charlotte shobrook, sarah morgan & olga królak - booklet

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

urban strategy | arch 568 | charlotte shobrook | sarah morgan | olga królak

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

“to ensure system change rather than system optimization it needs to emerge from the existing system” Boons, 2011


first printing – December 2012Plymouth UniversitySchool of Architecture and DesignAuthors: Charlotte Shobrook, Sarah Morgan, Olga Królak

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ursushealthnetwork

This document has been produced by students of Plymouth University, School of Architecture, Design & Environment, Master of Architecture Programme. Year 2 design [ARCH568 Advanced Inception and Strategic Design]

It contains a proposal for the strategic vision of the Ursus factory site within the context of Warsaw & Poland.

This document may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of Plymouth University School of Architecture, Design & Environment.

[disclaimer]


contents

[contents]

introduction

problems & potentials Poland today why Poland, Warsaw, Ursus understanding the Ursus district existing & historical synergies

theory & expansion panarchy & expanding the theory system growth & framework existing network

site analysis cultural & social political & institutional ecological & environmental infrastructure & industry spatial

convergences & divergences Poland Warsaw Ursus

framework model - conclusions

realising the ursus health network proposal for strategy catalyst for change negotiation platform

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323436

38

404446

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creating the ursus health network health clinic system exchange symbiosis knowledge symbiosis negotiation symbiosis Ursus health network economic strategy

contextual vision spontaneous & planned approaches system resilience & diversity interdependencies & longevity forstering of trust

socio-spatial evolution of Ursus health network phase one - initiation phase two - production phase three - expansion phase four - education & ursus health network phase five - ursus health network

spatial evaluation of uHn, growth overview

detailed spatial strategy Ursus district strategy site masterplan conceptual section socio-spatial implementation

Precedents

Bibliography


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98

introduction page 2

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[introduction]


The Ursus Health Network is a semi-public organization which creates opportunities for change within the current health care system of Poland. The key system actors are encouraged to shift from working as separate components to ones that create a collaborative network. This network works towards achieving an accessible healthcare service for the public. Industries + communities are given the tools to enable them to create cooperations, initiate health care clinics for the benefit + use of their employees and residents, which can work with the Ursus Health Network to The Ursus Health Network organization facilitates a negotiation platform for exchanges between the health care systems key actors; governments, medical institutions, communities, industries and key newly formed cooperations. Each of the key actors brings at least two components (needed for the health network to function) which can be negotiated or exchanged between system whose primary outcome is the implementation of the city wide health clinics.

This system aims to address social concerns fund within the city by creating networks of knowledge + material exchanges between the key actors within the system. This creates closed loops system of exchange which operate at 3 scales (Polands, Warszaw and Ursus) to embed the diversity and resilience into that system.

The ultimate aim for the Ursus health Network is to move health care provision into a sustainable symbiotic network of relationships.

Poland today page 4

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why Poland, Warsaw, Ursus? page 6

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understanding the Ursus district page 8

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existing & historical synergies page 10

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Historical development of the Ursus site has led to the natural evolution of exchange synergies developing between the industries present. These synergies have evolved from common goals, such as the production of military machinery or the tractor Ursus through which these relationships have been enabled to form. As the history of the site indicates, the industries reliance on one care function, have left the system weak when it has experienced external disturbances such as funding withdrawals. This highlights the need for any future system to embed a diversity of functions + actors so that any future systems resilience is strengthened.

[Ursus Symbiosis]

panarchy & expanding the theory page 12


The current site synergies, which are remnant from the (now?) disolved Ursus tractor production factory; exchange materials, products and energy between them. Instigation of the ‘Celtic development’ plan for the site has promoted the creation of the Association for the Development of ursus, whose eight primary industries are present on site (one exception of AIG/Lincoln). The association has fostered a communication link between these eight companies, which can be utilized for the future site strategies. Spontaneously grown relationships of this nature are valuable resources, the trust formed between the industries can be conserved and grown.

[Ursus Symbiosis] ursushealthnetwork

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Existing industrial symbiosis theory aims to achieve economic and environmental benefits to systems by creating connections between actors within that system. This usually manifested in the form of material + knowledge exchanges between industries.

The narrow view of industrial symbiosis theory often leads to other external factors being unaccounted for; influences from social, cultural and political directions for example should be incorporated as these aspects can affect the development of symbiotic networks. For this reason the analysis of Poland, Warsaw and Ursus was divided into 5 categories, so that a range of influences were considered. These are political + institutional, social + cultural, infrastructure + industry, ecological + environmental and spatial.

Panarchy theory has been used to help embed resilience into the proposed system. Three scales have been identified, for analysis of the five aspects at each scale. By embedding the proposed strategy into three different scales, the aim is to achieve a system where the resilience is strengthened.

[panarchy & expanding the theory]

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Four key factors have been identified to aid the growth of the existing Ursus industry exchanges system. These are knowledge, negotiation, exchange and spatial, each aspect is vital in forming new network connections and enabling system growth.

Convergences and divergences are identified at the three scales, that indicate connections between the five categories that were analysed previously. These convergences and divergences have been identified in relation to the four factors needed for system growth (knowledge, exchange, negotiation and spatial).

The framework is created by overlaying each categories convergences and divergences in between the three scales (see map adjacent). This framework combines Panarchy + industrial symbiosis theory to create a tool for change within the city. Connections drawn between the layers show routes for the existing industry/ healthcare system to be grown.

