characterization of the electric properties of …electrical properties of polymers can be designed...

VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY 2020 ISSN 1819-6608

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1036

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PEO/ALUM

COMPOSITE DOPANT WITH CARBON BLACK NANOPARTICLES

AT T=40 O C

Husam Miqdad and Abeer Adaileh Department of Basic Science, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan

E-Mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT

Electrical properties of the prepared polymer films, made of poly (ethylene oxide)(PEO) filled with electrolyte

alum salt of different concentrations, and doped with conductive carbon black (CB) nanoparticles (0.1 wt%), have been

investigated. Electrical properties were studied as a function of filler content and applied field frequency at T=40 0C. The

observed physical constants of the casted thin films like AC conductivity, phase angle, impedance, dielectric constant, and

electric modulus were determined. It was found that these measured quantities vary with the alum content and applied

field frequency. The AC conductivity (ac) increases with increasing alum concentration and frequency. The dielectric

constant (') and the dielectric loss (") of the composites decrease with frequency and increase with alum concentration.

The dependence of the electric modulus on frequency exhibit a relaxation peak occurs at 500 kHz.

Keywords: PEO, CB, AC conductivity, dielectric, electric modulus.

1. INTRODUCTION Electrical properties of polymer composites are

important in many industries such as automotive,

aerospace, marine, building products, packaging and

consumer goods. Electrical tests, in general, are

measurements of the conductivity, resistance or charge

storage on the surface or through the plastic material.

Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is define as

a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric

current. When an electrical potential difference is placed

across a conductor, its movable charges flow, giving

increase to an electric current. Solid polymer electrolytes

(SPE) still promising materials for electrochemical and

other device applications. They are made of a solid

polymer dispersed with an electrolytic ionic substance to

form ionic systems where the electricity is transported

under the applied electrical field by mainly ions diffusion.

Recently, they are successfully used in high energy density

rechargeable batteries, full cells integrated optical devices,

and electrochromic displays. Electrical properties of polymers can be designed

for a specific requirement by addition of convenient

dopant substances or conducting elements. Poly (ethylene

oxide) (PEO) has electrical insulation properties, it has a

low melting point (Tm= 60 0C), low glass transition

temperature (-65 oC) which allows transport the ion at

surrounding temperature and low toxicity. Poly (ethylene

oxide) is the best polymer used, because its good process

ability, large solvating power with ions and outstanding

mechanical properties. Due to its low cost and easy

production, it is often used for commercial purposes. PEO

has a property to form molecular complexes which

enhances the electrical conductivity [1-3].

Filler materials are most often added to polymers

to improve tensile and compressive strengths, toughness

,abrasion resistance, thermal stability and dimensional, and

other properties. Polymers that contain fillers may also be

classified as composite materials. Often the fillers are

cheap materials that replace some volume of the more

expensive polymer, reducing the cost of the final product

[4].

The alum filler can be found in form of glassy

transparent crystals and soluble in water. It is a solid

electrolytic ionic salt results from hydration of sulfate of a

singly cation (e.g., K+1

and the sulfate of any one of triply

charged Al+3

) to form alums with sulfates of singly cations

of potassium and other elements. It is used commonly in

water purification, dyeing, fireproof textiles and leather

tanning. The addition of electrolytic filler greatly enhances

the ionic conductivity and affects the bulk properties of the

composite. The interactions of an alkaline ion with a

polymer matrix determine its possible application in

energy batteries and other solid state electrochemical

devices. The ion conduction in the composite bulk was

mainly attributed to ionic interaction and impurity activity

taking place during the passage of a current into the

composite.

One of the most common conductive fillers is

Carbon black nanoparticles (CB). When it doped in

polymers, may reside at various sites, it may go

substitution-ally into the polymer chains and composed

charge transfer complexes (CTC), or may exist in the form

of molecular combination between the polymer chains [5].

CB is a non-crystalline form of carbon; it is conductive

and a lot composed of carbon atoms or groups of nearly

spherical shape. The most important purpose of CB used

as filler in polymers to import thermal and electrical

conductions, i.e., conductive polymer composites [6-9].

The electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical

characterization is an essential for the industrial

development of thin films of new polymers, composites

and advanced materials that can be used as optical devices,

polarizers filters, total reflectors, and narrow pass-band

filters [10].

mailto:[email protected]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_potential_difference

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1037

In the present comprehensive paper the studied

PEO thin films are doped with CB nanoparticles at T=40 oC. Also, this paper covers electrical conductivity

measurements and temperature effect T=40 oC on few

physical parameters which focus on enlarged

characterization and provide deeper understanding to

energy transport processes occur in doped thin films. The

AC electrical conductivity is studied as a function of

frequency in the range (3 kHz - 5 MHz) at T=40 oC. A

number of measured quantities as dielectric constant,

phase angle, impedance, and AC conductivity were

determined.

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

2.1 Materials and composites thin films preparation

The potassium aluminum sulfate filler was a

glassy transparent crystals and soluble in water. This solid

alum was ground into a fine powder of average particle

size 18 µm. The powder kept in an oven overnight at 40 oC

to decrease the water content. The electrolyte alum filler

has a chemical formula (KAl (SO4)2. 12 H2O), it is one of

series of crystallized double sulfates include some

impurities. Poly (ethylene oxide) has average molecular

weight of 300,000 g/mol, it was used to prepare composite

films of PEO/alum dopant with carbon black nanoparticles

by casting from solution made of PEO and alum. Poly

(ethylene oxide) powder, alum powder and carbon black

powder were mixed together and dissolved in methanol as

appropriate solvent. The solution was then stirred

continuously by a rotary magnet at room temperature for

three days until the mixture appear in a homogeneous

viscous molten appearance. The mixture was immediately

casted to thin films on to a glass mould (plate). The

methanol was allowed to evaporate completely at room

temperature by waiting for two days under atmospheric

pressure. All the samples were dried in the oven at 40º C

for two days. The thickness of the thin films composites

are measured by a digital vernier caliper. Least division of

the device is 0.001mm. The thicknesses of all films are

measured at 5 various places, chosen randomly selected,

and then average of it is taken in the count. The obtained

average value of thickness approximately is 100 μm. The

color of thin films gradually changes with higher alum

concentration as Figure-1.

Figure-1. Appearance of PEO/alum composites doped with CB.

2.2 Electrical measurements

The AC electric properties of the PEO/Alum

composite dopant with carbon black were studied through

measurements of the impedance (Z), and the phase shift

angle ( ) by using Hewlett Packard (HP) 4192A

impedance analyzer. The test specimens were placed

between two copper electrodes in a sample holder. These

electrodes were connected through cables to the

impedance analyzer. Impedance measurements were

performed in a frequency range from about 100 kHz up to

3 MHz Under the effect of temperature (40ºC). To study

the temperature effect on the impedance and the phase

angle, the sample holder was placed in oven chamber.

Accurate temperature readings were taken in a steady state

condition by a thermocouple inserted beside the test

specimen in addition to the temperature readings of the

oven dial. The temperature readings were taken below the

melting temperature of PEO which is about 60 oC.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The alum filler appended to the matrix of

polyethylene oxide to form solid electrolyte thin films is

being searched to evaluate the role of the filler in the

process of the ionic conduction when the electric field is

affected. The purpose of studying electrical properties in

polymers is to realize and type and nature of the charge

transmission in conducting materials [11-12].

Some theoretical relations are required to calculate the

electrical properties of PEO/alum composite with carbon

black dopant under various cases as: concentration of

filler, effective frequency of electric field, and

temperature.

Dielectric materials are electric insulators that can

be polarized by an applied electric field. When a

dielectrics is placed in an electric field, electric charges do

not flow through the material, as in a conductors, but only

slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions

causing dielectric polarization. Layers of such substances

are commonly inserted into capacitors to improve their

performance, and the term dielectric refers specifically to

this application.

