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Ernesto Guevara de la Serna

Che Guevara in 1963

Alternate name(s): Che

Date of birth: June 14, 1928[1]

Place of birth: Rosario, Argentina

Date of death: October 9, 1967 (aged 39)

Place of death: La Higuera, Bolivia

Major organizations: 26th of July Movement

Che GuevaraFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna(June 14,[1] 1928 – October9, 1967), commonly known asChe Guevara, El Cheorjust Che was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary,political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalistguerrillas.

As a young man studying medicine, Guevara travelledthroughout South America, bringing him into direct contactwith the impoverished conditions in which many peoplelived. His experiences and observations during these tripsled him to the conclusion that the region's socio-economicinequalities could only be remedied by socialism throughrevolution, prompting him to intensify his study of Marxismand travel to Guatemala to learn about the reforms beingimplemented there by President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán.

While in Mexico in 1956, Guevara joined Fidel Castro'srevolutionary 26th of July Movement, which seized power

from the regime of the dictator[2] General Fulgencio Batistain Cuba in 1959. In the months after the success of therevolution, Guevara was assigned the role of "supremeprosecutor", overseeing the public show trials andexecutions of hundreds of military and civilian leaders

associated with the previous regime.[3][4] After serving invarious important posts in the new government and writinga number of articles and books on the theory and practiceof guerrilla warfare, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with theintention of fomenting revolutions first in Congo-Kinshasa,and then in Bolivia, where he was captured in a military

operation supported by the CIA and the U.S. Army Special Forces.[5] Guevara was summarily executed by the

Bolivian Army in the town of La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9, 1967.[6]

After his death, Guevara became an icon of socialist revolutionary movements and a cultural icon worldwide. AnAlberto Korda photo of him has received wide distribution and modification, appearing on t-shirts, protest banners,and in many other formats. The Maryland Institute College of Art called this picture "the most famous photograph in

the world and a symbol of the 20th century."[7]

Contents

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Guevara (center) with friends as ayoung child.

1 Family heritage and early life2 Guatemala3 Cuba4 Disappearance from Cuba5 Congo

5.1 Expedition5.2 Interlude

6 Bolivia6.1 Insurgent6.2 Capture and execution6.3 The Bolivian Diary

7 Legacy7.1 Legacy in Cuba7.2 Legacy in Cuban-American Community7.3 Legacy elsewhere in Latin America7.4 The "Cult of Che"

8 Timeline9 Guevara's published works10 See also11 Source notes12 Content notes13 References

13.1 Printed matter13.2 Websites

14 Further reading15 External links

Family heritage and early life

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna was born in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest of fivechildren in a family of Spanish and Irish descent; both his father and mother

were of Basque ancestry.Basque[›]One of Guevara's forebears, Patrick Lynch, was

born in Galway, Ireland, in 1715.Galway[›] He left for Bilbao, Spain, and traveledfrom there to Argentina. Francisco Lynch (Guevara's great-grandfather) wasborn in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his grandmother) in 1868. Her son, ErnestoGuevara Lynch (Guevara's father) was born in 1900. Guevara Lynch marriedCelia de la Serna y Llosa in 1927 (one of her non-lineal ancestors was José de laSerna e Hinojosa, Spanish viceroy of Peru), and they had threesons and twodaughters.

Growing up in this leftist-leaningdéclasséfamily of aristocratic lineage, ErnestoGuevara became known for his dynamic personality and radical perspective evenas a boy. He idolized Francisco Pizarro and yearned to have been one of his

soldiers.[8] Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were toafflict him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. He was an avid rugby




Birthplace of Ernesto "Che"Guevara in Rosario. The buildingwas erected by Enrique Ferrarese

and designed by Arq. Bustillo. Another view.

Guevara on aburro at the age of 3

union player despite his handicap and earned himself the nickname "Fuser" — acontraction of "El Furibundo" ("The Raging") and his mother's surname,"Serna" — for his aggressive style of play. Ernesto was nicknamed"Chancho"("pig") by his schoolmates because he rarely bathed, somethinghe was rather

proud of.[9]

Guevara learned chess from his father andbegan participating in local tournaments by

the age of 12.[10] During his adolescence,he became passionate about poetry,especially that of Pablo Neruda. Guevara,as is common practice among LatinAmericans of his class, also wrote poemsthroughout his life. He was an enthusiastic and eclectic reader, with interestsranging from adventure classics by Jack London, Emilio Salgari andJules Verneto essays on sexuality by Sigmund Freud and treatises on social philosophy byBertrand Russell. In his late teens, he developed a keen interestin photography

and spent many hours photographing people, places and, during later travels, archaeological sites.

In 1948 Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. As a student, he spent long periodstraveling around Latin America. In 1951 his older friend, AlbertoGranado, a biochemist, suggested that Guevaratake a year off from his medical studies to embark on a trip they hadtalked of making for years, traversing SouthAmerica. Guevara and the 29-year-old Granado soon set off from their hometown of Alta Gracia astride a 1939Norton500 cc motorcycle they namedLa Poderosa II ("The Mighty One, the Second") with the idea of spending afew weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River. Guevara narratedthis journey inThe Motorcycle Diaries, which was translated into English in 1996 and used in 2004 as the basisfor amotion picture of the same name, directed by Walter Salles.