[System growth]

system growth framework page 18

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existing network page 20

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[existing network]

[Ursus: existing waste outputs] [Ursus: existing waste product exchange]

[Ursus: existing knowledge exchange]


a

b

c

a

b

c

health centres

public hospitals

private hospitals

art galleries

religious institute

sport

cultural institutescultural institutes

slovakian instituteaustrian cultural forumhungarian institute of culturegoethe institutefrench institutebritish councilitalian cultural instituteitalian cultural institutejapanese cultural information centrelithuanian centrebulgarian cultural information centreczech centre

historical site (old town)

industrial area

warsaw intewarsaw international expocentre (expo XXI)

fair - congress centre mt polska

bio market every week in a former norblin factory building

a

b

c

d

e

czestochowa jasna gora sanctuary

key historical cities

significant sanctuary

main/annual fairs and events

renewable energy fairinternational fair of agriculture technologyfair of allotments and gardening

educational/cultural fairseducational/cultural fairs

national trade fair/market of st dominic

international fair of pure energy ‘centerg’

renewable energy fair

stadium/concert of event halls

a

b

c

d

e

a

a

b

c

d

e

a

b

c

d

e

building of historical importance

market (permanent)

market (occassional)

performance area

arsus cultural centre

religious institute

gated detached housinggated detached housing

apartment housing

[warsaw: cultural & social]

[poland: cultural & social]

[ursus: cultural & social]

cultural & social analysis page 22

a

b

c

a

b

c

health centres

public hospitals

private hospitals

art galleries

religious institute

sport

cultural institutescultural institutes

slovakian instituteaustrian cultural forumhungarian institute of culturegoethe institutefrench institutebritish councilitalian cultural instituteitalian cultural institutejapanese cultural information centrelithuanian centrebulgarian cultural information centreczech centre

historical site (old town)

industrial area

warsaw intewarsaw international expocentre (expo XXI)

fair - congress centre mt polska

bio market every week in a former norblin factory building

a

b

c

d

e

czestochowa jasna gora sanctuary

key historical cities

significant sanctuary

main/annual fairs and events

renewable energy fairinternational fair of agriculture technologyfair of allotments and gardening

educational/cultural fairseducational/cultural fairs

national trade fair/market of st dominic

international fair of pure energy ‘centerg’

renewable energy fair

stadium/concert of event halls

a

b

c

d

e

a

a

b

c

d

e

a

b

c

d

e

building of historical importance

market (permanent)

market (occassional)

performance area

arsus cultural centre

religious institute

gated detached housinggated detached housing

apartment housing


[poland: cultural & social]


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ab

c

de

f

g

h

i

j

a

c

c

d

ba

c

d

b

abcdef

hij

g

state universities

university of warsawacademy of fine arts in warsawwarsaw university of technologywarsaw school of economicsmedical university of warsawffryderyk chorin music academymilitary technical academywarsaw university of life sciencechristian theological academycardinals wysznski university of warsaw

private universities

municipal of water and sewage municipal of water and sewage laboratories

city council of warsaw

district council

mazowiecki allotment association

polish allotment association

ministry of environment

ministministry of national education

medical universities

training hospitals

medical laboratories

gdansk

elblag

torun

bydgoszcz

warszawa

lublin

kielce

katowice

krakowrzeszow

vistula cities association/administration authorities

universities with environment protection

municipal of water and sewage laboratories

w. mazowieckie

w. lubelskie

w. swielokizyskie

w. matopolskie

w. poakarpackie

w. kujawsko- pomaskie

w. pomorskie

[warsaw: political & institutional]

[poland: political & institutional]

[ursus: political & institutional]

ab

c

e

f

d

functioning buildings

‘energetyka ursus’ ownership

‘celtic’ ownership

ursus district council

arsus cultural centreprimary schoolassociation for the development of ursusassociation for the development of ursusjehova witness gathering centremuseum of ursus tractors‘factory’ shopping centre

abc

ef

d

political & institutional analysis page 24

ab

c

de

f

g

h

i

j

a

c

c

d

ba

c

d

b

abcdef

hij

g

state universities

university of warsawacademy of fine arts in warsawwarsaw university of technologywarsaw school of economicsmedical university of warsawffryderyk chorin music academymilitary technical academywarsaw university of life sciencechristian theological academycardinals wysznski university of warsaw

private universities

municipal of water and sewage municipal of water and sewage laboratories

city council of warsaw

district council

mazowiecki allotment association

polish allotment association

ministry of environment

ministministry of national education

medical universities

training hospitals

medical laboratories

gdansk

elblag

torun

bydgoszcz

warszawa

lublin

kielce

katowice

krakowrzeszow

vistula cities association/administration authorities

universities with environment protection

municipal of water and sewage laboratories

w. mazowieckie

w. lubelskie

w. swielokizyskie

w. matopolskie

w. poakarpackie

w. kujawsko- pomaskie

w. pomorskie




ab

c

e

f

d

functioning buildings

‘energetyka ursus’ ownership

‘celtic’ ownership

ursus district council

arsus cultural centreprimary schoolassociation for the development of ursusassociation for the development of ursusjehova witness gathering centremuseum of ursus tractors‘factory’ shopping centre

abc

ef

d

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allotments

parks

natural green space

agriculture

resevoirs

forests

lakes

allotments

agricutural land

allotments

parks

natural green space

agriculture

market

[warsaw: ecological & environment]

[poland: ecological & environment]

