characterization of non-point sources and loadings to ... · characterization of non-point sources...

Characterization ofNon-Point Sources and Loadings

to Galveston BayVolume 2-Figures

Galveston BayNational Estuary Program

GBNEP-15March 1992

Characterization of Non-Point Sourcesand

Loadings to Galveston Bay

text pages printed on recycled paper

Characterization of Non-Point Sourcesand

Loadings to Galveston Bay

VOLUME IIDETAIL MAPS

AUTHORS

Charles J. Newell, Ph.D., P.E.Hanadi S. Rifai, Ph.D., P.E.

Philip B. Bedient, Ph.D., P.E.

PROJECT TEAM

Groundwater Services, Inc.:Charles J. Newell, Ph.D., P.E., Principal Investigator

Elaine A. Higgins

Rice University Department of Environmental Science and Engineering:Philip B. Bedient, Ph.D., P.E., Co-Principal Investigator

Hanadi S. Rifai, Ph.D., P.E.Andrew D. Arenson

Carol A. EllingerBeth C. Erlanson

Karl Kilborn

The Galveston Bay National Estuary Program

Publication GBNEP-15March, 1992

IIIIIIIIIIII

This project has been funded in part by the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement# CE-06550-01 to the Texas Water Commission. The contentsof this document do not necessarily represent the views of theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency or the TexasWater Commission, nor do the contents of this documentnecessarily constitute the views or policy of the Galveston BayNational Estuary Program Management Conference. Theinformation presented is intended to provide backgroundinformation for Management Conference deliberations in Adrafting of official policy in the Comprehensive Conservationand Management Plan (CCMP). The mention of trade namesor commercial products does not in any way constitute anendorsement or recommendation for use.

Policy Committee

The Honorable Rodney Ellis, ChairTexas Senate

Mr. John HallChair,

Texas Water Commission

Ms. Linda SheadExecutive Director

Galveston Bay Foundation

Ms. Eileen CrowleyFormer President

Greater Houston PartnershipChamber of Commerce Division

Mr. Buck J. Wynne, III, Vice-ChairRegional Administrator, EPA Region 6

Mr. John Wilson KelseyVice-Chair,Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission

Mr. Charles W. JennessChair,Texas Water Development Board

The Honorable Jon LindsayCounty Judge, Harris County

Local Governments Advisory Committee

The Honorable Ray Holbrook, Chair

Management CommitteeMr. Myron O. Knudson, Chair Ms. Barbara Britton, Vice-Chair

Scientific/Technical Advisory CommitteeDr. Frank M. Fisher, Jr., Chair Dr. Robert McFarlane, Vice-Chair

Citizen's Advisory Steering CommitteeMs. Sharron Stewart, Chair Ms. Glenda Callaway, Vice-Chair

Galveston Bay Public ForumDr. Martin Arisco, Chair Dr. Don Bass, Vice-Chair

Program DirectorDr. Frank S. Shipley

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINAL REPORTCHARACTERIZATION OF NON-POINT SOURCES AND

LOADINGS TO GALVESTON BAY

Section Page No.

VOLUME I TECHNICAL REPORT

Table of Contents iii

List of Tables vi

List of Exhibits ix

List of Figures x

Acknowledgements xvii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 34

2.0 OBJECTIVES 36

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 39

3.1 The Galveston Bay Estuary System 393.2 Major Watersheds 403.3 Soils 403.4 Hydrology 403.5 Land Use 41

4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 42

4.1 Non-Point Source Processes 424.1.1 Rural (Non-Urban) Non-Point Sources 424.1.2 Urban Non-Point Sources 434.1.3 Important Water Quality Constituents in 43

Runoff

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TABLE OF CONTENTS



Section Page No.