Witnessing the widespread poverty, oppression and disenfranchisement throughout Latin America, and influenced byhis readings of Marxist literature, Guevara decided that the only solution for the region’s inequalities was armedrevolution. His travels and readings also led him to view Latin America not as a group of separate nations but as asingle entity requiring a continent-wide strategy for liberation. His conception of a borderless, united Ibero-America

sharing a common 'mestizo' cultureIbero-America[›]was a theme that would prominently recur during his laterrevolutionary activities. Upon returning to Argentina, he expedited the completion of his medical studies, completedhis education as a medic in order to resume his travels in Central and South America and received his diploma on 12

June 1953.Diploma[›]

Guatemala

On 7 July 1953, Guevara set out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua,Honduras, and El Salvador. During the final days of December 1953 he arrived in Guatemala where President JacoboArbenz Guzmán headed the second fully democratic and modern government in the whole Latin-American regionthat, through land reform and other initiatives, was attempting to bring an end to the U.S.-dominatedlatifundiasystem. In a contemporaneous letter to his Aunt Beatriz, Guevaraexplained his motivation for settling down for a




A map showing Che Guevara's movementsbetween 1953 and 1956; including his tripnorth to Guatemala, his stay in Mexico andhis journey east by boat to Cuba with Fidel

Castro and other revolutionaries.

time in Guatemala: "In Guatemala", he wrote, "I will perfect myself and accomplish whatever may be necessary in

order to become a true revolutionary."[11]

Shortly after reaching Guatemala City, Guevara acted upon thesuggestion of a mutual friend that he seek out Hilda Gadea Acosta, aPeruvian economist who was living and working there. Gadea, whom hewould later marry, was well-connected politically as a result of hermembership in the socialist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance(APRA) led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, and she introducedGuevara to a number of high-level officials in the Arbenz government.He also re-established contact with a group of Cuban exiles linked toFidel Castro whom he had initially met in Costa Rica; among them wasAntonio "Ñico" López, associated with the attack on the "CarlosManuel de Céspedes" barracks in Bayamo in the Cuban province of

Oriente,[12] and who would die at Ojo del Toro bridge soon after the

Granmalanded in Cuba.[13] Guevara joined these "moncadistas" in thesale of religious objects related to the Black Christ of Esquipulas, and healso assisted two Venezuelan malaria specialists at a local hospital. Itwas during this period that he acquired his famous nickname, "Che", dueto his frequent use of the Argentine interjectionChe(pronounced [tȓe]),which is used in much the same way as "hey", "pal", "eh", or "mate"areemployed colloquially in various English-speaking countries. Argentina,Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil (where the interjection isrendered 'tchê' in written Portuguese) are the only areas where thisexpression is used, making it a trademark of the Rioplatense region.

Guevara's attempts to obtain a medical internship were unsuccessful and

his economic situation was often precarious, leading him to pawn some of Hilda's jewelry.[14] He maintained adistance from any political organization, even though his political thinking at that time manifested a clear sympathytowards communism. Despite Guevara’s financial woes, he rejected an offer to work as a state medic when it

transpired that he would have to affiliate himself with the Communist Party of Guatemala.[14] Political events in thecountry began to move quickly after May 15, 1954 when a shipment of Škoda infantry and light artillery weaponssent from Communist Czechoslovakia for the Arbenz Governmentarrived in Puerto Barrios aboard the Swedish ship

Alfhem. The amount of Czechoslovak weaponry was estimated to be 2000 tonsby the CIA[15] though only 2 tons by

Jon Lee Anderson.[16]

Guevara briefly left Guatemala for El Salvador to pick up a new visa, then returned to Guatemala only a few days

before the CIA-sponsored coup attempt led by Carlos Castillo Armas began.[17] The anti-Arbenz forces tried, butfailed, to stop the trans-shipment of the Czechoslovak weapons by train. However, after pausing to regroup andrecover energy, Castillo Armas' column seized the initiativeand, apparently with the assistance of US air support,

started to gain ground.[18] Guevara was eager to fight on behalf of Arbenz and joined an armedmilitia organized bythe Communist Youth for that purpose; but, frustrated with the group's inaction, he soon returned to medical duties.Following the coup, he again volunteered to fight but his efforts were thwarted when Arbenz took refuge in theMexican Embassy and told his foreign supporters to leave the country. After Gadea was arrested, Guevara soughtprotection inside the Argentine consulate where he remained until he received a safe-conduct pass some weeks later.




Che in Cuba.

After the battle of Santa Clara.The tank is a Sherman

"Firefly" model with a 76 mm

cannon.[19]

(1 January 1959)

At that point, he turned down a free seat on a flight back to Argentina that was offered to him by the embassy,preferring instead to make his way to Mexico.

The overthrow of the Arbenz regime by a coup d'état backed by the Central Intelligence Agency cemented Guevara'sview of the United States as an imperialist power that would implacably oppose and attempt to destroy anygovernment that sought to redress the socioeconomic inequality endemic to Latin America and other developingcountries. This strengthened his conviction that socialism achieved through armed struggle and defended by anarmedpopulace was the only way to rectify such conditions.

