checking consistency of process model variants using ... · variants using behavioural profiles....
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Checking Consistency of Process Model Variants using Behavioural Profiles
Jan Mendling Institute of Information Systems, Humboldt-
Universität zu Berlin
Joint Work with Matthias Weidlich and Mathias Weske, HPI Potsdam
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Why business process modeling?
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How to improve service processesinvolving 25,000 people?
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The Essence of Modeling
is model ofis model of1) Mapping
2) Simplifying
3) Purpose
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The Essence of Business Process Modeling
is model ofis model of1) Mapping
2) Simplifying
3) Purpose
Business Process
Business Process Model
Business Process Model
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1) Mapping of a Business Process
Car Assembly (Business Process)
• Construct Engine (Activity)
• Install Engine (Activity)
• Install Hood (Activity)
• Install Wheels (Activity)
• Install Screen (Activity)
Resources (Agents and Machines)
Inputs and Outputs
Suppliers and Customers
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2) Simplification of a Business Process Model
2.1) Classification
• Types of Activities
• Types of Resources
• Types of Input and Output
• Types of Suppliers & Customers
2.2.) Projection
• Ignore irrelevant aspects
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3) Purpose of a Business Process Model
3.1) Business Scenarios
• Process Documentation
• Process Improvement
• Quality Management Certification
3.2.) Information Systems Scenarios
• Software Development
• Workflow-System Implementation
• ERP System Selection
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Challenges of Business Process Modeling
• Lodge LoanApplication
• Validate Form Completeness
• Check Credit Rating
• Decide
• Grant Loan
• Refinance
• Provide Payment
Why can‘t I directlyprovide cash after
approval?
We bundlerefinancing to get
better interest rates.
I make a photocopybefore handing over
the application
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Systematic Description usingBusiness Process Modeling Languages
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Reasons for Inconsistencies
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From Consistent Process Variants to Service Reuse
Process Models ConsistentProcess Models
ReusableService
Find Consistent Parts Integrate
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Different Variants of Processes
North America44 Companies – 16,300 Empl.
Europe156 Companies – 54,500 Empl.
Latin Am./Africa/Middle East45 Companies – 16,000 Empl.
Asia/Pacific57 Companies – 21,600 Empl.
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Different Perspectives of Process Models
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Lead-to-Order Process with Correspondences
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ICoP ArchitecturePair Searchers
Searcher 1
Searcher n
Scorefor Set
Process Graph 2
Process Graph 1
Multiset(overlapping)
Scored Match n
Scored Match 1
Boosters
Booster 1
Booster n
Set(overlapping)
Scored Match n
Scored Match 1
Set (non-overlapping)
Match nMatch 1
Set(non-overlapping)
Match n
Match 1Selector
Evaluator
•Architecture for the creation of matchers•Multi-step heuristic approach•Reuse of matching components•Adaptable & extendable
•Concrete matching components•Exemplify and evaluate the architecture•Generalise existing approaches
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Why Behavioural Profiles?
A B C D E F GA + → → → → → →
B ← + || → → → →
C ← || + → → → →
D ← ← ← + → → →
E ← ← ← ← || → +F ← ← ← ← ← + +G ← ← ← ← + + +
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Comparing Activities is not enough
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Trace Equivalence is too strict
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Concept of a Behavioural Profile
• Strict Order between C and D• Exclusiveness between E and G• Interleaving between B and C
A C
B
DE F
GA B C D E F G
A + → → → → → →
B ← + || → → → →
C ← || + → → → →
D ← ← ← + → → →
E ← ← ← ← || → +F ← ← ← ← ← + +G ← ← ← ← + + +
Computable in O(n3) for Free Choice nets
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What about Trace Equivalence?
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How to validate the concept?
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Case Study with SAP Reference Model
• Computation based on results proved for Petri nets
• Transformation– BPMN to PN– EPC to PN– UML AD to PN
• Computation in low polynomial time for certain class of models– EPC is sound – EPC has unambiguous instantiation semantics
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Varying Degree of Profile Consistency
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Same elements, but inconsistent behaviour
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Consistent but not trace equivalent
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Profiles meet Consistency Perception
Questionnaire with 11 pairs of models Results from 69 ConsistencyAssessments
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Further applications
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Compliance of Service Processes (IBM India)
A B C D E F G
A + → → → → → →
B ← + || → → → →
C ← || + → → → →
D ← ← ← + → → →
E ← ← ← ← || → +
F ← ← ← ← ← + +
G ← ← ← ← + + +
E G C A CBAE G C A CBA
E G C A CBAE G C A CBA
E G C A CBAE G C A CBA
E G C A CBAE G C A CBA
Compute
Compare
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Event Query Optimization
Process Models
Alert if A -> B and …
MonitoringQueries
ExtractingBehavioral
Profiles
QueryTranslation
sub(A) pull(B) …
Process TailoredExecution Plans
AnalystDomain Expertfor Processes
war
ning
s
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Get Change from Process Model 1 to Process Model 2
– Assumptions• Change can be localized as a single node • Behavioural profile is consistent for aligned nodes
– Find boundary nodes for change• Aligned with target model• Closest nodes in strict order preceding and succeeding change
A XD E
C
B G ...
H ...
F
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Change Propagation
D
B
H
F
...6
4
2
5
1
3A
C
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Bibliography• M. Weidlich, A. Polyvyanyy, N. Desai, J. Mendling, M. Weske: Process Compliance Analysis
based on Behavioural Profiles. Information Systems (IS). to appear. 2011. Elsevier B.V.
• M. Weidlich, J. Mendling: Perceived Consistency between Process Models. Information Systems (IS). to appear. 2011. Elsevier B.V.
• M. Weidlich, J. Mendling, M. Weske: Efficient Consistency Measurement based on Behavioural Profiles of Process Models. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE). To appear, 2011.
• M. Weidlich, H. Ziekow, J. Mendling, O. Günther, M. Weske, and N. Desai. Event-based Monitoring of Process Execution Violations. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM'11), 2011. To appear.
• S. Smirnov, M. Weidlich, J. Mendling: Business Process Model Abstraction based on Behavioral Profiles . In: 8th International Conference on Service Oriented Computing (ICSOC 2010), December 7-10, 2010, San Francisco, CA, USA. pages 1-16. (Best Paper Award)
• R.M. Dijkman, M. Dumas, B.F. van Dongen, R. Käärik, J. Mendling: Similarity of Business Process Models: Metrics and Evaluation. Information Systems (IS). Volume 36, Number 2, pages 498-516. 2011. Elsevier B.V.
• M. Weidlich, R. Dijkman, J. Mendling: The ICoP Framework: Identification of Correspondences between Process Models. In: 22nd International Conference on AdvancedInformation Systems Engineering (CAiSE 2010), Hammamet, Tunesia, 07-11 June 2010.
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What to take home
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Behavioural Profiles are useful Abstraction
A B C D E F G
A + → → → → → →
B ← + || → → → →
C ← || + → → → →
D ← ← ← + → → →
E ← ← ← ← || → +
F ← ← ← ← ← + +
G ← ← ← ← + + +
E G C A CBAE G C A CBA
E G C A CBAE G C A CBA
Useful and EfficientConsistency Check
Useful and EfficientCompliance Check
Process Model Execution Traces
BehaviouralProfile