[ursus: ecological & environment]

ecological & environmental analysis page 26

allotments

parks

natural green space

agriculture

resevoirs

forests

lakes

allotments

agricutural land

allotments

parks

natural green space

agriculture

market

[warsaw: ecological & environment]

[poland: ecological & environment]

[ursus: ecological & environment]

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road network

railways

waste disposal

water plants

water wells

water supply network

phapharmacies

pharmaceutical research

pharmeceutical manufacture

medical equipment manufacture

industrial areas

railway connecting gdansk, warsaw, katowice & krakow

road network

railways

roads

sewage

water

electrical

energetyka ursus run building

[warsaw: infrastructure & industry]

[poland: infrastructure & industry]

[ursus: infrastructure & industry]

infrastructure & industrial analysis page 28

road network

railways

waste disposal

water plants

water wells

water supply network

phapharmacies

pharmaceutical research

pharmeceutical manufacture

medical equipment manufacture

industrial areas

railway connecting gdansk, warsaw, katowice & krakow

road network

railways

roads

sewage

water

electrical

energetyka ursus run building


[poland: infrastructure & industry]


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ca

b

ba

c

vistula river

parks

landmarks

palace of science and cultureswietokrzyski bridgenational stadium

babarriers/disconnection

routes

train line

node

city centre

old town

‘pole mokotowskte’ park

‘kazienkowski’ park‘kazienkowski’ park

areas of development

main vistula cities [nodes]

small vistula cities

forests

a

b

barriers/disconections (transport)

barriers/disconections (buildings)

visually permeable barriers

nodes

landmarks

enegetyka ursus chp plant‘facto‘factory’ outlet shopping centre

ab

[warsaw: spatial]

[poland: spatial]

[ursus: spatial]

spatial analysis page 30

ca

b

ba

c

vistula river

parks

landmarks

palace of science and cultureswietokrzyski bridgenational stadium

babarriers/disconnection

routes

train line

node

city centre

old town

‘pole mokotowskte’ park

‘kazienkowski’ park‘kazienkowski’ park

areas of development

main vistula cities [nodes]

small vistula cities

forests

a

b

barriers/disconections (transport)

barriers/disconections (buildings)

visually permeable barriers

nodes

landmarks

enegetyka ursus chp plant‘facto‘factory’ outlet shopping centre

ab

[warsaw: spatial]

[poland: spatial]

[ursus: spatial]

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[poland: cultural & spatial]

[poland: ecological & environmental]

[poland: infrastructure & industrial]


[poland: spatial]

Poland convergences & divergences page 32

[poland: cultural & spatial]

[poland: ecological & environmental]

[poland: infrastructure & industrial]


[poland: spatial]

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Convergences at the Poland scale occur around the predominant cities, particularly along the Vistula river - Warsaw, Kraków, Torun, Gdansk. At the national scale there is a clear geographical division between public health spas (for health treatments) and the major urban areas.

Stronger connections need to be implemented between urban areas and health treatment locations, making healthcare provision more accessible.

Polands forest were also highlighted as an under used resource. This presents opportunities in terms of timber provision but also potential health treatment locations.

divergence

convergence


[warsaw: spatial]



[warsaw: ecological & environmental]


Warsaw convergences & divergences page 34

[warsaw: spatial]



[warsaw: ecological & environmental]


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Convergences in Warsaw indicate two key axis within the city, one running north/south along the river, and the other located east to west through the city centre. This highlights a divergence of urban activity present within the city’s outlining areas. Key services to these locations are lacking +need addressing. In particular this is seen in the medical related services. Medical universities, industries and hospitals are all present along the two axis leaving outer areas without direct access and health care. Access to these areas could be implemented through Warsaw’s extensive railway network, this indicates a need for basic health care provision needed to reach these populations.

divergence

convergence


[ursus: spatial]


[ursus: ecological & environmental]



ursus convergences & divergences page 36

[ursus: spatial]


[ursus: ecological & environmental]



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Two routes running through the Ursus district connect the divergences and convergences analysed within the area. Although the district has many pharmacies it lacks access to health clinics, local people would need travel to the city centre for these services. The factory site offers opportunities from two different directions. First is the location of a public mental healthcare centre which is located in the commercial south east corner of the site. Second is the presence of industrial convergences along the western site edge. Although these two aspects are separated by areas of divergence it presents an opportunity to connect the two (health and industry).

divergence

convergence


framework model - conclusion page 38

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proposal for strategy page 40

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proposal for strategy page 42

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university providing higher level education - students to train in health clinics

negotiation

catalystadult training through the uHn - local unemployed

city council to negotiate between national government (including NFZ) and local government

uHn to negotiate funding with Poland’s national health organisation (NFZ)

negotiation into funding for training medical professionals

local community to be approached by uHn to develop a co-operative

local industries to use existing group and develop a co-operative to plug into uHn and start the process of regeneration of the Ursus factory site

knowledge

exchange

district council to begin verbal negotiation with local residents and industriesnegotiation

between co-operatives and district council through uHn

local community

loca

l industries

NFZ

dist

rict c

ouncil

city

cou

ncil

medical university

adult

trainin

g

opportunities for higher level educated students to go into research

local industries to be involved in the production and manufacture of the pre fab units - negotiation into what inputs/outputs each can contribute.

catalyst for change page 44

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[catalyst for change]

The Ursus Health Network organization will act as the catalyst for change in Poland’s health care system. This will be achieved through the creation of a negotiation platform that brings together the local governments, industries, communities and medical institutions. Each of these four actors will be encouraged to participate with the scheme as each will benefit in some way. For example communities would gain better access to health care, on-site industries would be presented with growth opportunities, medical universities would be provided with practical training opportunities for their students. In addition to this governments would see the regeneration of disused urban spaces, and aim to reduce the demand on the current healthcare system. The Ursus health Network aims to instigate this catalyst for change so that different communities can take control of their access to health care.


negotiation platform page 46

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The negotiation platforms instigated by the Ursus Health Network, rely on participant actors being able to exchange more than to ‘components’ needed for the network to function, i.e. funding, labor/ workforce.By spreading the components needed among several actors, the system is never wholly reliant on one actor, and so its resilience is strengthened .