Connecting a resistor (R) to a capacitor (C) in

parallel, the impedance (Z), the real component of the

impedance (Z') and the imaginary component of the

impedance (Z'') of the circuit are

2)(1

)1(

RC

RCiRZ

(1)

2)(1 RC

RZ

(2)

Pure PEO 16 wt.% alum 12 wt.% alum 8 wt.% alum 4 wt.% alum 2 wt.% alum

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1038

2

2

)(1"

CR

CRZ

(3)

The dielectric constant (') which is related to the

stored energy within the medium, and the dielectric loss

('') which is related to the loss of energy within the

medium in form of heat generated by an electric field are

determined from these relations [13].

22

"

ZfC

Z

o (4)

22

Z'

ZfCo (5)

Where C0 is the capacitance without the thin film,

and f is the frequency (AC) of electric field

The AC conductivity (σAC) of the thin film is

given by the relation

σAC = 2π f ε0 ε'' (6)

3.1 The effect of the field frequency on the electrical

properties

In the range of frequency from 30 kHz up to 5

MHz, impedance measurements have been carried out on

polyethylene oxide/alum thin films doped with carbon

black nanoparticles. Figure-2 displays the relation of field

frequency with phase angle (φ) (phase difference between

the used voltage and current) for thin films of various

concentrations of alum and pure (PEO) at (T=40oC).

Always (φ) is a negative quantity, denoting that the bulk

material can be created of resistive and capacitive

connections. Figure-2 displays the change of (φ) across minimum negative values with increasing alum

concentration, denoting that the resistivity will be more

than capacity of the thin films due to addition of ionic and

electronic dopants.

Figure-3 displays the difference impedance (Z)

per unit thickness as a function of frequency at (T=40oC).

This figure displays that the impedance decreases with

increasing frequency. At low frequency, the high (Z)

values are due to effects of space charge polarization in

thin films, electrode polarization, and several structural

defects (phase boundaries, grain accumulations) [14-15].

The rapid decrease of impedance values shows a response

of the bulk to alternating applied electric field. This

behavior may be referred to decreasing of the effect of

interfacial polarization, which may found at the surfaces of

electrode-sample [16-17]. The Impendence decreases with

increasing the frequency due to the polarization effects,

formation of connected carbon black paths and the

enhancement of electronic mobility.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

Phase a

ngle

(degre

e)

Frequency (kHz)

T=400

C

pure PEO

2 wt.% alum+CB

4 wt.% alum+CB

8 wt.% alum+CB

12 wt.% alum+CB

16wt.% alum+CB

Figure-2. Phase angle versus frequency for PEO/alum samples.

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1039

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Im

ped

an

ce Z

(K

/m)

Frequency (kHz)

T=40 oC

pure PEO

2wt.% alum+CB

4wt.% alum+CB

8wt.% alum+CB

12wt.% alum+CB

16wt.% alum+CB

Figure-3. The variation of impedance with frequency for PEO/alum samples.

In Figure-4, with increasing frequency the

observed decrease of the dielectric constant (') may be

illustrated on the fundament of space charge polarization

(Wagner-Maxwell effect) which slightly repairs and

promotes for this behavior occurred by the orientational

polarization. The dielectric constant of pure PEO is lower

than that of composite samples. The noticed progress in

the PEO insulation property is referred to electrons and

charge complexes incorporated in the alum bulk and the

conductive carbon black dopants, respectively, as seen

from increasing the alum concentration with the increase

of the dielectric constant.

Figure-5 displays the behavior of the dielectric

loss ('') at (T=40oC), it has a high value at low

frequencies, after that at high frequencies it begins to

decrease. The low frequency dispersion in ('') is referred

to the charge carriers (carrying electrical charge as

electrons, holes, and ions, particles move freely), the ions

(K+1

and Al3+

) are charge carriers found in alum, and the

charge carriers in carbon black are electrons, which cause

large losses at lower frequencies, and to increase

polarization influence [18].