4.2 National Non-Point Source Studies 454.3 State and Local Non-Point Source Studies 46

4.3.1 Rice University 484.3.2 USGS Studies 484.3.3 Houston Ship Channel Non-Point Source 49

Study4.3.4 Other Sources of NPS Information 49

5.0 HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY METHODOLOGY 51

5.1 Introduction 515.2 Description of Three Cases Used for NPS 52

Calculations5.3 Hydrology 52

5.3.1 Rainfall Analysis 535.3.2 Runoff Methodology 55

5.4 Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) 565.4.1 Houston Area EMC Database 585.4.2 Other Sources of EMC Data 595.4.3 Selection of Project EMCs 595.4.4 Comparison With Other EMC Data 62

5.5 Assessment of Upper Watershed Non-Point 62Source Loads5.5.1 Runoff Analysis 635.5.2 Water Quality Data Analysis 645.5.3 Upper Watershed Load Estimates 655.5.4 Comparison with Other Studies 65

6.0 GALVESTON BAY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 89SYSTEM (GIS)

6.1 GIS Watershed/Subwatershed Mapping 896.2 GIS Soils Mapping 906.3 GIS Land Use Mapping and Land Use Categories 91

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TABLE OF CONTENTS



Section

7.0

8.0

6.46.5

LANDSAT ImageryLand Use CategoriesInterpretation of LANDSAT ImageryManipulation of Mapping Data in theARC/INFO SystemProject Land Use MapComparison with Other Land Use Studies

6.3.16.3.26.3.36.3.4

6.3.56.3.6GIS Runoff ModelingGIS Non-Point Source Load Calculation

RESULTS AND PROJECT MAPS

CONCLUSIONS

8.1 Methodology and Data Collection8.2 Project Results8.3 Limitations to Non-Point Source Assessment8.4 Future Research8.5 Summary

9.0 REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix I.Appendix II.Appendix III.

Appendix IV.

VOLUME II

Supplemental Rainfall DataRainfall CalculationsHouston Area EMC Database,Supplemental Land Use, andSubwatershed Loads DataLake Houston and Lake LivingstonWater Quality Data

FIGURES

Page No.

91929394

95969798

114

131

131131134134136

137

145149154

191

LIST OF TABLES



List of Tables

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Table E.1Table E.2Table E.3

Table E.4Table E.5

Table E.6

SECTION 2.0

Table 2.1

SECTION 4.0

Table 4.1

SECTION 5.0

Table 5.1Table 5.2Table 5.3Table 5.4Table 5.5Table 5.6Table 5.7Table 5.8Table 5.9Table 5.10Table 5.11

Legend for SubwatershedsProject Land Use by WatershedEvent mean Concentrations (EMCs) Used for Non-PointSource (NPS) CalculationSummary of Non-Point Source LoadsNon-Point Source (NPS) Loads by Land Use for Case 1(Average Year)Priority Ranking of Annual NPS Loads by Subwatershed forCase l

Subwatersheds by TWC Stream Segment Number

Summary of Annual Load Estimates

Location and Period of Record for RaingagesAnnual Rainfall SummaryCase 1 and Case 2 RainfallCase 3 RainfallThiessen Weights for RaingagesThiessen Weighted RainfallSCS Runoff Curve Number TableCase 1: Average Year Rainfall SummaryCase 2: Wet Year Rainfall SummaryEvent Mean Concentrations (EMCs) by Watershed TypeEvent Mean Concentrations (EMCs) Used for Non-PointSource (NPS) Calculations

ix

LIST OF TABLES



List of Tables

SECTION 5.0 (continued)

Table 5.12

Table 5.13

Table 5.14

Table 5.15

Table 5.16Table 5.17

SECTION 6.0

Table 6.1Table 6.2Table 6.3Table 6.3aTable 6.4Table 6.5Table 6.6Table 6.7Table 6.8Table 6.9Table 6.10Table 6.11Table 6.12

Sources of Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) Used for Non-Point Source (NPS) CalculationRelative Accuracy of Project Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs)Comparison of GBNEP Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs)With Other StudiesAverage Concentrations for Lake Houston and LakeLivingston Non-Point Source Load CalculationsLake Houston and Lake Livingston Loads for Cases 1, 2 and 3Comparison of Lake Houston and Lake Livingston CalculatedLoads to Other Studies

