charlotte haughton

charlotte haughtonarchitecture portfolio

charlotte haughtonarchitecture portfolio

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epicurean interchangehealing through food and community

bohemian breweryadaptive reuse

flood resilient housesliving happily before, during and after a flood

abstract machinechaos, complexity and emergence

contents

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whitechapel, east london

epicurean interchangeHow can engagement with food and community help women victims of sex tra�cking to the UK recover from their damaging experiences?

The Epicurean Interchange is a place where these women come to take refuge and gain their lives back, and food and community is the way their recovery is helped along. It connects the women of the house to street life and urban activities, which involves the creation of a new type of public space which is designed around the notion of ‘kitchen’, expanding on this to make it a public space where diverse communities can eat together, cook and learn about other cultures and meet new people. The Epicurean Interchange has links with local food growers, who donate fruit and veg for homeless people to have, or those on low incomes. There are daily runs to deliver their food to local individuals and organisations, and a number of locations around the Whitechapel area where they sell street food.

The ground floor of the building is open to, and part of, the high street, and there are spaces for the various market stalls which currently exist and can expand into the open kitchen if they so wish. The upper floors are private, and are designed to encourage a progression through the healing process for the women.whitechapel, east london

The ground floor of the building is open to, and part of, the high street, and there are spaces for the various market stalls which currently exist and can expand into the open kitchen if they so wish. The upper floors are private, and are designed to encourage a progression through the healing process for the women.

high street elevation 1:200 @ A2

2005My dear Rabia, I wish you are well. I can write to you now, and be with you in my letters. He is keeping me in a house in Newham, East London. I am scared I will never see you or my home again. I will write again. I am sending you this flower for remembering me...

2005My dear Rabia, I wish you are well. I can write to you now, and be with you in my letters. He is keeping me in a house in Newham, East London. I am scared I will never see you or my home again. I will write again. I am sending you this flower for remembering me...

Very similar to home I think. But maybe with more opportunity for quiet thought here. I found this photograph on a market stall the other day, it made me remember home.

2005But I have two homes now. This community has helped me to grow up, and to be strong. The world is always changing, but by joining together with those around us, we can move with these changes and make them work for us.

h...and within two minutes I’ll have 10 children there talking to each other. That’s what it’s like living here.

hThis is a friendly place, I am near to the things I need for my family and the streets are full of people and music and life.

hI come to Queens Market - it is a special place for me, I come here to remember. They want to re-build the market and put flats in there. This will harm our community - I would not have survived without it - but I’m not sure the council listen.

hThere is a place called Green Street, I like to go there, it sells lots of the foods we have back home, and there are people from so many different cultures, it is like home in many ways.

2005My dear Rabia, I wish you are well. I can write to you now, and be with you in my letters. You must know that I was forced to come here, I did not know I would leave Mumbai. I have travelled a long way with this man who has taken me for his wife. I am scared.

2005My dear Rabia, I wish you are well, and miss you every day. Kamesh is keeping me in a house in Newham, East London. He is not a bad man. I cook for him, I clean for him, I give him my body. He works in a factory. I am sending you this flower for remembering me...

gWhen you have children there is no time to be sad. If I feel sad, I get my chair, I make myself a cup of tea and I go to sit on the driveway...

2012My dear Rabia, I have been here for 8 years now. Time has passed both slowly and quickly, it has taken things away, but it has also brought me good things. I miss the people, the noise, the smells, the food back home, but life has brought me other things.

a film essay about forced migration

threshold

Experience of thresholds - public/private, quiet/noisy, adversity and opportunity - is accentuated throughout the building, using light, materials and heat. The journey through the building is an unfolding of layers, which progressively soften towards the interior, the way a chrysalis has a protective outer shell and soft inner layers.

