Sherman Antitrust Act

Problems with Act

• failed to define a monopoly or trust

• presented serious enforcement problems

CHAPTER 6

Can you answer the following?What impact did new technology have on

the rise of big business?

How did technological developments change Americans’ daily lives in the late 1800s?

Why did unions only partially succeed in ensuring the rights of working people?

Chapter Wrap-Up

CHAPTER 7

Section 1: The New Immigrants

Section 2: The Urban World

Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities

The Transformation of American Society

The New Immigrants

Question:Where did new immigrants in the United States go for assistance?

SECTION 1

The New Immigrants

SECTION 1

Institutions That Helped Immigrants

Adapt to Life in the United

States

churches

synagogues

temples

ethnic neighborhoods

benevolent societies

businesses

The Urban World

Question:What changes occurred in middle-class life during the late 1800s?

SECTION 2

The Urban World

SECTION 2

created a demand for workers educated in specialized fields

MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE DURING THE 1800sChange: Professionalization Change: Women’s Lives

received more opportunities to work outside the home

led to the establishment of professional schools and organizations

lightened their domestic chores with sewing machines, servants, and so on

expanded the middle class increased participation in cultural and social activities

Daily Life in Crisis

Question:What were some new forms of popular music and entertainment that developed in the late 1800s?

SECTION 3

Daily Life in Crisis

SECTION 3

NEW FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT IN THE LATE 1800s

Form Characteristics

Theatre Wide range of types; from Shakespearean to vaudeville

Music Ragtime music, which inspired lively dances

CHAPTER 7

Can you answer the following?What impact did new technology have on

the rise of big business?

How did technological developments change Americans’ daily lives in the late 1800s?

Why did unions only partially succeed in ensuring the rights of working people?

Chapter Wrap-Up

Section 1: Political Machines

Section 2: Restoring Honest Government

Section 3: The Populist Movement

CHAPTER 8

Politics in the Gilded Age

SECTION 1

Political Machines

Question:Why were immigrants important to political machines?

SECTION 1

Political Machines

Why Immigrants Were

Important to Machines

• represented a huge supply of supporters and voters

• tended to be particularly loyal to machines

Ways in Which Machines

Recruited and Rewarded Immigrants

• welcomed immigrants upon arrival

• found immigrants temporary housing and jobs

• helped immigrants become naturalized citizens

• helped immigrants with finances, funerals, and so on

POLITICAL MACHINES AND

IMMIGRANTS

SECTION 2

Restoring Honest Government

Question:How did the presidents view political reform during the Gilded Age?

SECTION 2

Restoring Honest Government

• supported reform after the assassination of President Garfield• helped pass Pendleton Civil Service Act

President Arthur and Reforms

• split the Republicans• Stalwarts voted for James Blaine, the Half-Breed candidate;

reform Republicans voted for Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate

Effect on Republicans and the Election of 1884

President Cleveland’s Reforms• doubled the number of jobs requiring civil service exams• promoted reform in general

• returned to political patronage• spent money on Republican pet projects

President Harrison’s Response

SECTION 3

The Populist Movement

Question:How did farmers’ movements make efforts to help farmers, and what factors weakened those efforts?

SECTION 3

The Populist Movement

• formed cooperatives

• pressured states to regulate freight and grain-storage rates

• offered low-cost insurance

• lobbied for graduated income tax

Effortsto Help Farmers

• The government limited the power of ICC.

Factorsthat

WeakenedEfforts

• The existence of racial segregation in southern states prevented a strong farmers’ coalition.

FARMER’SORGANIZATIONS

CHAPTER 8

Can you answer the following?How were political machines able to

unite immigrant groups to support their candidates?

Why might many Stalwarts have considered civil service reform a violation of the democratic heritage of the United States?

Why did William Jennings Bryan win such strong support in some parts of the country but so little in other regions?

Chapter Wrap-Up

Section 1: The Progressive Movement

Section 2: Reforming the NewIndustrial Order

Section 3: Reforming Society

CHAPTER 9

The Age of Reform

SECTION 1

The Progressive Movement

Question:What words are associated with progressive reformers?