Watersheds in the Study AreaComparison of Watershed Areas with Other SourcesLegend for SubwatershedsComparison of Subwatersheds and USGS Hydrologic UnitsSoils by CountySoil Type by WatershedLand Use and Land Cover Classification SystemBasin Land Use by WatershedGBNEP-NOAA Land Use ComparisonLocation of Flow Gages Used for Runoff Calibration1987 and 1983 Rainfall Used for Runoff CalibrationCalibration Run Results and Curve Number TableBase Flow Calculation Used in the Runoff Calibration

xi

LIST OF TABLES



List of Tables

SECTION 7.0

Table 7.1a

Table 7.1b

Table 7.1c

Table 7.2a

Table 7.2b

Table 7.2c

Table 7.3a

Table 7.3b

Table 7.3c

Table 7.4aTable 7.4bTable 7.5Table 7.6

Case 1: Average Year Total Non-Point Source (NPS) Loads byWatershedCase 1: Average Year Total Non-Point Source (NPS)Concentrations by WatershedCase 1: Average Year Total Non-Point Source (NPS) Loadsper Area by WatershedCase 2: Wet Year Total Non-Point Source (NPS) Loads byWatershedCase 2: Wet Year Total Non-Point Source (NPS)Concentrations by WatershedCase 2: Wet Year Total Non-Point Source (NPS) Loads perArea by WatershedCase 3: Individual Storm Total Non-Point Source (NPS)Loads by WatershedCase 3: Individual Storm Total Non-Point Source (NPS)Concentrations by WatershedCase 3: Individual Storm Total Non-Point Source (NPS)Loads per Area by WatershedNPS Loads by Land Use for Case 1 (Average Year)Percent of NPS Loads by Land Use for Case 1 (Average Year)Summary of Non-Point Source LoadsCase 1 (Average Year): Dissolved Heavy Metals Loads

xii

LIST OF EXHIBITS



List of Exhibits

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Exhibit E.1 Flowchart of Non-Point Source Load Calculation

SECTION 5.0

Exhibit 5.1Exhibit 5.2Exhibit 5.3

Flowchart of Non-Point Source Load CalculationCase 1 and Case 2 Discharges from Lake HoustonCase 1 and Case 2 Discharges from Lake Livingston

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List of Figures

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Figure E.1 Study AreaFigure E.2 Watersheds and SubwatershedsFigure E.3 Land Use DistributionFigure E.4 Total Runoff Volume

Case 1: Average YearFigure E.5 Total Suspended Solids

Case 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.6 Total NitrogenCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.7 Total PhosphorousCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.8 Biochemical Oxygen DemandCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.9 Oil and GreaseCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.10 Fecal ColiformCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.ll Dissolved CopperCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure E.12 PesticidesCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

XIV

LIST OF FIGURES



List of Figures

SECTION 3.0

Figure 3.1

SECTION 5.0

Figure 5.1

SECTION 6.0

Figure 6.1Figure 6.2Figure 6.3Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5Figure 6.6Figure 6.7Figure 6.8Figure 6.9Figure 6.10Figure 6.11Figure 6.12Figure 6.13Figure 6.14Figure 6.15Figure 6.16Figure 6.17Figure 6.18Figure 6.19Figure 6.20Figure 6.21Figure 6.22Figure 6.23

Study Area

Location of Raingages, Streamgages, and Thiessen Polygons

Watershed DelineationSubwatershed DelineationHydrologic Soil TypeLand Use DistributionEntire Project AreaLand Use and Watershed BoundariesUrban AreasAgriculture and Open/Pasture AreasForest and Wetland AreasLand Use Distribution Austin/Bastrop BayousLand Use Distribution Addicks ReservoirLand Use Distribution Armand/Taylor BayousLand Use Distribution Buffalo BayouLand Use Distribution Barker ReservoirLand Use Distribution Brays BayouLand Use Distribution Clear CreekLand Use Distribution Cedar BayouLand Use Distribution Chocolate BayouLand Use Distribution Dickinson BayouLand Use Distribution East BayLand Use Distribution Greens BayouLand Use Distribution North BayLand Use Distribution South BayLand Use Distribution Ship Channel

XV

LIST OF FIGURES



List of Figures


Figure 6.24Figure 6.25Figure 6.26Figure 6.27Figure 6.28Figure 6.29

SECTION 7.0

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Land UseLand UseLand UseLand UseLand UseLand Use

Distribution San Jacinto RiverDistribution Sims BayouDistribution Trinity BayDistribution Trinity RiverDistribution West BayDistribution White Oak Bayou