Cuba

Further information: Che Guevara's involvement in the Cuban Revolution

Guevara arrived in Mexico City in earlySeptember 1954, and shortly thereafter renewedhis friendship with Ñico López and the otherCuban exiles whom he had known in Guatemala.In June 1955, López introduced him to RaúlCastro. Several weeks later, Fidel Castro arrivedin Mexico City after having been amnestied fromprison in Cuba, and on the evening of 8 July 1955,Raúl introduced Guevara to the older Castrobrother. During a fervid overnight conversation,Guevara became convinced that Fidel was theinspirational revolutionary leader for whom hehad been searching, and he immediately joined the"26th of July Movement" that intended to

overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. Although it wasplanned that he would be the group's medic,Guevara participated in the military training alongside the other members of the 26J Movement, and at the end of the

course, was singled out by their instructor, Col. Alberto Bayo, ashis most outstanding student.[20] Meanwhile, HildaGadea had arrived from Guatemala and she and Guevara resumed their relationship. In the summer of 1955, sheinformed him that she was pregnant, and he immediately suggested that they marry. The wedding took place on

August 18, 1955, and their daughter, whom they named Hilda Beatríz, was bornon February 15, 1956.[21]

When the cabin cruiserGranmaset out from Tuxpan, Veracruz for Cuba on November 25, 1956, Guevara was one

of only four non-Cubans aboard.non-Cubans[›]Attacked by Batista's military soon after landing, about half oftheexpeditionaries were killed or executed upon capture. Guevara wrote that it was during this confrontation that helaid down his knapsack containing medical supplies in order to pick up a box of ammunition dropped by a fleeing

comrade, a moment which he later recalled as marking his transition from physician to combatant.Knapsack[›]Only 15–20 rebels survived as a battered fighting force; they re-grouped and fled into the mountains of the Sierra Maestra towage guerrilla warfare against the Batista regime.

Guevara became a leader among the rebels, aComandante(Englishtranslation: Major), respected by his comrades in arms for hiscourage and

military prowess,[22] he gained a reputation for bravery and military prowesssecond only to Fidel Castro himself." During the guerrilla campaign, Guevara




A Remembrance of attack on SantaClara

TIME magazine, August 8,1960

was also feared for his ruthlessness, and was responsible for the execution of a

number of men accused of being informers, deserters or spies.[23] In March1958, Guevara was tasked with directing a training camp for new volunteershigh in the Sierra Maestra at Minas del Frío, one of a number of militaryschools set up by the 26th of July Movement. Though wishing to push thebattlefront forward and frustrated by his more stationary role, Guevara spent

the period developing contacts with sympathetic locals.[24] He also conducteda brief relationship with eighteen-year-old Zoila Rodríguez, the daughter of a

localguajiro.[25]

As the war extended throughout eastern Cuba, Guevara and a new columnoffighters were dispatched west for the final push towards Havana. Inthe finaldays of December 1958, he directed his "suicide squad" (which undertook the

most dangerous tasks in the rebel army)[26] in the attack on Santa Clara thatturned out to be one of the decisive events of the revolution (although theseries of ambushes first duringla ofensivain the heights of the Sierra Maestra,then at Guisa—and the whole Cauto Plains campaign that followed—probably

had more military significance).[27][28] Batista, upon learning that his generals — especially General Cantillo, whohad visited Castro at the inactive sugar mill, Central Oriente— were negotiating a separate peace with the rebelleader, fled to the Dominican Republic on January 1, 1959.

On February 7, 1959, the government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizenby birth" in recognition of his role in thetriumph of the revolutionary forces. Shortly thereafter, he initiated divorce proceedings to put a formal end to hismarriage with Gadea, from whom he had been separated since before leaving Mexico on theGranma. On June 2,

1959, he married Aleida March,Children[›] a Cuban-born member of the 26th of July movement with whom he had beenliving since late 1958.

He was appointed commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison, and during his

five-month tenure in that post (January 2 through June 12, 1959),[29] he oversawthe trial and execution of many people, among whom were former Batista regimeofficials and members of the "Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities"(a unit of the secret police known by its Spanish acronym BRAC). José Vilasuso,an attorney who worked under Guevara at La Cabaña preparing indictments, saidthat these were lawless proceedings where "the facts were judged without anyconsideration to general juridical principles" and the findings were pre-determined

by Guevara.[30][31] It is estimated that between 156 and 550 people were executed

on Guevara's extra-judicial orders during this time.[32]

Later, Guevara became an official at the National Institute ofAgrarian Reform,INRA

[›] and President of the National Bank of Cuba.BNC[›] He signed all Cuban banknotes(http://www.banknotes.com/CU88.JPG) issued during his fourteen-month

presidency with his nickname, "Che".Signature[›]Throughout his time in the Cuban




government, Guevara refused his due salaries of office, insisting on drawing only his meager wages as army

commandantein order to set a "revolutionary example".[33]

During this time his fondness for chess was rekindled, and he attended and participated in most national and

international tournaments held in Cuba.[34][35] He was particularly eager to encourage young Cubans to take up thegame, and organized various activities designed to stimulate their interest in it.