sectional perspective looking towards east

Marta’s delivery bike

name

Giang

age

23

country of origin

Vietnam

likes

playing with her little brother

dislikes

bigots

daily occupation

Hot plate chef

name

Ajala

age

20

country of origin

India

likes

Bollywood films

dislikes

washing up

daily occupation

Tandoor chef

name

Nadira

age

29

country of origin

Pakistan

likes

The thought that nature has all the

answers to human ailment

dislikes

The smell of car seats

daily occupation

Cafe manager

name

Arike

age

23

country of origin

Nigeria

likes

Photography

dislikes

Having to talk over loud music

daily occupation

Curator of the community

photography and art exhibitions

name

Elisabeta

age

25

country of origin

Romania

likes

Singing

dislikes

Rude people

daily occupation

Deli & Bakery manager

name

Nipa

age

35

country of origin

India

likes

Starry skies

dislikes

TV ads

daily occupation

Nipa is the Chief Executive Officer at

the Epicurean Interchange. She is

responsible for managing the day to

day and long range operations. Nipa is

resident at the Interchange during the

week, and another colleague replaces

her at the weekend.

name

Natalia

age

22

country of origin

Ukraine

likes

Animals

dislikes

Cruelty of any kind

daily occupation

Pizza chef

name

Marta

age

19

country of origin

Romania

likes

Having her hair brushed

dislikes

Queues

daily occupation

Street food delivery manager

name

Cristina

age

22

country of origin

Moldova

likes

Painting and drawing

dislikes

Wind and rain mixed together

daily occupation

Play & Bake manager

name

Ademola

age

22

country of origin

Nigeria

likes

summertime

dislikes

being cold

daily occupation

Head baker

name

Polina

age

22

country of origin

Russia

likes

feeding the ducks on Regents Canal

dislikes

loud people

daily occupation

Greenhouse manager

name

Jane

age

33

country of origin

UK

likes

her garden in the spring

dislikes

having to stand on trains

daily occupation

Jane is the Health & Wellbeing Direc-

tor. She ensures the women of the house

are looked after, body and mind. She is

resident at the house during the week,

and another colleague replaces her

over the weekend.

Polina’s gardening kit

the women of the Epicurean Interchange

connection to the high street

These women live in and run the Epicurean Interchange. They all look after di�erent functions in the house and this is part of their recovery and reintegration.

The location of the building on the busy, noisy high street is vital to the program function, and a transitional space has been created, or a threshold, which is both part of the high street and the building. This is a space for the local market traders to use.

threshold spacethe transitional space allows sanctuary from the busy high street

open to the high streetan inside/outside space connects the building to Whitechapel high street

section AA 1:200 @ A2

GSEducationalVersion

physical & spatial boundaries

The northern boundary is defined by the railway line, which creates a physical boundary by separating Whitechapel from Bethnal Green

Whitechapel Perceived Boundary

physical boundaries near to the site

A number of impermeable street frontages inhibit movement through the area

The overground rail line closes access to spaces and routes for people

The boundary created by the large road (Whitechapel Road) inhibits movement due to heavy tra�c and the poor public realm

Site and its immediate surroundings

Tower Hamlets Boundary

One of the more significant spatial boundaries is the political boundary demarcating the borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London, which due to the financial imbalance of the two boroughs, creates a barrier, where Whitechapel is as a disadvantage

City of London(financial centre)

Tower Hamlets section of the Overground Line

The spatial boundary which separates Tower Hamlets from the City of London is reinforced by the physical boundary of the overground line which literally cuts a line between the two boroughs.

Whitechapel Ward Boundary

Whitechapel

Shadwell

Wapping

Shoreditch High Street

Tower Hamlets

The western boundary is defined by Aldgate which has more commercial connection with the City of London

The southern boundary is defined along the northern side of Commercial Road, which marks the beginning of Shadwell

The eastern boundary is defined by the eastern extent of Whitechapel where the town character changes

spatial boundaries (invisible)geographically-defined imaginary lines intended to divide one area of land from another.

Whitechapel’s spatial boundaries a�ect the site and its surroundings in three main ways:

Politically

Economically

Socially

physical boundaries (visible)A physical boundary is a naturally occurring or man-made barrier between two areas.

The area around Whitechapel Station has physical boundaries which consist of:

Train tracks

The main road

Impermeable street frontages

boundaries

The Epicurean Interchange is in part a response to boundaries, especially between the rich and poor, and responds to the new Crossrail scheme which will see the street markets and local shops disappear and be replaced by global corporate influences. The Interchange challenges this by serving a true local need for the multi-ethnic population, and creates a space where people can gain meaning and satisfaction from something that has grown from community engagement, and not enforced from the top down.