A process of negotiation and exchange between actors results in a mutually beneficial system where all actors gain in some form, the physical manifestation of this is the construction of the health clinics and their additional functions.

health clinic

overseen Ursus Health Network[exchange symbiosis]

extra functions

land

construction of prefab units

manufactureof prefab units

runningoverseen students

voluntary administration/

everyday running

community

unemployed

industries

pharmaceuticalsprescription drugs

fundingfor prefab units

training

staff

students

universities

provide treatmentservicesdoctors

nurses

industriesgovernmentcommunities

provisionfree for employees + familiesreduced rates for local communityreduced rates for prescription drugs

ellderly care housecrechefitness community centrecommunity centredentistsoptitians

negotiation platform page 48

health clinic

overseen Ursus Health Network[exchange symbiosis]

extra functions

land

construction of prefab units

manufactureof prefab units

runningoverseen students

voluntary administration/

everyday running

community

unemployed

industries

pharmaceuticalsprescription drugs

fundingfor prefab units

training

staff

students

universities

provide treatmentservicesdoctors

nurses

industriesgovernmentcommunities

provisionfree for employees + familiesreduced rates for local communityreduced rates for prescription drugs

ellderly care housecrechefitness community centrecommunity centredentistsoptitians

ursushealthnetwork

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exchange symbiosis page 50

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The exchange of materials, products and knowledge is promoted within the Ursus Health Network in order to aid the growth of the health system. These flows of exchanges are used to create closed loop systems of waste and service outputs, which intern reduces environmental impacts, fosters trust between industries and enables system growth through shared knowledge.

The symbiotic exchange of materials covers three main areas within the Ursus site – waste, prefab manufacture and pharmaceuticals.

[symbiosis knowledge]embedding system resilience

associated function

healthier working environments

healthy eating

healthy lifestyle

healthy water

health care workersphysiciansnursesdentists

pharmaceutical manufacture

trade skills

on the job training

health awareness education

prefab research - new design/construction technologies

existing industry inputs - water & energy

knowledge symbiosis page 52

[symbiosis knowledge]embedding system resilience

associated function

healthier working environments

healthy eating

healthy lifestyle

healthy water

health care workersphysiciansnursesdentists

pharmaceutical manufacture

trade skills

on the job training

health awareness education

prefab research - new design/construction technologies

existing industry inputs - water & energy

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Knowledge transfers between industries, medical institutes, governments and communities all promote the development of the Ursus Health Network. Collaborations aim to foster trust between the main actors and encourage them to work towards a common mutually beneficial system of health provision and healthier lifestyle promotion.

Education plays a key role in this process, it is crucial in promoting the benefits that can be gained from healthier lifestyles, working environments and greater health provision accessibility. Education in local schools encourages students to participate with aspects of the scheme such as healthy food produce (allotment regeneration scheme), this is to encourage a healthy lifestyle from a young age and allow the knowledge they gain to filter through into the wider community.

[symbiosis negotiation]embedding system resilience

land & building ownership

community labour force

prefab manufacture & production

Celtic

Energetyka

healthy lifestyles - healthy workforce

city waste streams

industrial labour force

negotiation symbiosis page 54

[symbiosis negotiation]embedding system resilience

land & building ownership

community labour force

prefab manufacture & production

Celtic

Energetyka

healthy lifestyles - healthy workforce

city waste streams

industrial labour force

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A process of negotiation and exchange between actors results in the provision of heath care clinics around the city. The negotiation platform provides a constant narrative to be held between the five key actors, which will develop the system over time as their demands change. This narrative is key if the system is to develop and adapt so that it remains mutually beneficial to all participants.

The first negotiation platform will be located within the Ursus site, as this location provides the necessary conditions for initiating the Ursus health Network system. This is due to the on-site industrial relationships that have spontaneously formed there. As the system grows the negotiation platforms will be expanded. This will begin from the city centre and then outwards into the urban areas that require them

Ursus health network page 56

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[Ursus health network symbiosis]

Knowledge, negotiation and exchange all work together to make the Ursus Health Network a realisation. Relationships established between these three ensure a constant exchange of materials and ideas that work together to enhance healthcare provision in Poland.


economic strategy page 58

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[economic strategy]

Funding for the healthcare clinics is provided from three primary sources. First from the industry and community cooperatives that have formed, these will provide funding to purchase the prefab elements needed to construct the health clinics. As the prefab elements are manufactured using recycled materials and labour from unemployed people receiving training; the costs should be minimised.

Second funding is provided through public health spas. These spas which are a public service already present in Poland, are predominantly used by ‘health tourists’ coming from abroad to use the facilities. The strategy is to expand this health spa network and use the additional public funding from these to go into the running costs of the Ursus Health Network.