Even as early as 1959, Guevara helped organize revolutionary expeditions overseas, all of which failed. The first

attempt was made in Panama; another in the Dominican Republic (led by Henry Fuerte,[36] also known as "El

Argelino", and Enrique Jiménez Moya)[37] took place on 14 June of that same year.

In 1960 Guevara provided first aid to victims when the freighterLa Coubre, a French vessel carrying munitions fromthe port of Antwerp, exploded while it was being unloaded in Havanaharbor. A rescue operation immediately

ensued but went awry when a second explosion occurred, resulting in well over a hundred dead.[38] It was at thememorial service for the victims of this explosion that Alberto Korda took the most famous photograph of him.

Guevara later served as Minister of Industries,MININD[›] in which post he helped formulate Cuban socialism, andbecame one of the country's most prominent figures. In his bookGuerrilla Warfare, he advocated replicating theCuban model of revolution initiated by a small group (foco) of guerrillas without the need for broad organizations toprecede armed insurrection. His essayEl socialismo y el hombre en Cuba(1965) (Man and Socialism in Cuba)advocates the need to shape a "new man" (hombre nuevo) in conjunction with a socialist state. Some saw Guevara asthe simultaneously glamorous and austere model of that "new man."

During the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, Guevara did not participate in the fighting, having been ordered by Castro toa command post in Cuba's westernmost Pinar del Río province where he was involved in fending off a decoy force.He did, however, suffer a bullet wound to the face during this deployment, which he said had been caused by the

accidental discharge of his own gun.[39]

Guevara played a key role in bringing to Cuba the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles that precipitated the CubanMissile Crisis in October 1962. During an interview with the British newspaperDaily Workersome weeks later, he

stated that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them against major U.S. cities.[40]

Disappearance from Cuba

In December 1964 Guevara traveled to New York City as the head of the Cubandelegation to speak at the UN (listen (http://www.bbc.co.uk/spanish/audio/seriemilenio02a.ram) ,requires RealPlayer; or read (http://www.rcgfrfi.easynet.co.uk/ww/guevara/1964-cid.htm) ). He also appeared on the CBS Sunday news programFacethe Nation, met with a gamut of individuals and groups including U.S.Senator Eugene McCarthy, several associates of Malcolm X, andCanadian radical

Michelle Duclos,[42] and dined at the home of the Rockefellers.[43] On 17December, he flew to Paris and from there embarked on a three-month internationaltour during which he visited the People's Republic of China, the United ArabRepublic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Dahomey, Congo-Brazzaville andTanzania, with stops in Ireland, Paris and Prague. He also visited Pyongyang and




Che Guevara addressing theUN General Assembly

(New York City - 11 December

1964)[41]

Guevara with members of his "receptioncommittee" at Havana airport

(Havana - 14 March 1965)

told the press that North Korea was a model to which revolutionary Cuba should

aspire.[44] In Algiers on 24 February 1965, he made what turned out to be his lastpublic appearance on the international stage when he delivered a speech to the"Second Economic Seminar on Afro-Asian Solidarity" in whichhe declared, "Thereare no frontiers in this struggle to the death. We cannot remain indifferent in theface of what occurs in any part of the world. A victory for any country against

imperialism is our victory, just as any country's defeat is our defeat."[45] He wenton to say that "The socialist countries have the moral duty of liquidating their tacitcomplicity with the exploiting countries of the West." He proceeded to outline anumber of measures which he said the communist-bloc countries should implement

in order to accomplish this objective.[46][47] He returned to Cuba on 14 March to asolemn reception by Fidel and Raúl Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós and Carlos RafaelRodríguez at the Havana airport.

Two weeks later, Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether.His whereabouts were the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba, as he was generallyregarded as second in power to Castro himself. His disappearance was variouslyattributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, topressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro-Chinese Communist bent as the Sino-Soviet split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Guevara and the Cuban leadership regarding

Cuba's economic development and ideological line.[48] Following the Cuban Missile Crisis and what he perceived asa Soviet betrayal of Cuba when Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles from Cuban territory without consultingCastro, Guevara had grown increasingly skeptical of the Soviet Union. As revealed in his last speech in Algiers, hehad come to view the Northern Hemisphere, led by the U.S. in theWest and the Soviet Union in the East, as theexploiter of the Southern Hemisphere. He strongly supported Communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong in the

Vietnam War, and urged the peoples of other developing countries to take up arms and create "100 Vietnams".[49]

Pressed by international speculation regarding Guevara's fate, Castrostated on 16 June 1965, that the people would be informed aboutGuevara when Guevara himself wished to let them know. Numerousrumors about his disappearance spread both inside and outside Cuba. On

3 October of that year, Castro revealed a hand written undated letter[50]

purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in whichGuevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution butdeclared his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the causeof therevolution. He explained that "Other nations of the world summon mymodest efforts," and that he had therefore decided to go and fight as aguerrilla "on new battlefields". In the letter Guevara announcedhisresignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in

the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his effortson behalf of the revolution.