Total Runoff VolumeCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit AreaTotal Suspended SolidsCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit AreaTotal NitrogenCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit AreaTotal PhosphorousCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit AreaBiochemical Oxygen DemandCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit AreaOil and GreaseCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit AreaFecal ColiformCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

xvi

LIST OF FIGURES



LIST OF FIGURES



List of Figures


Figure 7.8 Dissolved CopperCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.9 PesticidesCase 1: Average YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.10 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 1: Average YearTotal Suspended Solids, Total Phosphorous and TotalNitrogen

Figure 7.11 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 1: Average YearBiochemical Oxygen Demand, Oil & Grease and FecalColiform

Figure 7.12 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 1: Average YearCalculated Runoff, Dissolved Copper and Pesticides

Figure 7.13 Total Runoff VolumeCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.14 Total Suspended SolidsCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.15 Total NitrogenCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.16 Total PhosphorousCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.17 Biochemical Oxygen DemandCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

List of Figures


Figure 7.18 Oil and GreaseCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.19 Fecal ColiformCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.20 Dissolved CopperCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.21 PesticidesCase 2: Wet YearNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.22 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 2: Wet YearTotal Suspended Solids, Total Phosphorous and TotalNitrogen

Figure 7.23 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 2: Wet YearBiochemical Oxygen Demand, Oil & Grease and FecalColiform

Figure 7.24 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 2: Wet YearCalculated Runoff, Dissolved Copper and Pesticides

Figure 7.25 Total Runoff VolumeCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.26 Total Suspended SolidsCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

xvii XVlll

LIST OF FIGURES



List of Figures


Figure 7.27 Total NitrogenCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.28 Total PhosphorousCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.29 Biochemical Oxygen DemandCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.30 Oil and GreaseCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.31 Fecal ColiformCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.32 Dissolved CopperCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.33 PesticidesCase 3: Individual StormNPS Load Per Unit Area

Figure 7.34 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 3: Individual StormTotal Suspended Solids, Total Phosphorous and TotalNitrogen

Figure 7.35 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 3: Individual StormBiochemical Oxygen Demand, Oil & Grease and FecalColiform

Figure 7.36 Runoff and Annual NPS LoadsCase 3: Individual StormCalculated Runoff, Dissolved Copper and Pesticides

xix

LIST OF FIGURES



List of Figures


Figure 7.37 NPS Runoff ConcentrationsCase 3: Individual StormTotal Suspended Solids, Total Phosphorous and TotalNitrogen

Figure 7.38 NPS Runoff ConcentrationsCase 3: Individual StormBiochemical Oxygen Demand, Oil & Grease and FecalColiform

Figure 7.39 NPS Runoff ConcentrationsCase 3: Individual StormCalculated RunoffDissolved Copper and Pesticides

XX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



Dr. Neal Armstrong, University of TexasBrazoria County Engineers OfficeDr. David Brock, Texas Water Development BoardChambers County Engineers OfficeMr. Hos Evans, Texas Water CommissionMr. Luigi Falconini, Texas Natural Resources Information SystemMr. Dan Farrow, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationMr. Melvin Fuhrman, Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands

Research CenterGalveston County Engineers OfficeMr. Chris Kadas, Texas Water CommissionDr. Fred Liscum, United States Geological SurveyMr. Carl Masterson, Houston-Galveston Area CouncilDr. Gary McCauley, Texas A & M UniversityMr. Wes Oneth, Soil Conservation ServicesMr. Robert Organ, Texas Natural Resources Information SystemMs. Kay Roane, Texas Department of Highways and Public TransportationMr. John Saavedra, Harris County Flood Control DistrictMs. Stacy Savell, Rice UniversitySnowden EngineeringDr. Don Stanley, East Carolina UniversityDr. Michael Stenstrom, University of CaliforniaMr. Jeff Taeble, Houston-Galveston Area CouncilMr. Ken Teague, U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyU.S. Army Corps of EngineersMr. Tom Wesp, Houston-Galveston Area CouncilMr. Frank Wheeler, Soil Conservation Service

Special thanks to Kathy Moore of Rice University for document preparation.

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