cheeseman - energy from waste lecture 2013.ppt

8/10/2019 Cheeseman - Energy from waste lecture 2013.ppt

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Energy from WasteSustainability Themes and Engineering Principles

Chris Cheeseman

Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringImperial College London

Email: [email protected]

CI 181 Energy production and distribution


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UK Population Growth


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Energy use per capita

K

g o

f o i l e q u i v a

l e n t p e r c a p

i t a


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Oil consumption worldwide


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Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere


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Future temperature predictions


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UK Energy supply

Potential to supply ~10% of UK energy from EfW


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The UK energy gap


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UK sources of alternative renewable energy


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Cost of energy from different sources


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Municipal solid waste collected, EU 15, 2007


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Hierarchy of waste management options


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MSW management in the EU


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Municipal solid waste sent to landfill in EU 15


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Energy from Waste via Landfill Gas


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Landfills as major construction projects


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Landfill Processes

INPUTS: Liquids - present in waste, rain and other inputs

Solids - wastes

inert and biodegradable partsGases - air in void spaces

PROCESSES: Microbial activitySolution/precipitation reactionsVolatilisationSorptionFiltration

OUTPUTS: Landfill leachateLandfill gasResidual solids - what is left at the end


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Landfill degradation:


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Schematic of landfill stabilisation:Aerobic: phases I and VAnaerobic: phases II, III and IV


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Methanogenic landfill gas composition


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Landfill gas


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Typical landfill gasextraction well

Landfill gas extraction well


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Schematic diagram of an operating landfill siteLandfill gas collection system


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Green energy from landfill gas:

Gas extraction systems used in large modern landfill sites

Combusted and used to generate electricity and/or heat

Calorific value ~ 15 - 21 MJ/m 3 (natural gas is 37 MJ/m 3)

Site containing 1 million tonnes can generate 1 MW of electricity

Currently around 150 UK sites are generating electricity

Producing a total of 292 megawatts

Estimated 500 LFG energy schemes worldwide

Yield of LFG - typically about 1 - 3 m 3 /tonne of waste per year

Maximum recorded is over 20 m 3 /tonne


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Landfill gas production and collection for utilisationLandfill gas production and collection


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LFG EXPLOITATION:

Normally about 50% of landfill gas (LFG) is lost

LFG is saturated with water and this needs to be removed

Direct use in boilers, kilns and furnaces is easiest and cheapest

Most suited to large sites containing 200,000 to 500,000 tonnes ofwaste

Bigger schemes are better, economies of scale

Pollutant emissions from LFG combustion are mainly carbon

dioxide, water vapour and minor pollutants

Probable decline beyond 2025 due to the effects of EU LandfillDirective on waste composition reduction in biodegradable waste


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Landfill should be the last resort for waste, particularly biodegradable waste;

The landfill tax will remain a key driver to divert waste from landfill;

It is necessary to ensure the UK meets key EU targets in 2013 and 2020.

Landfill Tax will increase until it reaches 80 per tonne in 2014/15.

Government Review of Waste Policy 2011


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Reduction of biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfill:2010 - reduce biodegradable waste to landfill to 75% of 1995 levels

2013 - reduce biodegradable waste to landfill to 50% of 1995 levels2020 - reduce biodegradable waste to landfill to 35% of 1995 levels

EU Landfill Directive:


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A landfill in a box!

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) effectively treats the organic component of waste

Huge range of green materials, rotten food, manure, industry-sourced organicwaste and even energy crops grown specifically for this purpose.

Enables biogas production under optimised conditions

Transforms the green waste into energy and a valuable natural fertilizer.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND9QoDS4ScY

Anaerobic digestion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND9QoDS4ScYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND9QoDS4ScY


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Food waste to anaerobic digestion


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Anaerobic digester


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Typical AD plants


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Composition and calorific values of MSW

Weight % Calorific value MJ/kg

Paper/board 33 16.9Plastics 7 32.6Glass 10 NilMetals 8 NilFood/garden 20 9.0

Textiles 4 15.6Other 18 10.6

Moisture 31.2 w/wCombustibles 44.6 w/w

Inert 24.2 w/wCalorific value 10.6 MJ/kg

Calorific value of municipal solid waste ~ 1/3 of coal1 Tonne MSW = 500kWh electricity or 200Kg of oil


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UK Energy from waste (EfW) plants