There is also the need for human beings to create their own boundaries, or personal space, and time out pods have been created for this.

grow your ownan adjacent derilict shed has been re-modelled as a greenhouse for food growing classes, and produce is used in the kitchens

sectional perspective looking towards west

time-out podsspaces where the women can read, contemplate and take time out within the house, creating their personal boundary

site plan 1:200 at A2

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3

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5

6

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8

key

Cafe & Bakery

Veg growing garden

Greenhouse

Market Hall

Cookery School

Play & Bake

Inside/outside street space for use of local food/drink street traders

Jagonari Women’s school

Existing local street traders

Outdoor space linking the women’s school

Cold store

Tandoor ovens

Range cooker

Pizza oven

Hot plate

Bikes for food deliveries around the East End of London

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16

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3

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sectional perspective of south side

A

A

hearth & table

The structure of the glulam columns which support the concrete floors acts as a conceptual table which supports the function of the building.

hearth & table

The form and structure of the building is created from the idea of hearth and the security of kitchen table - the rituals around cooking and eating food is something that brings people together and this idea has been embedded into the building design. Further, the chrysalis concept is expressed in the chimney forms.

tablethe sleeping pods are supported by conceptual table legs

heartheach kitchen area has an oven, chimney/flu and ‘hearth’ where people are invited into the warmth

sectional perspective looking towards south

pod wall construction1:10 @ A2

materials & construction

The materials used for the Epicurean Interchange move from hard to soft and tactile, using the chrysalis concept where there is a hard outer shell and is softer inside. The exterior cladding is concrete with recycled aggregate, the pods are more tactile using cedar shingle. Visible structural columns are glulam timber.

fair faced blue grey concrete forcladding walls, chimneys, hearths

lime plaster finish forinterior wallsblue grey oak for upper floors

cedar shingle cladding for bedroom pods

cedar shingles:single course depth 10mm

length 405mmwidth 75-355mmexposure 175mm

timberbattens 25x50mm

breather membrane

curved ply SIP panel

air & vapour control layer for airtightness

lime plaster finishcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panelcurved ply SIP panel

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The SIP panels for the pods will be formed of CNC-cut timber for the stud frame (a) and vacuum-steamed moulded plywood for the casing (b).

(a)

(b)

600mm

200mm steel frame

350mm sheeps wool insulation

batten

so�t lining/ceiling

RSA/ledger angle

22mm timber floor

3mm foam layerscreed

concrete floor deck

bedroom pod 1:100 @ A2

sectional perspective looking towards east

materials & construction

passivhaus

passivhaus standard in a large scale buildingThe Epicurean Interchange is designed to Passivhaus standard. The main challenge was maintaining 20ºC while staying within Passivhaus total energy use limits, because of the primary energy needed to power multiple ovens, and the cooling required for the waste heat.

After cutting additional energy demand through changes such as the screened facade on the south side, the total energy use for the Epicurean Interchange is estimated at 112kWh/m2/yr which is within the 120kWh/m2/yr Passivhaus limit. The test would be in the actual performance of the building when built.

PIR rigid insulation

structural insulated panel

breather membrane

thermal separation pad

steel rainscreen support system

aluminium bracket fixed point

precast concrete panels with countersink fixings

breather membrane

vibration damper membrane

ground

10mm resilient layer

wood floor finish

screed

concrete floor deck

board with lime plaster finish

air & vapour control layer

wood floor finish

screed

insulation

gravel

hot air

cooled

space mvhr

= space & waterheating

requirements

heat produced

space & waterheating

requirements

heat produced

winter

mechanical ventilation and heat recovery

roofthe roof is a warm roof construction using low u-value sheeps wool insulation and the concrete will act as thermal mass.

wallSIP panels combine structural stability and thermal performance for the building.

floorraft foundation provides the floor with an airtight seal and insulation prevents heat loss.

summer

multiple ovens, and the cooling required for the waste heat.