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_particle

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1040

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0

5

10

15

20

25

Die

lec

tric

co

nsta

nt

()

Frequency (KHz)

T=40oC

pure PEO

2 wt% alum+CB

4 wt% alum+CB

8 wt% alum+CB

12 wt% alum+CB

16 wt% alum+CB

Figure-4. Dielectric constant versus frequency for alum/PEO composite

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

T=40 oC

pure PEO

2 wt% alum+CB

4 wt% alum+CB

8 wt% alum+CB

12 wt% alum+CB

16 wt% alum+CB

Die

lec

tric

Lo

ss

(

)

Frequency (kHz)

Figure-5. Dielectric loss versus frequency for alum/PEO composite.

From (') and (''), specifically at low frequency,

a frequency dependence is observed, which represents the

behavior of the polar materials as alum [19]. The polarity

of alum is due to difference in electronegativity between

aluminum and potassium, and the geometry of alum is

octahedral. It is clearly observed that both (') and ('') decreases with the electric field frequency. These results

propose that polar substances of the alum and PEO

polymer of the polar semicrystalline polymers i.e., dipole

rotation or polar polarization, the PEO/alum and dopant

carbon black composites are effectively operating under

the high electric field.

Figure-6 shows that with increasing the

frequency and alum concentration, the AC conductivity

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1041

(σAC) value increases, because more ions and charges can

move at higher field, which causes increase of the ionic

conduction process. This result prove that at high

frequency the bulk AC conductivity (σAC) is induced [20-

21].In ionic materials, cation vacancies allow ionic motion

in the direction of an applied electric field, this is referred

to as ionic conduction. It can be deduced that the ionic

conduction is promoted at higher values of alum content

and frequency. The electronic and ionic interactions in the

bulk of the polymer electrolyte cause the increasing in the

AC-conductivity and dielectric constants. A surplus in

movable ions and charged particles are created by the bulk

effect, especially the impurities [22].

The dopant carbon black particles form

continuous paths in the polymer matrix. The free electrons

move through these continuous paths from end one to the

other under the applied electric field. This movement

causes the process of electrical conduction based on the

well-known conduction path theory [23]. The AC-

conductivity increases at high frequencies and this is

predictable as at higher field extra charge carries can

move, resulting enhancement of conduction mechanism.

The observed induced conductivity at high frequencies

locates the given composite in the semiconducting level of

the electronic materials [24].

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40 T=40 C 0 wt. % alum

2wt. % alum

4 wt. % alum

8 wt. % alum

12 wt.% alum

16 wt.% alum

AC

- c

on

du

cti

vit

y

AC

* 1

0-6

(

.m )

-1

Frequency (kHz)

Figure-6. Dependence of AC conductivity as a function of frequency.

3.2 The relation between alum concentration and

electrical properties

Figure-7 shows that, at different frequencies,

impedance decreases when the alum filler substance

increases at temperature 40oC. This decreasing in (Z)

refers to free electrons and ions transfer, due to impurities

in the alum and carbon black dopant. The electrical

conduction increases because of these reasons.

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

T=40 oC

200 KHz

400 KHz

600 KHz

800 KHz

1000KHz

Imp

edan

ce Z

(K/

m)

Filler (alum wt.%) + 0.1wt.% carbon black

Figure-7. Variation of impedance with alum concentrations.

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1042

Figure-8 displays that with increasing the

frequency, the dielectric constant (') decreases, while it

increases greatly from about 0.84 for neat polyethylene

oxide to 6.3, with increasing the alum concentration up to

16wt.%. The high increment in (') with concentration of

alum is mainly due to the contribution of ions and free

electrons. Carbon black particles produce conductive paths

which make the composite more conductive, resulting

enhancement of ('). The conduction attitude of the

composites is controlled by the content of the conduction

filler [25]. A similar behavior of these composites was

observed for the dielectric loss ('') as shown in Figure-9.

The increase of ('') may referred to the interfacial

polarization of such a heterogeneous system [26].

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Die

lec

tric

co

nsta

nt

()


T=40 oC

200KHz

400KHz

600KHz

800KHz

1000 KHz

Figure-8. The dielectric constant versus alum concentrations.

Figure-9. The dielectric loss versus alum concentrations.