During an interview with four foreign correspondents on 1 November, Castro remarked that he knew where Guevarawas but would not disclose his location, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that




Che in the Congo.

Listening to a Zenith Trans-Oceanic shortwave receiver are(seated from the left) RogelioOliva, José María Martínez

Tamayo (known as "Mbili" in theCongo and "Ricardo" in Bolivia),

and Guevara. Standing behindthem is Roberto Sánchez

("Lawton" in Cuba and "Changa"in the Congo).

Guevara teaching guerrilla tacticsto Congolese forces. His plan was

to use the liberated zone on thewestern shores of Lake

Tanganyika as a training ground

"he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances, Guevara's fate remained a mystery at the end of 1965 andhis movements and whereabouts continued to be a closely held secret for the next two years.

Congo

Expedition

During their all-night meeting on March 14–March 15, 1965, Guevara andCastro had agreed that the former would personally lead Cuba's first military

action in Sub-Saharan Africa.Algeria[›] Some sources state that Guevara persuadedCastro to back him in this effort, while other sources maintain that Castroconvinced Guevara to undertake the mission, arguing that conditionsin thevarious Latin American countries that had been under consideration for the

possible establishment of guerrillafocoswere not yet optimal.[51] Castro himself

has said the latter is true.[52] According to Ahmed Ben Bella, who was presidentof Algeria at the time and had recently held extended conversations withGuevara, "The situation prevailing in Africa, which seemed to have enormousrevolutionary potential, led Che to the conclusion that Africawas imperialism’s

weak link. It was to Africa that he now decided to devote his efforts."[53]

The Cuban operation was to be carried out in support of the pro-PatriceLumumba Marxist Simba movement in the Congo-Kinshasa (formerly BelgianCongo, later Zaire and currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo).Guevara, his second-in-command Victor Dreke, and twelve of theCubanexpeditionaries arrived in the Congo on 24 April 1965; a contingent of

approximately 100 Afro-Cubans joined them soon afterwards.[54][55] They

collaborated for a time with guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila,Kabila[›] whohelped Lumumba supporters lead a revolt that was suppressed in November ofthat same year by the Congolese army. Guevara dismissed Kabila asinsignificant. "Nothing leads me to believe he is the man of thehour," Guevara

wrote.[56]

Although Guevara was thirty-seven at thetime and had no formal military training, hehad the experiences of the Cubanrevolution, including his successful marchon Santa Clara, which was central toBatista finally being overthrown by Castro'sforces. His asthma had prevented him frombeing drafted into military service inArgentina, a fact of which he was proud given his opposition to Perón'sgovernment.

South African mercenaries including Mike Hoare and Cuban exiles worked withthe Congolese army to thwart Guevara. They were able to monitorhis




for the Congolese and fightersfrom other liberation movements.

To his left is Santiago Terry(codename: "Aly"), to his right,

Angel Felipe Hernández("Sitaini").

communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they

attempted to attack, and interdict his supply lines.[57][58] Despite the fact thatGuevara sought to conceal his presence in the Congo, the U.S. government wasfully aware of his location and activities: The National Security Agency (NSA)was intercepting all of his incoming and outgoing transmissions via equipmentaboard theUSNS Valdez, a floating listening post which continuously cruised

the Indian Ocean off Dar-es-Salaam for that purpose.NSA[›]

Guevara's aim was to export the Cuban Revolution by instructing local Simba fighters in communist ideology andfoco strategies of guerrilla warfare. In hisCongo Diary, he cites the incompetence, intransigence, and infighting of

the local Congolese forces as the key reasons for the revolt's failure.[59] Later that same year, ill with dysentery,suffering from his asthma, and disheartened after seven months of frustrations, Guevara left the Congo with theCuban survivors (six members of his column had died). At one point Guevara had considered sending the woundedback to Cuba, then standing alone and fighting until the end in theCongo as a revolutionary example; however, afterbeing urged by his comrades in arms and pressured by two emissariessent by Castro, at the last moment hereluctantly agreed to leave the Congo. A few weeks later, when writing the preface to the diary he had kept during

the Congo venture, he began it with the words: "This is the historyof a failure."[60]

Interlude

Because Castro had made public Guevara's "farewell letter"[61] to him — a letter Guevara had intended should onlybe revealed in case of his death — wherein he had written that hewas severing all ties to Cuba in order to devotehimself to revolutionary activities in other parts of the world, he felt that he could not return to Cuba with the othersurviving combatants for moral reasons, and he spent the next six months living clandestinely in Dar-es-Salaam, andPrague. During this time he compiled his memoirs of the Congo experience, and wrote the drafts of two more books,

one on philosophy[62] and the other on economics.[63] He also visited several countries in Western Europe in orderto "test" a new false identity and the corresponding documentation (passport, etc.) created for him by CubanIntelligence that he planned to use to travel to South America. Throughout this period Castro continued to importunehim to return to Cuba, but Guevara only agreed to do so when it was understood that he would be there on a strictlytemporary basis for the few months needed to prepare a new revolutionary effort somewhere in Latin America, andthat his presence on the island would be cloaked in the tightest secrecy.