SECTION 1

The Age of Reform

native born middle or upper class

usually urban college educated

REFORMERS’ BACKGROUNDS

SECTION 2

Reforming the New Industrial Order

Question:How did the Supreme Court rule on labor laws?

SECTION 2

Reforming the New Industrial Order

SUPREME COURT RULINGS ON LABOR LAWS

Conflict or Case Ruling

In response to social legislation, business owners claimed that laws regulating their businesses unfairly deprived them of property.

Lochner v. New York—New York law limited bakers’ workdays to 10 hours.

Muller v. Oregon—Employer challenged the 10-hour workday.

The Court sided with business owners and overturned much early social legislation.

The Court overturned the 10-hour workday, citing freedom of contract—workers should be free to accept any working conditions.

The Court upheld 10-hour workday law based on the “Brandeis Brief,” which contained examples of the harm that long hours had on women’s health.

SECTION 3

Reforming Society

Question:How did Reformers hope to improve moral standards?

SECTION 3

Reforming Society

Moral problems

ASL & NCTU led crusade against alcohol

called for “patriotic sacrifice”

local and state governments set up censorship boards

movie industry censored itself

led to the passage of the Eighteenth AmendmentAlcohol

reformers demanded censorshipMovies

CHAPTER 9

Can you answer the following? Why did states pass laws to protect

workers’ rights?

How did progressives propose to extend opportunities to all citizens?

How did progressives help win passage of the Eighteenth Amendment?

Chapter Wrap-Up

Section 1: Reforming Government

Section 2: Roosevelt and the Square Deal

Section 3: Reform Under Taft

Section 4: Wilson’s “New Freedom”

CHAPTER 10

Progressive Politicians

SECTION 1

Reforming Government

Question:What election reforms took place in the early 1900s?

SECTION 1

Reforming Government

Greater Voter Rights

• direct primary—voters pick the candidates to run in a general election

• Seventeenth Amendment—voters elect their senators directly

• secret ballot—candidates are selected from a single, uniform ballot

• initiative—gives voters the power to initiate legislation

• referendum—allows voters to approve or veto a recently passed law

• recall—enables voters to remove an elected official from office

Election Reforms

SECTION 2

Roosevelt and the Square Deal

Question:Who first instituted environmental policies?

SECTION 2

Roosevelt and the Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt

• recognized that natural resources were limited

• recognized that business usually took precedence, to the detriment of the environment

• created forest reserves

• started a reclamation policy

• worked to create national parks

GiffordPinochet

• was an educated forester

• coined the word conservation

• wanted to protect the environment

The Environment

SECTION 3

Reform Under Taft

Question:How did a split in the Republican Party and the creation of the Progressive Party help ensure Wilson’s election?

SECTION 3

Reform Under Taft

• members differed over William Howard Raft’s performance— some saw him as eroding Theodore Roosevelt’s policies• the Ballinger-Pinochet affair• the attack on Joseph Cannon

Divisions in the Republican Party

• split the Republican Party• siphoned votes from Taft and gave votes to Woodrow Wilson• resulted in a Democratic victory and the election of Wilson

Effect on the Presidential Election of 1912

The Formation of the Progressive Party

SECTION 4

Wilson’s “New Freedom”

Question:How did President Wilson’s proposals affect big business and U.S. citizens?

SECTION 4

Wilson’s “New Freedom”

TARIFF REFORMreform: Underwood Tariff Acteffects: allowed thegovernment to investigatecorporations; allowed thegovernment to issue “cease and desist” orders

BANKING REFORMreform: Federal Reserve Acteffects: created “bankers’ banks” stabilized the banking system; helped small farmers gain access to lower interest rates

GENERAL BUSINESS REFORM

reform: Clayton Antitrust Acteffects: extended the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act; helped the government regulate monopolies

reform: Federal Trade Commissioneffects: allowed thegovernment to investigatecorporations; allowed thegovernment to issue “cease and desist” orders

PRESIDENTWILSON

ANDBIG

BUSINESS

CHAPTER 10

Can you answer the following?How did reformers seeks to limit the power

of big business and make government more democratic in the early 1900s?

How did President Roosevelt attempt to regulate business without discouraging free enterprise?

Why were the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth Amendments adopted?

Chapter Wrap-Up