Figure-10 displays that at different frequencies,

the (AC) conductivity (AC) increases with increasing

filler content, which means with increasing of the

conducting filler content the resistivity of polyethylene

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Die

lectr

ic L

oss (

)


T=40 oC

200KHz

400KHz

600KHz

800KHz

1000KHz

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1043

oxide/alum composites decreases. The increase in ionic

conductivity with the alum content is referred to

increasing of the concentration. The motion of ions in

solid polymer electrolyte is liquid like mechanism while

the ions movement through the polymer matrix is

supported by the high amplitude of the polyethylene oxide

segmental motion. The segmental mobility is lower in the

crystalline region than in the amorphous region of the

polymer chains. Accordingly, the continual increase in

polymer conductivity may have been due to reduction in

the crystallinity degree during the casting process, or

increasing in the amorphism [27]. The ionic size is one

factor in decreasing ions mobility that lead to increasing

polymer conductivity. Since K+1

and Al3+

are rapid

conducting ions in some crystalline and amorphous

materials, its combination in a polymer would promote

there's electrical and optical behavior [28].

Carbon black particles become interconnected

and create infinite continuous paths within the PEO

matrix, which allows a current to flow through the

composite thin film. Adding more carbon black particles

results in an increasing in the number of conductive paths,

and a conductive network is formed [29].

The increase in (AC) electrical conductivity at

low CB particles concentrations, below threshold value,

results from electrons that effectively tunnel between

isolated carbon black particles domains with diminishing

the separation distances [30]. Increasing the carbon black

particles content, the conductive paths become larger and

spaces between adjacent clusters are diminishing [31]. The

(AC) conductivity value increases because of carbon black

particles have higher value of dielectric constant also

because of the interaction between the particles of carbon

black which will increase and will create more conductive

network in the PEO matrix as carbon black content

increases [32]. When carbon black particles are doped in

the composite the gap between the particles diminishes

and conductivity increases because the charges transport

gets easier [33]. This leads to an increase of the AC

conductivity by means of formation of per- collating paths

and electron conduction.

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30 T=40

oC

200KHz

400KHz

600KHz

800KHz

1000KHz

AC

- co

nd

ucti

vit

y

AC

* 1

0-6

(

.m )

-1

Filler (alum wt.%) + 0.1wt.% carbon black)

Figure-10. AC conductivity versus alum concentrations.

It was found that AC-conductivity values increase

Under the effect of temperature (40ºC) at all frequencies,

and this is due to electron and impurity activation that

increases with temperature, and to ionic and molecular

mobility of PEO polymer stimulated at high temperatures,

i.e., the flow of electrons or charged ions are established

between the polymer chains and thus leading to higher

electrical conduction which is relatively similar to ionic

and semiconducting materials. Also the increasing in the

conductivity with temperature can be interpreted in terms

of a hopping mechanism between local structure

relaxation, coordination sites, and segmental motion of the

polymer. When the amorphous region in the PEO structure

increases, the polymer chain acquires faster internal lattice

modes in which bond rotations produce segmental motion.

This, in turn, favors the inter chain hopping movements,

and the thus conductivity of polymer becomes high. Also,

increasing the alum concentration with more charge

carriers result in increasing structure defects, which can

create new energy levels inside the forbidden energy gap

at high temperature. Increasing temperature can increase

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1044

the movement of carbon black nanoparticles in the thin

films bulk that are trying to create paths network [34-35].

3.3 Electric modulus

The electric modulus formalism is used to study

electrical relaxation phenomena in many polymers and

vitreous ionic conductors. The physical nature of the

electric modulus is used to make a correlation between the

conductivity and the relaxation of ions in the materials.

This approach can effectively be employed to study bulk

electrical behavior of the moderately conducting samples.

If the dielectrics have mobile charges, then it seems

convenient to concentrate on the electric field's relaxation

under the constraint of a constant displacement vector,

which performs to the inverse dielectric permittivity and

the definition of electric modulus. The utility of using the

electric modulus to interpret bulk relaxation properties is

that variations in the large values of permittivity and

conductivity at low frequencies are minimized [36]. The

electric modulus is a good tool to reveal any structural

relaxation takes place under the effect of applied field

frequency.