Third funding comes through the industries that are a part of the Ursus Health Network, exports of the prefab units, medical equipment and pharmaceuticals provide revenue which can be used to support the research and development sectors of the system.

The adjacent diagram highlights how the proposed system will integrate with the existing one. The economics of the Ursus Health Network rely on all participants aiding with the funding and development of the project.


spontaneous & planned vision | system resilience & diversity page 60

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system interdependencies | fostering trust page 62

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funding

education

educ

atio

n

rese

arch

man

ufac

ture

formation of ursus health network (uHn) identification of ursus as the initial start-up site

uHn set up in ursus

co-operative of existing industries & co-operative of existing industries & communities established through UHN to initiate health clinic construction

creation of centre for unemployed youths/adult training centre

build on existing phabuild on existing pharmaceuticals manufacture platform

establish relationships with existing medical universities

establish health spa to initiate project funding

negotiation & exchange to begin negotiation & exchange to begin between city council, district council, universities, health spa & pharmeceuticals industry

[warsaw | phase 1 | initiation]

phase 1 | initiation page 64

funding

education

educ

atio

n

rese

arch

man

ufac

ture

formation of ursus health network (uHn) identification of ursus as the initial start-up site

uHn set up in ursus

co-operative of existing industries & co-operative of existing industries & communities established through UHN to initiate health clinic construction

creation of centre for unemployed youths/adult training centre

build on existing phabuild on existing pharmaceuticals manufacture platform

establish relationships with existing medical universities

establish health spa to initiate project funding

negotiation & exchange to begin negotiation & exchange to begin between city council, district council, universities, health spa & pharmeceuticals industry

[warsaw | phase 1 | initiation]

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork


start-up of pre-fab unit construction to link into existing industries on site:

* asmet*carpenters* energetyka ursus

regeneration of ursus factoregeneration of ursus factory to begin

energetyka ursus begins to switch to dry waste incineration

construction of ursus health clinic for industries and community

catchment area of health clinic

knowledge exchange through knowledge exchange through university medical students training in new ursus health clinic

identification of existing rail networks for potential distribution & collection system

material waste collection points for material waste collection points for pre-fab units (from existing industries, along train lines)

municipal waste collection points introduced to the city centre (dry waste for chp plant)

[warsaw | phase 2 | production]

phase 2 | production page 66

start-up of pre-fab unit construction to link into existing industries on site:

* asmet*carpenters* energetyka ursus

regeneration of ursus factoregeneration of ursus factory to begin

energetyka ursus begins to switch to dry waste incineration

construction of ursus health clinic for industries and community

catchment area of health clinic

knowledge exchange through knowledge exchange through university medical students training in new ursus health clinic

identification of existing rail networks for potential distribution & collection system

material waste collection points for material waste collection points for pre-fab units (from existing industries, along train lines)

municipal waste collection points introduced to the city centre (dry waste for chp plant)

[warsaw | phase 2 | production]

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork


small scale pharmeceuticals manufacturing & related research established (potential links to university & job opportunities for high skilled workers)

additional sevice attached to the health clinic - creche

chp plant convechp plant converted to dry waste incinerator with waste gathered from the city

additional health spa’s implmented - linked to health spa’s at poland scale

new community co-operatives new community co-operatives formed to initiate health clinics in various parts of the city to join uHn

new industrial co-operatives formed to initiate health clinics to industrial areas of the city to join uHn

additional waste collection centres additional waste collection centres implemented

expansion of medical knowledge base through connection between pharmeceuticals and hospitals

higher level research into medicine/ pharmeceuticals/construction

migration into the city through migration into the city through accessible health care

[warsaw | phase 3 | expansion]

phase 3 | expansion page 68

small scale pharmeceuticals manufacturing & related research established (potential links to university & job opportunities for high skilled workers)

additional sevice attached to the health clinic - creche

chp plant convechp plant converted to dry waste incinerator with waste gathered from the city

additional health spa’s implmented - linked to health spa’s at poland scale

new community co-operatives new community co-operatives formed to initiate health clinics in various parts of the city to join uHn

new industrial co-operatives formed to initiate health clinics to industrial areas of the city to join uHn

additional waste collection centres additional waste collection centres implemented

expansion of medical knowledge base through connection between pharmeceuticals and hospitals

higher level research into medicine/ pharmeceuticals/construction

migration into the city through migration into the city through accessible health care

[warsaw | phase 3 | expansion]

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork


community/industrial co-operative health clinics set up in communities with additional service:

* creche* dental practice* opticians* cafe/restaurant* leisure centre* leisure centre* housing* shelters* sports field* community centre

catchment area of health clinic - catchment area of health clinic - clinics assist in improved health of the communities.

new community/industrial co-operatives set up

network of health clinics throughout the city linked

pre-fab constpre-fab construction from waste materials supplemented with timber from forests

ursus health clinic expansion into education for children & adults into:

* healthy lifestyle* food health * water sanitation* water sanitation

school links to allotments for their regeneration, promoting healthy eating

increased employment for medical profession (all levels)[warsaw | phase 4 | education]

phase 4 | education page 70

community/industrial co-operative health clinics set up in communities with additional service:

* creche* dental practice* opticians* cafe/restaurant* leisure centre* leisure centre* housing* shelters* sports field* community centre

catchment area of health clinic - catchment area of health clinic - clinics assist in improved health of the communities.