Bolivia

Insurgent

Speculation on Guevara's whereabouts continued throughout1966 and into 1967. Representatives of the Mozambicanindependence movement FRELIMO reported meeting withGuevara in late 1966 or early 1967 in Dar es Salaam, at whichpoint they rejected his offer of aid in their revolutionary

project.[64] In a speech at the 1967 May Day rally in Havana,the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Major Juan Almeida,announced that Guevara was "serving the revolutionsomewhere in Latin America". The persistent reports that he




Che in Bolivia.

Map of Bolivia showing location ofVallegrande.

was leading the guerrillas in Bolivia were eventually shown tobe true.

At Castro's behest, a3,700 acre parcel ofjungle land in the remoteÑancahuazú region hadbeen purchased by nativeBolivian Communists forGuevara to use as atraining area and base

camp.Camp[›] The evidencesuggests that the trainingat this camp in the Ñancahuazú valley was more hazardous than combat toGuevara and the Cubans accompanying him. Little was accomplished in theway of building a guerrilla army. Former Stasi operative Haydée TamaraBunke Bider, better known by hernom de guerre"Tania", who had beeninstalled as his primary agent in La Paz, was reportedly also working for theKGB and is widely inferred to have unwittingly served Soviet interests by

leading Bolivian authorities to Guevara's trail.[65] The numerous photographs taken by and of Guevara and othermembers of his guerrilla group that they left behind at their basecamp after the initial clash with the Bolivian army inMarch 1967 provided President René Barrientos with the first proof of his presence in Bolivia; after viewing them,Barrientos allegedly stated that he wanted Guevara's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz. He thereuponordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down.

Guevara's guerrilla force, numbering about 50 and operating as the ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional deBolivia; English: "National Liberation Army of Bolivia"), was well equipped and scored a number of early successesagainst Bolivian regulars in the difficult terrain of the mountainous Camiri region. In September, however, the Armymanaged to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders.

Despite the violent nature of the conflict, Guevara gave medical attention to all of the wounded Bolivian soldierswhom the guerrillas took prisoner, and subsequently released them. Even after his last battle at the Quebrada delYuro, in which he had been wounded, when he was taken to a temporary holding location and saw there a numberofBolivian soldiers who had also been wounded in the fighting, he offered to give them medical care. (His offer was

turned down by the Bolivian officer in charge.)[66]

Guevara's plan for fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to havebeen based upon a number of misconceptions:

He had expected to deal only with the country's military government and its poorly trained and equippedarmy. However, after the U.S. government learned of his location, CIA and other operatives were sent intoBolivia to aid the anti-insurrection effort. The Bolivian Army was being trained and supplied by U.S. ArmySpecial ForcesUSMilitary[›] advisors, including a recently organized elite battalion of Rangers trained in jungle

warfare that set up camp in La Esperanza, a small settlement close to the guerrillas' zone of operations.[67][68]

Guevara had expected assistance and cooperation from the localdissidents. He did not receive it; and Bolivia'sCommunist Party, under the leadership of Mario Monje, was oriented towards Moscow rather than Havanaand did not aid him, despite having promised to do so. (Some members of the Bolivian Communist Party did




Che shortly after being executed.

The schoolhouse in La Higuerawhere Che Guevara was executedat 1:10 p.m. on 9 October 1967.

join/support him, such as Coco and Inti Peredo, Rodolfo Saldaña, Serapio Aquino Tudela, and AntonioJiménez Tardio, against the Party leadership's wishes.)He had expected to remain in radio contact with Havana. However, the two shortwave transmitters providedto him by Cuba were faulty, so that the guerrillas were unable to communicate with Havana. (In this, and inmany other respects, Manuel Piñeiro, the man to whom Castro had assigned the task of coordinating supportfor Guevara's operations in Bolivia, performed abysmally.) To further complicate matters, some months intothe campaign, the tape recorder that the guerrillas used to record and decipher the one-time pad-encoded radiomessages sent to them from Havana was lost while crossing a river, making de-coding such messages moredifficult.Message[›]

In addition, his penchant for confrontation rather than compromise appears to have contributed to his inability to

develop successful working relationships with local leaders in Bolivia, just as it had in the Congo.[69] This tendencyhad surfaced during his guerrilla warfare campaign in Cuba as well, buthad been kept in check there by the timely

interventions and guidance of Castro.[70]

Capture and execution

The hunt for Guevara in Bolivia was headed by Félix Rodríguez, a CIA agent,who previously had infiltrated Cuba to prepare contacts with the rebels in theEscambray Mountains and the anti-Castro underground in Havana prior to theBay of Pigs invasion, and had been successfully extracted from Cuba afterwards.[71][72] The Bolivian Special Forces were notified of the location of Guevara'sguerrilla encampment by an informant. On 8 October, the encampment wasencircled, and Guevara was captured while leading a detachment with SimeónCuba Sarabia in the Quebrada del Yuro ravine. According to some soldierspresent at the capture, during the skirmish as they approached Guevara, heallegedly shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more toyou

alive than dead."[73] Upon hearing of Guevara's capture, Rodríguez relayed theinformation to CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia, via CIA stations invarious South American nations.

