chegr 2683 chemical engineering principles 1 program website: dprice/dpricehome.html
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEGR 2683Chemical Engineering Principles 1
Program Website: http://www.eng.ysu.edu/~dprice/dpricehome.html
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Spring 2006 Results for SI
GPA 10+ = Students who attended 10 or more study sessions
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Previous Project
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Chapter 2
•Units of Measurement
•Force/Weight
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Sep 30 1999 9:23PM
Mix-up doomed spacecraft
Mars orbiter lost in miscommunication
By MARK CARREAU Copyright 1999 Houston Chronicle
An embarrassing mix-up with its aerospace contractor over the use of English and metric units of measurement led to the navigational errors that caused last week's loss of the $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter, NASA said Thursday.
The probe destructed early Sept. 23 as it was maneuvering into orbit around Mars after a near 10-month journey from Earth. Errors that crept into maneuvering commands sent from Earth based on discrepancies from the two systems of measurement allowed the spacecraft to sweep within 37 miles of the Martian surface rather the intended 93 miles.
The probe broke apart or overheated in the atmosphere as a result of the failure to convert the units of measurement.
The errors were repeated throughout four major maneuvers and other smaller steerings during the Climate Orbiter's journey, which began with a Dec. 11, 1998, liftoff from Cape Canaveral, Fla. Previously, NASA had believed a one-time error in the last of the major maneuvers, Sept. 15, was responsible for the loss.
With Thursday's disclosure, the space agency embraced responsibility for the mistake, rather than haggle over sharing blame with Lockheed Martin Astronautics, the Denver-based aerospace company that builds its Mars probes and furnishes
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Lastly, for all the young kids who hate converting, it's amazing how much converting you really do in a job. Everyday I am converting from English to metric and vice versa, or the boss will ask what equivalent units there are for something and what it means or given a number, put it in a way we can understand. Most of the time though we have to report in certain units only and all the information is in units long from the one you want.
Quote from H. Klesch, B.E ChE 2004 August Mack Environmental
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Quote from D. Oaks Former YSU ChE Sophomore
I will be going to OSU in the fall and they said I have the knowledge of a junior. They were impressed with the fact of CHEMCAD being introduced so early and knowing Excel. They only use Excel for printing imported things.
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Common Units in Engineering
Rest of the World• kg or metric tonne• m• m3 or liter• N• J or kW-hour• W• Pa or kPa or bar
United States• lbm or ton (short/long)• ft• ft3 or gallon or barrel• lbf
• Btu or hp-hour• hp• atm or psi or in. Hg or
mm Hg or torr
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Common Errors• Metric tonne or American Engineering ton
• Fluid ounce or mass ounce
• lbm or lbf
• American Engineering gallon or Imperial gallon
• Barrels: – 1 Barrel US liquid = 31.5 gallons– 1 Barrel US oil = 42 gallons
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Engineering Calculations must Always be Correct with Respect to Units of Measurement
3
3
3
1 7.4805
7.48051
17.4805
ft gallon
gallon
ft
ft
gallon
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3
3 33
3
Convert 1 Imperial gallon into ft
1 1 35.31450.1599
220.83
Imp gallon m ftft
Imp gallon m
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3
3
100 1 1 264.1718.345
24 60
m day hour galgpm
day hours min m
3Convert 100 m /day to gallon per minute (gpm)
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Force and Weight
• Force = Mass x Acceleration– Newton, lbf
• Weight = Mass x Acceleration of gravity– Newton, lbf
• 1 Newton = 1 kg accelerating at 1 m/s2
• 1 lbf = 1 lbm accelerating at 32.174 ft/s2
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Weight of 10 kg on Earth2 2
2
2
9 8066 32 174
10 9 8066 198 066
g . m / s , . ft / s
kg . m N sF ma . N
s kg m
2
2
12 20510 32 17422 05
32 174fm
fm
lb. lbkg . ft sF . lb
kg s . lb ft
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Weight of 10 lbm on Earth
2
2
110 32 17410
32 174fm
fm
lblb . ft sF ma lb
s . lb ft