new community/industrial co-operatives set up

network of health clinics throughout the city linked

pre-fab constpre-fab construction from waste materials supplemented with timber from forests

ursus health clinic expansion into education for children & adults into:

* healthy lifestyle* food health * water sanitation* water sanitation

school links to allotments for their regeneration, promoting healthy eating

increased employment for medical profession (all levels)[warsaw | phase 4 | education]

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork


ursus health network intergrated at district and city scale throughout warsaw

potential to export scheme and prefab units to additional cities in poland

Increasing amount of education Increasing amount of education within ursus - building on the facilities and encouraging schools outside the district to vist and improve childrens health awareness

as waste materials are used up as waste materials are used up throughout the city, an increased amount of timber will need to be imported

[warsaw | phase 5 | ursus health network]

phase 5 | Ursus health network page 72

ursus health network intergrated at district and city scale throughout warsaw

potential to export scheme and prefab units to additional cities in poland

Increasing amount of education Increasing amount of education within ursus - building on the facilities and encouraging schools outside the district to vist and improve childrens health awareness

as waste materials are used up as waste materials are used up throughout the city, an increased amount of timber will need to be imported

[warsaw | phase 5 | ursus health network]

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork


spatial evaluation of Ursus health network page 74

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork


[Three scales, One system]

The Ursus Health Network is integrated over three scales to help embed system resilience. Exchanges of knowledge and materials, which begin at the Ursus scale, grow upwards into the Warsaw and Poland scales. Systems operating at the Poland scale can then filter down into the lower ones. The diversity of four systems – knowledge, exchange, negotiation and spatial working together at each scale maintains a variety of network components which allow the system to absorb disturbances and adapt to future demands.

Ursus district strategy page 76

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[Ursus district strategy]

At the Ursus district scale the key aspects such as existing schools, health centres, pharmacies and public transport were identified. The initial site analysis was also taken into account, at this scale.

Our proposal identifies the potential for two key axis through the factory site which continue out to the district. To the west of the site is more focused towards industry and production which is then taken across into a more humane scale development.


site masterplan page 78

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[The Masterplan]

The two key routes of divergences and convergences identified earlier within the Ursus district present an opportunity to create a negotiation interface between industry and community within the Ursus site. These two routes, which come up from the south, into the site and split out to the east and west provide a link between communities and the site regeneration. The axis along which the negotiation interface is implemented draws people in from the surrounding areas and creates the platform for knowledge, negotiation and material exchanges. Small-scale building interventions along the axis provide a human scale to the context and create small hubs for start-up businesses, health provision and research and development. Education linking to healthcare acts as the main tool for creating the interface between communities and industry. Local council offices and the mental healthcare facility feed into the main site axis. The health corridor provides healthcare services, educates people in healthier lifestyles, encourages research and development and acts as a community centre for the district. Basic healthcare provision, healthy eating shops, small businesses and community fitness initiatives, are among some of the functions that could be found here. An axis, which runs parallel to the health axis, located on the western side of the corridor, is where the smaller scale manufacturing processes are situated. These proposed manufacturing buildings link in with the existing industries to id with the construction of component parts for the prefab health units. Existing railway networks are reinstated and utilised to transfer the flow of materials and products around the site and city. They also provide export potential to Poland and the EU. The north of the site is allocated to heavier industries included the prefab and pharmaceutical manufacture. The processes for waste collection, and water treatment can also be found here, these all link to the existing infrastructure and industries. The proposed strategy for the site acts as one complete network, reducing waste outputs, linking industries and most importantly providing a negotiation platform for the key actors focused around the provision of health care and related services.


conceptual section page 80

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ursushealthnetwork


socio-spatial implementation page 82

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ursushealthnetwork

[on site observation]

Various derelict buildings were identified within the Ursus site for potential regeneration utilising the prefab elements manufactured on site. Metals and bricks can be recovered from these buildings to be sorted and reused within the construction processes. Dismantling of the derelict buildings, along with the sorting and reuse of materials, acts as a tool for creating employment and training opportunities for local people and industries. The manufacturing of prefab units provides new connections between the new and existing on site industries.


ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[materials flow]

Deconstruction of materials and buildings creates voids within the existing site fabric. This creates opportunities for new human scale interventions which link with the existing context and aid in the creation of the health network for the area. These smaller interventions create connections with the existing communities by providing start up business opportunities and facilitating the changing of cultural attitudes surrounding individual ownership. The transformation of the site can be achieved in stages so that some areas can be regenerated while others remain in transition. This approach breaks up the regeneration process and allows a slow integration of the existing with the proposed new infrastructure and industries. Prefab manufacturing is supported with waste streams from the city which combine construction and demolition waste for reuse possibilities. Timber resources from Warsaw’s surrounding forests also add the potential for material supplementation into the process. As the demands of the system change, flows of waste and timber can be changing in order to adapt to this.


ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[construction on site]

The remaining structures from the deconstructed onsite buildings create the framework for reconstruction using the prefab elements. Trainee construction students (from the community and unemployed people) are equipped with a range of skills that can be later transferred into the city. Reconstruction of existing structures presents opportunities for research and development into waste material reuses and sustainable existing building developments. These projects create high skilled jobs for the migrating student base and also opportunities for further training for people already involved with the prefab construction process.


ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[renovating the facade]

A dialogue is generated between the regenerated buildings and the street through the broken nature of the prefab façade lines. These smaller scale component units create smaller human scale spaces for the implementation of the start-up businesses, training centre and health provision services. These prefab units can also be used to provide additional building functions aimed at providing the local communities with required functions. Social housing, unemployed homes for trainees within the scheme and crèches are just some of the example usages that these interventions could achieve. Regeneration of these site spaces both internal and external all works together in creating a healthier living and working environment for those people who use the site. The Ursus site acts as catalyst and example for future regeneration projects around the city, the strategy pushes a sustainable agenda to regeneration through closed loop systems and relationship networks.


ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[new architecture]

The newly regenerated site buildings in the middle area of the Ursus factory site create the healthcare provision (clinics) implemented through the Ursus health network system. Healthcare accessibility is improved for the district, while the new buildings encourage a community interaction with their healthcare providers and promotes a healthier lifestyle alternative.


precedents page 92

This is a well known example of industrial ecology, in a small industrial zone 120km west of Copenhagen, evolving over time after starting with only a single power station. The various companies now on site are reliant on each other for material inputs.

The project began in 1972 and by 1994 had 16 contracts negotiated. in 1995 the energy and material exchanges were around 3 million tonnes a year with estimated total savings of US $10 million per year with an average payback time of 6 years.

Companies involved:

• Asnaes, Denmark’s largest coal fired power station• An oil refinery by Statoil• A pharmaceuticals plant owned by Novo Nordisk• Gyproc, Scandinavia’s largest plasterboard manufacturer• The municipality of Kalundborg, which distributes water, electricity and district heating to around 20, 000 people

How does it work?

Participants exchange materials and energy for mutual benefit, on the basis that by-products from one business can be used as low-cost inputs by the others.

e.g. Treated wastewater from Statoil Refinery - used as cooling water by the Asnaes power station.

Surplus heat from the power station is used for warming homes in the surrounding area as well as a local fish farm.

[Precedent: Kalundborg, Denmark]industrial symbiosis

Benefits

Initially the motivation was to reduce costs by seeking income-producing applications for unwanted by-products. however as the scheme progressed the industry managers and local residents realised the potential environmental benefits that came out of the symbiosis.

The project has given the participants the opportunity of substantial savings and to improve their resource efficiency. the excess heat from the power plant used to heat the surrounding housing has saved the need for 3, 500 oil burning domestic heating systems.

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[Precedent: Barceloneta Puerto Rico]industrial symbiosis

This location was initially selected for three reasons:

• several industrial symbiosis activities among pharmaceutical manufacturers in this region were previously identified.• early interviews suggested that there was frequent communication among managers.• the region presents a diverse mix of firms in terms of size and industrial sectors.

When considering this with respect to the Ursus factory site these three reasons to develop an industrial symbiosis further are already present within the site. It needs to be given a direction and the ability to grow and expand on what is already existing.

Initially tax incentives were set up alongside relatively low labour costs to attract manufacturing firms. There was also the benefits with it’s location in that it had the ability to attract an increasingly well educated labour force. Again when this is considered with respect to Ursus, with it being located within the capital city of Poland and the existing universities, it has the potential to develop a highly skilled work force if the jobs are created.

The industrial symbiosis links in Barceloneta include utility and service sharing as well as by-product exchanges. Below is a flow diagram displaying these exchanges.R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LYS I S

ProposedCogeneration

FacilityPaint

ManufactureEnergy

RecoveryAnimalFeed

HayFarm

WastewaterTreatment

Facility

WasteManagement

Firms

PharmaceuticalFirms

treatedsludge

fermentationresidue

wastewater

wastewater

recoveredsolvents

ExistingProposed

industrialwastes

steam orenergy

off-specsolvents

Figure 1 Industrial symbiosis linkages in the Barceloneta pharmaceutical cluster. The rectangles representindividual companies, and the ovals represent shared initiatives.

meet their electricity and steam needs; however,this project has not materialized, for economicand political reasons.

In the mid-1970s, a waste management firmmoved to the region to collect and distill spentsolvents from the growing number of pharmaceu-tical facilities and sell the recovered materials toother industries on the island (Inland Chemical1973). It captured economies of scale from thehigh volume of solvents generated by over a dozenchemical manufacturers. It also provided closed-loop solvent recovery for many of the pharma-ceutical firms by collecting designated solventstreams from each facility, distilling the materi-als (without mixing with any other streams), andreturning them for the firms’ use. The pharma-ceutical firms benefited from this shared servicethrough lower transportation and raw materialpurchase costs.

The pharmaceutical firms occasionally sell re-covered solvents and other by-products to thirdparties, such as paint manufacturers, to be usedas input materials.1 The Advisory Council, alongwith the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and SewerageAuthority, developed a by-product exchange toutilize treated sludge2 from the plant. Thesebiosolids are used in a land application to growhay on an adjacent farm, and farmers from the

region regularly purchase the hay to feed horsesand cattle.

Several reasons exist for the adoption of ISamong the Barceloneta pharmaceutical firms.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’sClean Water Act mandated the creation of thewastewater treatment plant, but the pharmaceu-tical firms chose to share in its operation costs tobenefit from economies of scale (Chertow et al.2008). Regulatory flexibility in the definition ofwastes allows solvent recovery and by-product ex-changes, whereas raw material costs are the im-mediate drivers. Some managers have suggestedthat the potential for improving their environ-mental performance is also important in thesedecisions (Ashton 2003). This study focuses onthe social structural forces that exist in the region,which could be enabling familiarity, communica-tion, and trust among managers, as another pos-sible set of reasons correlated to IS ties.