The complex electric modulus (M*) is defined in

terms of the complex dielectric constant (ε*) and is represented as:

𝑀∗ = 1ℰ∗ = 1ℰ`−𝑗ℰ`` = ℰ`ℰ`2+ℰ``2 + 𝑗 ℰ``ℰ`2+ℰ``2 (7)

= 𝑀` + 𝑗𝑀``, 𝑗 = (−1)1 2⁄ (8)

Where 𝑀` and �̀̀� are the real and imaginary parts

of the electrical modulus, and ℰ̀ the real and ℰ̀̀ the

imaginary permittivity.

The two equations (7) and (8) were used to

calculate the electric modulus. The change in the real part

(𝑀`) of the electric modulus versus frequency is shown in

Figure-11 for 8 wt. % of PEO/alum films doped with

carbon black at temperature (T=40 oC). It can be clearly

seen that values of (𝑀`) increase with frequency and reach

a rather constant value. Finally, increasing the content of

PEO/alum composites decreases the values of (𝑀`) as

shown in Figure-12.

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2

0.125

0.130

0.135

0.140

0.145

0.150

0.155

M `

Log(freq)

40 0C

Figure-11. Electric modulus versus Log frequency for 8wt.% PEO/alum.

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1045

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

M `

Filler (Alum wt.%) + 0.1wt.% carbon black

T= 40 oC

200KHz

400KHz

600KHz

800KHz

1000KHz

Figure-12. Variation of electric modulus with alum concentrations.

The change in imaginary part (𝑀``) of the electric

modulus with frequency is shown in Figure-13 for 8 wt.%

of PEO/alum thin films doped with carbon black at

temperature (T=40 oC). The M`` peak appears with

temperature 40 oC, which indicating ionic conductivity a

relaxation process. Finally, an increase in the content of

PEO/alum composites increases the peak values of

(𝑀``). And in the electric modulus presentation, the peak

are formed their maxima increase with concentration of

PEO/alum at 𝑀``= (0.00064) and they shift slightly at the

same time towards the left side of the frequency spectrum,

thus providing means for study of relaxation [37]. These

processes of relaxation were affected by the effect of the

interfacial polarization that create electric charge

collection around particles of alum and the peak position

shift to higher frequencies refers to the relaxation

processes related with (PEO) [38].

The position of the peak in (𝑀``) indicates the

range in which the ions drift to long distances. In the

frequency range which is above that of the peak, the ions

are locally limited to potential wells and free to move

within the wells. The frequency range, where the peak

takes place, is suggestive of the transport from long range

to short-range mobility [39]. Finally, an increase in the

content of PEO/alum composites decreases the values of

(𝑀``) as shown in Figure-14.

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2

0.00052

0.00054

0.00056

0.00058

0.00060

0.00062

0.00064

0.00066

0.00068

0.00070

0.00072

M `

`

Log(freq)

40C

Figure-13. Imaginary part of electric modulus versus frequency for 8 wt.%

PEO/alum concentrations.

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1046

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

M `

`

Filler (Alum wt.%) + 0.1wt.% carbon black

T=40 oC

200KHz

400KHz

600KHz

800KHz

1000KHz

Figure-14. Variation of Imaginary part of electric modulus with

alum concentrations.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The electrical properties of PEO/alum electrolytic

thin films with different alum concentration and CB

dopant at temperature (T=40 oC) were studied. By

analyzing the results obtained, it was found that the

impedance decrease with increasing frequency and filler

concentration. While the dielectric constant and the

dielectric loss of the composites increase with alum

concentration and decrease with frequency. The AC

conductivity and electric modulus vary with the applied

frequency and alum concentration. The AC conductivity

increases with increasing alum concentration and

frequency. The electric modulus exhibit a relaxation peak

at frequency 500 kHz. Fitting the observed data with some

proposed empirical physical laws seems to be reasonable.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author acknowledges Applied Science

Private University, Amman, Jordan, for the fully financial

support granted of this research article.

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characterization of the electric properties of …electrical properties of polymers can be designed...

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