After cutting additional energy demand through changes such as the screened facade on the south side, the total energy use for the Epicurean Interchange is estimated at 112kWh/m2/yr which is within

2/yr Passivhaus limit. The test would be in the actual performance of the building when built.

surface area to volume (A/V) ratioThe building has an L shaped plan, so is a more complex form with more surfaces - something which will be more common in large scale buildings, therefore better insulation values are required.

constructionAir tightness is key to the e�ectiveness of Passivhaus, and because of the more complex form, care is needed to ensure the building is thermal bridge free.

surface area increase of 10%

surface area increase of 20%

fabricU values for roofs, wall and floors are within the 0.15Wh/m2 Passivhaus standard.

scale 1:50 @ A2

bohemian In 2020, the new form of capitalism, Natural Capitalism, has changed the value of money, value now being placed not only monetary returns, but on environmental and human benefits too. The new economy has enabled communities to take over buildings in their area and use them for the benefit of their community, because they now have more ‘capital’ than they ever would have in the previous form of capitalism based only on money, and Social Enterprises are growing.

The Bohemian Brewery in Berlin was originally built during the industrial revolution. Time and forgetfulness had seen it fall into disuse and disrepair, but with a re-use strategy the brewery has now been brought to life to support a Social Enterprise. it has now moved it on from its once industrial past to a new, smaller scale, more sustainable way of doing things.

Connecting with Germany’s strong tradition of brewing, the members of the Bohemian Microbrewery are creating a product which is directed towards the benefit of the community and the environment.

bohemian microbrewery

site plan 1:200 at A2

community & integration

The Bohemian Microbrewery connects with the local community through the tavern and bottled beer shop, and is visible from the road.

The landscaping has been designed to support food growing for the residents, and encourages biodiversity. If care is taken of natural capital this will allow human activity to continue and flourish.

living

accommodation

training &

managed workspaces

brewery

tavern

bottled beer shop

hops garden

courtyard

small, sustainable craft industry

south elevation 1:200 @ A2

sectional perspective 1:200 @ A2

natural capital

�nancial capital

natural capitalismcapitalism

minimal global supply

local supply

local not global

lo ca l r esilience

design(creating

value)

maker

end of current

life

customer distribute

service+

�ow

maker holds responsibility for the whole life of a

product

human capital

physiological needs,safety,

belonging

self esteem creativity and

fulfilment

The building has been adapted so that it works in three parts, which are all interconnected

loc pplydesignend of 0. GroundGround FloorFloor 1:200 1:200

PU

PU

UPP

DW F

DW

F

DW F

DWF

DW F

DW F

A A

B B

courtyard

tavern

bottled beerbottled beerbottled shopshopshop

wc

atrium

liftliftlift

residentiallobby

training &workspacelobby

goodsgoodsgoodsliftliftbar

kitchenkitchenkitchenkitchenkitchenkitchenkitchenkitchen

loadingloading

liftliftlift

ground floor plan 1:200 @ A2

A

B

AAA

B

social enterprise

store

floor levels changed to accommodate the tavern and shop, and the brewing equipment

two stories have been added to create the required amount of living accommodation

hops garden has been built up through the roof to maximise sunlight for growing plants

section A

atrium inserted into building for light and ventilation

wall at ground floor has been removed to join the spaces

small existing courtyard has been changed to a large open courtyard

section B

building adaptation

The adaptation of the Bohemian Microbrewery has involved the addition of living accommodation for the community members, along with the insertion of an atrium to bring light and ventilation into the previously deep plan building. A hops garden sits at the top of the atrium, which acts as a greenhouse.

A large open courtyard has been inserted to provide light and social space for the community members.

concrete and brick patchwork in dilapidat-ed building

these windows are examples of ad-hoc inappropriate changes made to the building during the last 30 years

red brick existing on old brewhouse is retained

the old pale yellow bricks on this part of the brewery have been set against the portland cement cladding for the new top floor intervention

the old grain chute has now been turned into a lift shaft for the residents

the quirky window shapes have been retained and added to in the managed workspace intervention

materials

The materials used for the additions to the Bohemian Microbrewery are influenced by the surroundings, and the smooth, tactile portland stone cladding contrasts with the rougher brick of the existing building.