Source: Incineration Transformation, A.Metcalfe, CIWM, June 2010


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New proposedWtE facilities

Source: Incineration Transformation,

A.Metcalfe, CIWM, June 2010


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MSW Incineration plants in the UK

Plant Company Scale (tpa) Electrical Energy

Edmonton London Waste 500,000 32MWAllington WRG 500,000 43MWSELCHP SELCHP/Veolia 420,000 32MWTysesley Tyseley Waste/Veolia 350,000 25MWCleveland Sita 245,000 20MWCoventry Coventry/Solihull WDC 240,000 18MWSheffield Veolia 225,000 + Heat 39MWStoke MES Environmental 200,000 13MWMarchwood Veolia 165,000 14MWPortsmouth Veolia 165,000 14MWNottingham Veolia 150,000 + Heat 20MWKirklees Sita 136,000 9MWDundee Dundee Energy Recycling 120,000 83MW

Wolverhampton MES Environmental 105,000 7MWDudley MES Environmental 90,000 7MWChineham Veolia 90,000 7MWIsle of Man Sita 60,000 6MW


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SELCHP (next to Millwall FC)

South East London Combined Heat and Power

l f l h
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/SELCHP.jpg


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Veolia EfW plant Southampton


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400,000 tonnes capacity, operating from 2010

New Grundon/Viridor Lakeside EfW plant

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRCuEInRqEY

b f l
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRCuEInRqEYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRCuEInRqEY


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446 large scale MSW incinerators in Europe

Number of plants in Europe

http://www.cewep.eu/

France 130 13.7Germany 70 19.1Italy 51 4.5Sweden 31 4.7

Denmark 31 3.5Switzerland 29 3.6UK 24 4.4Norway 20 1.0Belgium 16 2.6Netherlands 12 6.3Spain 10 2.2Austria 11 2.3Portugal 3 1.1Czech Republic 3 0.4Finland 3 0.3Slovakia 2 0.2

Number offacilities

MSWTreated

Mtonnes per year

CEWEP is the Confederation of European Waste to Energy Plants
http://www.cewep.eu/http://www.cewep.eu/


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Spittelau waste to energy plant, Austria

A d


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Amsterdam

Largest WtE facility in the world @ 1.5 million tonnes per year


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Energy from Waste (EfW)

Advantages:

No methane productionIncineration close to where waste is generated/collectedNo long-term liabilitiesEfW now has a track record in many countriesProduces biologically sterile ash with:

1/10 the volume1/3rd the weight of original waste

Emissions are controlledExtract energy from the wasteBottom ash can be reused as aggregate in construction

Energ from Waste (EfW)


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Energy from Waste (EfW)

Disadvantages:

Generates carbon dioxidePublic perceptionHigh costs and long pay back periodsNeeds long-term waste disposal contracts

Regarded by some as not compatible with recyclingNeeds high calorific value wastes- paper and plastics

Concern over emissions - dioxins and furansProduction of ash residues requiring disposal

h d f f l


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Schematic diagram of an EfW plant

Crane typically a 5 Tonne grab


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Crane, typically a 5 Tonne grab

View of waste burning on the grate


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View of waste burning on the grate

Temperature is typically at 900 - 1000

C


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S f UK f l dfill d b i


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I n s t a l

l e d c a p a c i t y

M W

%

o f t o t a l r e n e w a

b l e e n e r g y

Status of UK energy from landfill gas and waste combustion


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M h i l Bi l gi l T t t


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Waste delivered toreception hall

Shredding andmechanicalseparation

Sent forrecyclingMetals

AnaerobicDigestion

LandfillSRF to market

Biogas forelectricity or fuel

for vehicles

ResiduesOrganics Refuse derived fuel

Biomass fuelEnergy for homes

and businesses

Mechanical Biological Treatment

Producing Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)450,000 Tonnes of SRF currently produced in the UK (9 large facilities)About 1.5 million tonnes SRF capacity planned (19 facilities)SRF mainly used in cement kilns

Alternative to mass burn energy from waste plants

Pl t tl d i g SRF i th UK


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Plants currently producing SRF in the UK


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SRF plants planned in the UK


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SRF plants planned in the UK

Cement kilns burning waste


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Temperatures of 1450C

Uses high calorific value wastes

Cement kilns burning waste

UK renewable energy generation


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UK renewable energy generation


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And in the long term!!!!!


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And in the long term!!!!!

T h li h !!!!

cheeseman - energy from waste lecture 2013.ppt

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