Research Design andMethodology

The research objectives were to determine theformal and informal relationships between firms,the interpersonal relationships among managersworking in regional firms, and how both types of

Ashton, Social Network Analysis and Industrial Symbiosis 39


precedents page 94

[Precedent - Coin Street Community Builders]socail enterprise

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

Coin Street Community Builders (CSCB) is a social enterprise that came out of coin street action group. Set up in 1977, the group formed to resist the commercial development of a large 13 acre site on the south bank of London. A large amount of commercial development had already occurred in the area and local residents were either having to relocate due to the lack of affordable housing or being forcibly evicted. With the population declining, schools and shops followed, when plans were discovered to shut down a local playground, the group was established with some help from local councillors and a ‘drop-in action centre’ was established. They then began a long campaigns for an alternative planning strategy based around two demands for affordable housing and open space.

The campaign for coin street lasted seven years and included two public inquiries. With a developer and local residents both submitting proposals for the area and both subject to public inquiry, although this public inquiry was too inconclusive, approving both sets of proposals. however, eventually the developer pulled out due to the amount of community pressure and the government’s eventual support to the local residents. The site was acquired in 1984, several projects on the site and other sites within the proximity have been completed, these include four housing co-operative schemes, a park, a riverside walkway open to the public, as well as community facilities including a new community and sports centre.


references page 96

Books

Braungart, M. McDonough, W. (2009) Cradle to Cradle. Re-making the way we make things. London. Vintage.Girardet, H. (1999) Creating Sustainable Cities. Schumacher Briefing No.2. England. Green books Ltd.Gunderson, L.H, Holling, C, S (2001) Panarchy, understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington, Island PressWheeler, S.M & Beatley, T (2004) The sustainable urban development reader. London. Routledge.

Papers

Ashton, W (2008) Understanding the Organisation of industrial Ecosystems. A social network approach, Volume 12, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale universityAshton, W (2009) The structure, Function and Evolution of a Regional Industrial Ecosystem, Volume 13, Number 2, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale universityAshton, W, Bain, A (2012) Assessing the “short mental distances” in Eco-industrial Networks. Volume 16, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale universityBansal, P, McKnight, B (2009) Looking forward, pushing back and peering sideways: analyzing the sustainability of industrial symbiosis, Volume 45 (4) Journal of Supply Chain Management, Global, ABI/INFORM Boons, F, Spekkink, W, Mouzakitis, Y (2011) The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review, Volume 19 (905-911) Journal of cleaner production, ElsevierCernea, M. (1993) The Urban Environment and Population Relocation. Issue 152. World Bank Discussion Papers. Washington. The World Bank. Chertow, M (2000) Industrial Symbiosis: Literature, 25 (313-

337) Annual Reviews Energy Environment, Connecticut, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental StudiesChertow, M (2007) “uncovering” Industrial Symbiosis, Volume 11, Number 1, Journal of industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale UniversityLombardi, R. Laybourn, P (2012) Redefining Industrial Symbiosis .Volume 16, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale UniversityLombardi, R. Lyons, D, Han, S, Agarwal, A (2012) Industrial Symbiosis .Volume 16, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale UniversityRaymond, L, P, Howard-Grenville, J (2012) The evolution of facilitated industrial symbiosis, Volume 16, Number 1 Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale University

Articles

Folke, C. (2006) Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses, Global Environmental Change, Volume 16 ( Issue 3), pp.390-404, available at: ftp://ecosistemas.uchile.cl/pub/Docencia/Sistemas_ecosociales/Literatura/Clase_3/Folke_2006.pdf [Accessed 010212]Holling, C.S. (2001) Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems, Volume 4 (No.5) pp.390-405. Available at: www.tsa.gov/assets/pdf/PanarchyorComplexity.pdf [Accessed 010212]KZGW (unknown) The National Water Management Authority. Warsaw. KZGWKZGW (2011) Workshop on River Basin Management in the Baltic Sea Region. Warsaw. KZGWMalinowska E., Szumacher I., (2008) Role of allotment gardens in the landscape of left-bank Warsaw. Warsaw. Warsaw University.Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2011) Agriculture and Food Economy in Poland. Warsaw

ursushealthnetwork

ursushealthnetwork

[Bibliography]

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2007) National Strategic Plan for 2007 – 2013 Rural Development. WarsawMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2012) Polish Food. WarsawMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2010) Poznaj Dobra Zywnosc. WarsawMunicipal Water Supply and Sewage Company in Warsaw Joint Stock Company (2011) Annual Report 2011. Warsaw. MPWIKPawlikowska-Piechotka, A (2012) Urban greens and sustainable land policy management (case study in Warsaw). Warsaw. Institute of Tourism and Leisure. Poland (2006) The 2010 National Waste Management Plan. WarsawVattenfall Europe New Energy Gmtl (2010) The future of solid waste management in Poland. Hamburg. Vattenfall.

Videos

Kernaghan, S. (2012) Urban systems and vulnerabilities: A resilience based approach to climate change in cities. Accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1YUe4TPvZg [Accessed 010212]


charlotte shobrook, sarah morgan & olga królak - booklet

Documents

ursus health network

collaborative network

ursus factory site

health care clinics

disclaimerurban strategy

strategy catalyst

system optimization

existing system boons