A shadow gap has been created between the existing building and the apartments to express the new architectural addition.

west perspective

#Project StatusDrawing Status

Drawing NameProposed builing section by itself

#Architect Address1#Architect City#Architect Country#Architect Postcode

Job Title#Project Name

Company nameStreetCityState/CountryPostal Code

Company Title

S-01 Proposed builing section by itself

overland �oodingoverland flooding

Building needs to be self reliant in a flood, therefore it needs to power itself

tidal flooding

max safe tidal height

max flood height is 3m therefore the buildings are raised at least 3m above the ground.

sewer floodinggroundwater flooding

flood resilient housesFlooding can cause damaging social and economic impacts, yet more new homes are being built in flood risk areas which are designed and constructed in a way which disregards the flood threat, ultimately making these homes unsustainable. In order for these homes to be sustainable, they need to allow their inhabitants to live their daily lives normally - before, during and after a flood.

This project proposes a way that a nuclear family can live happily with water in a flood resistant home. It proposes that by integrating technology into the design of the home, living with water can be a positive thing.

flood response strategy

retreating from flood by creating spaces high above the flood plain

retreat defend attack

living happily before, during & after a flood

0.036

0.025m2

Sectionfor for fphotoshopWorksheet1:200

heating and coolingGround source heat pump through a vertical borehole.

Water is heated or cooled in the ground through tansference of the earth’s temperature and fed into the underfloor heating and cooling system.

water and wasteWater for drinking and toiletGroundwater is used for drinking water and toilet requirements, retrieved via a driven well which reaches 5m below ground level. It is filtered before it reaches the occupants, and the well is monitored for safety and maintained annually.

Decentralised waste water treatment A johkasou - domestic waste water treatment tank - is stored underground to process all waste. Sewage is seen as a resource and given away to local farmers - grey water for irrigation and the treated black water for fertiliser.

0through tansference of the earth’s 0through tansference of the earth’s through tansference of the earth’s .through tansference of the earth’s 0through tansference of the earth’s 0through tansference of the earth’s 3through tansference of the earth’s 3through tansference of the earth’s 6through tansference of the earth’s 6through tansference of the earth’s temperature and fed into the underfloor 0temperature and fed into the underfloor temperature and fed into the underfloor .temperature and fed into the underfloor temperature and fed into the underfloor 0temperature and fed into the underfloor temperature and fed into the underfloor 2temperature and fed into the underfloor temperature and fed into the underfloor 5temperature and fed into the underfloor temperature and fed into the underfloor mtemperature and fed into the underfloor 2temperature and fed into the underfloor 2temperature and fed into the underfloor

S1S1: S:e2e2ction 0ction 00ction 0for for fphotoshopWorksheet1:200

passive cooling and ventilationthermal massSlow heat transfer through thermal mass in floors - heat will be absorbed during the day released overnight when the building is unoccupied. This will also help to keep the building cool throughout the day in summer.

window openingWindows can always be opened for more rapid cooling if required.

ventilationCross ventilation allows movement of air through the shallow plan building.

potable water

waste waterincluding sewage

0ground level. It is filtered before it 0ground level. It is filtered before it ground level. It is filtered before it .ground level. It is filtered before it 0ground level. It is filtered before it 0ground level. It is filtered before it 3ground level. It is filtered before it 3ground level. It is filtered before it 6ground level. It is filtered before it 6ground level. It is filtered before it ground level. It is filtered before it mground level. It is filtered before it 2ground level. It is filtered before it 2ground level. It is filtered before it reaches the occupants, and the well is 0reaches the occupants, and the well is reaches the occupants, and the well is .reaches the occupants, and the well is reaches the occupants, and the well is 0reaches the occupants, and the well is reaches the occupants, and the well is 2reaches the occupants, and the well is reaches the occupants, and the well is 5reaches the occupants, and the well is reaches the occupants, and the well is mreaches the occupants, and the well is 2reaches the occupants, and the well is 2reaches the occupants, and the well is