Barrientos promptly ordered his execution upon being informed of his

capture.Barrientos[›]Guevara was taken to a dilapidated schoolhouse in the nearbyvillage of La Higuera where he was held overnight. Early the next afternoon hewas executed. The executioner was Mario Terán, a Sergeant in theBolivianarmy who had drawn a short straw after arguments over who got the honor ofkilling Guevara broke out among the soldiers. To make the bullet woundsappear consistent with the official story sold to the public, Felix Rodriguez, theCIA asset, ordered the soldier who pulled the trigger to aim carefully to make itappear that Che had been killed in action during a clash with the Bolivian army, and thus to help cover up the official

secret assassination.[74] Guevara received multiple shots to the legs, so as to avoid maiming his face for identificationpurposes and simulate combat wounds in an attempt to conceal his extrajudicial execution.

Che Guevara had some last words before his death; he allegedly said to his executioner, "I know you are here to killme. Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man". Another alleged comment was "Do you know Who I am? Do




Che Guevara's Monument and Mausoleumin Santa Clara, Cuba

you know what I'm worth?"[75] His body was lashed to the landing skids of a helicopter and flown toneighboring

Vallegrande where it was laid out on a laundry tub in the local hospital and displayed to the press.[76]

After the execution, Rodríguez took several personal items of Guevara's including a Rolex watch, often proudlyshowing them to reporters during the ensuing years. Today, some ofthese belongings, including his flashlight, are on

display at the CIA.[77] After a military doctor surgically amputated his hands, Bolivian army officers transferredGuevara's cadaver to an undisclosed location and refused to revealwhether his remains had been buried or

cremated.Amputation[›]

On October 15, Castro acknowledged that Guevara was dead and proclaimed three days of public mourningthroughout Cuba. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements inLatin America and the rest of the third world.

Photographs taken at that time gave rise to legends such as those ofSan Ernesto de La HigueraandEl Cristo deVallegrande (http://elnuevocojo.com/Galerias/Che_Guevara/38.html)(Local people came to refer to Guevara as a

saint, "San Ernesto de La Higuera", whom they ask for favors. Others claim his ghost walks the area.[78]).

In 1997, the skeletal remains of a handless body were exhumed frombeneath an air strip near Vallegrande, identified as those of Guevara by a

Cuban forensic team working at the scene, and returned to Cuba.[79] On17 October 1997, his remains, along with those of six of his fellowcombatants killed during the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia, were laid to

rest with full military honors in a specially built mausoleumMausoleum[›]inthe city of Santa Clara, where he had won the decisive battle oftheCuban Revolution.

The Bolivian Diary

Also removed when Guevara was captured was his diary, which

documented events of the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia.[80] The firstentry is on November 7, 1966 shortly after his arrival at the farm in Ñancahuazú, and the last entry is on October 7,1967, the day before his capture. The diary tells how the guerrillas wereforced to begin operations prematurely dueto discovery by the Bolivian Army, explains Guevara's decision to divide the column into two units that weresubsequently unable to reestablish contact, and describes theiroverall failure. It records the rift between Guevara andthe Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated.It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting fromthe local populace, due in part to the fact that theguerrilla group had learned Quechua rather than the local language which was Tupí-Guaraní. As the campaign drewto an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill. He suffered from ever-worsening bouts of asthma, and mostof his last offensives were carried out in an attempt to obtain medicine.

The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated byRampartsmagazine and circulated around the world.There are at least four additional diaries in existence — those ofIsrael Reyes Zayas (Alias "Braulio"), Harry Villegas

Tamayo ("Pombo"), Eliseo Reyes Rodriguez ("Rolando")[81] and Dariel Alarcón Ramírez ("Benigno")[82] — eachofwhich reveals additional aspects of the events in question.




In its mid-November (#46)2005 issue, the GermannewsweeklyDer Spiegel

writes about Europe's"peaceful revolutionaries"

whom it describes as the heirsof Gandhi and Guevara.

Legacy

Further information: Che Guevara in popular culture

To some he is known as a hero but to others as spokesman of a failing ideology anda ruthless executioner, without normal legal process, of many accused both from his

own side[23] and from the opposing side.[32]

While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstancesof his death debated, his legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest againsthis execution occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, songs and poems

were written about his life and death.[83] In Argentina, graphic novelist HéctorOesterheld published a biography of Che in 1968 that would later be linked to

Oesterheld's own politically-motivated disappearance, tortureand death.[84] LatinAmerica specialists advising the U.S. State Department immediately recognized theimportance of the demise of “the most glamorous and reportedly mostsuccessfulrevolutionary”, noting that Guevara would be eulogized by communists and other

leftists as “the model revolutionary who met a heroic death”.[85]