orphotoshopWorksheet1S:S2S2Se2e0e0ection 0ction 0ction 0ction

energy

tree canopy collects light for energy

water - ground water

Roots collect water and nutrients

moisture control - transpiration

Tree evaporates water into the atmosphere through its stoma (pores in leaves)

waste - recycled

Waste is fed back into the tree system as nutrient

heat exchange - root system

Constant heat exchange in root system sustain live processes

water - ground water

groundwater for drinking and toilet

moisture control

cross ventilation and double skin construction allow optimal air quality and temperature

energy

PV panels collect light for energy

waste - recycled

decentralised waste water treatment

heat exchange - ground source heat pump

vertical gshp feeds under�oor heating and cooling

technology inspired by nature

+3.900 floor level

+3.500 so�t

dynamic PV

aluminium coping0.005 m2

+9.550 roof deck

+9.300 ceiling

+6.800 floor level

+6.400 ceiling

PV support bracket

window

steel beam

dynamic PV

aluminium sill

timber rainscreen cladding

PV support bracket

SIP (Structural Insulated Panel)

line of steel column

insulated so�t lining

steel beam


SIP (Structural Insulated Panel)


insulation

concrete roof deck

suspended ceiling

stud wall

plasterboard lining

timber

screed

insulation

concrete deck

suspended ceiling

stud wall

plasterboard lining

timber

screed

concrete deck


steel beam

column



steel beamcolumn

steel beam


SIP panel


SIP panel


PV support bracket


window

dynamic PV flowers


aluminium sill

steel beam

aluminium coping

PV support bracket

dynamic PV flowers

suspended ceiling

+9.300 ceiling

+9.550 roof deck

concrete roof deck

stud wall

plaster boarding

timber flooring

screed

+6.800 floor level

suspended ceiling

+6.400 ceiling

concrete floor deck

insulation

stud wall

plaster boarding

timber flooring

screed


concrete floor deck

insulation

south west section detail scale 1:50 @A2

suspended ceilingsuspended ceiling

+6.400 ceiling+6.400 ceiling

concrete floor deck

suspended ceiling

+6.400 ceiling

concrete floor deck

+6.800 floor level+6.800 floor level

screed

1:50

Drawnbyyyyy Date

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Checkedby Datscale 1:50 @A2Datscale 1:50 @A2Datscale 1:50 @A2Datscale 1:50 @A2Datscale 1:50 @A2Datscale 1:50 @A2Datscale 1:50 @A2scale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2escale 1:50 @A2scale 1:50 @A2#Ar#Ar#ArAr#Ar#Architect Name

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suspended ceiling

+9.300 ceiling

+9.550 roof deck+9.550 roof deck

concrete roof deck

stud wall

plaster boarding

timber flooring

screed

+6.800 floor level

suspended ceiling

+6.400 ceiling

concrete floor deck

insulationinsulationinsulation

stud wall

plaster boarding

timber flooring

screed


concrete floor deck

insulation

south west section detail south west section detail scale 1:50 @A2

Companypanypanypanypany nananananananameSSSSSStreettreettreettreettreettreettreettreettreettreettreettreet

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line of steel columnElevation 1:50

suspended ceiling

+9.550 roof deck+9.550 roof deck

timber flooring

+6.800 floor level

suspended ceiling

concrete floor deck

insulationinsulationinsulation

stud wall

plaster boarding

concrete floor deck

Each PV flower collects light which powers the houses. Panels as a whole provide adjustable shading and privacy.

integration of technology in the home

abstract machineEverything in the universe is interconnected as the earth grows and changes according to mathematical rules. It is these rules which have been examined within this project where the machine attempts to demonstrate the theories of chaos, complexity and emergence. It is a passive machine which automates visual and audible patterns through its response to water, exhibiting environmental phenomena while simultaneously being powered by it.

complexity

self organising system, self similar at all scales,

creates infinate patterns within patterns

chaos

system starts with a set of initial conditions

which go on to behave in complex ways

emergence

creates something more than that which was put into it - a synchronistic

system

+=

+

input output

automation of visual and audible patterns

environmental phenomena

The machine exhibits environmental phenomena whilst simultaneously being powered by it.

charlotte haughton07580 624603

[email protected]

charlotte haughton

Documents