Such predictions gained increasing credibility as Guevara becamea potent symbol of

rebellion and revolution during the global student protests of the late 1960s.[86] Leftwing activists responded to Guevara's apparent indifference to rewards and glory,and concurred with Guevara's sanctioning of violence as a necessity to instill

socialist ideals.[87] The slogan 'Che lives!' began to appear on walls throughout the west,[88] while Jean-Paul Sartre, aleading figure in the movement, encouraged the adulation by describing Guevara as "the most complete human being

of our age".[89]

Typically, responses to Guevara's legacy followed partisan lines. The US State Department was advised that hisdeath would come as a relief to non-leftist Latin Americans, whohad feared possible insurgencies in their own

countries.[85] Subsequent analysts have also shed light on aspects of cruelty in Guevara’s methods, and analysed

what Fidel Castro described as Guevara’s “excessively aggressive quality”.[90] Studies addressing problematiccharacteristics of Guevara's life have cited his principal rolein setting up Cuba's first post-revolutionary labor camps,his unsympathetic treatment of captured fighters during various guerrilla campaigns, and his frequent humiliations of

those deemed his intellectual inferiors.[91] Though much opposition to Guevara's methods has come from thepolitical right, critical evaluation has also come from groups suchas anarchists, Trotskyists, and civil libertarians,who consider Guevara an authoritarian, anti-working-class Stalinist, whose legacy was the creation of a more

bureaucratic, authoritarian regime.[92] Detractors have also theorized that in much of Latin America,Che-inspired

revolutions had the practical result of reinforcing brutal militarism for many years.[93]

Legacy in Cuba

In Cuba, Guevara's death precipitated the abandonment of guerrilla warfare as an instrument of foreign policy,ushering in arapprochementwith the Soviet Union, and the reformation of the government along Soviet lines. WhenCuban troops returned to Africa in the 1970s, it was as part of a large-scale military expedition, and support for




Monumental image on CubanMinistry of the Interior, based on

Irish artist Jim Fitzpatrick'sgraphic of Alberto Korda's March

1960 photo. During Guevara'stenure as Minister of the Ministry

of Industries (MININD) from1961 to 1965, this building wasthe MININD's headquarters andhis office was on the top floor.

insurrection movements in Latin America and the Caribbean became logistical and organizational rather than overt.Cuba also abandoned Guevara's plans for economic diversification and rapid industrialization which had ultimatelyproved to be impracticable in view of the country's incorporation into the COMECON system.

As early as 1965, the Yugoslav communist journal Borba observed the manyhalf-completed or empty factories in Cuba, a legacy of Guevara's tenure asMinister of Industries, "standing like sad memories of the conflict between

pretension and reality".[94]

The Cuban state continued to cultivate Guevara’s cult of personality,constructing numerous statues and artworks in his honor throughout the land;adorning school rooms, workplaces, public buildings, billboards, and money

with his image.[95] Children across the country begin each school day with thechant "¡Pioneros por el Comunismo, Seremos como el Che!" (English: Pioneersfor Communism, We will be like Che!). Guevara's mausoleum in Santa Clara

has become a site of almost religious significance to many Cubans,[88] while thenation’s burgeoning tourist industry has benefited greatly from the ongoinginternational interest in Guevara's life. Some 205,832 people visited themausoleum during 2004, of whom 127,597 were foreigners.

Legacy in Cuban-American Community

Reverence among Cubans for Guevara's memory is by no means universal. Many Cuban exiles have spoken ofGuevara in less than favorable terms, and he is remembered by some as the "The Butcher of la Cabaña", a referenceto Guevara’s post-revolutionary role as “supreme prosecutor” at the Cabaña fortress. The epithet was repeated byCuban-born musician Paquito D'Rivera, who wrote an open letter castigating fellow musician Carlos Santana, for

wearing a T-shirt displaying Guevara’s image to the 2005 Academy Awards ceremony.[96] Similar sentiments havebeen shared by Cuban-American actor and director Andy Garcia, who stated in 2004 that "Che has beenromanticized over the years, but there is a darker side to his story. He looks like a rock star, but he executed a lot of

people without trial or defense."[97] Garcia’s 2005 filmThe Lost City, which was reportedly banned in several Latin

American countries, portrayed the ruthless brutality at the heart of the Cuban revolution.[98] Actor Jsu Garcia as

Guevara is shown casually shooting wounded Batista foot soldierswhere they lie.[99]

Legacy elsewhere in Latin America

In Latin America, the failures of the neo-liberal reforms of the 1990s intensified opposition to the Washington

consensus,[100] leading to a resurgence in support for many of Guevara’s political beliefs including Pan-Americanism, support for popular movements in the region, the nationalization of key industries and centralizationof

government.[101] In Nicaragua, the Sandinistas, a group with ideological roots in Guevarism were re-elected to

government after 16 years. Supporters wore Guevara T-Shirts during the 2006 victory celebrations.[102] Bolivianpresident Evo Morales has paid many tributes to Guevara and installed a portrait of the Argentinean made from local

coca leaves in his presidential suite.[103] In 2006, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who has been known to

address audiences in a Che Guevara T-shirt,[104] accompanied Fidel Castro on a tour of Guevara’s boyhood home inCórdoba, describing the experience as “a real honor”. Awaitingcrowds of thousands responded with calls of “We




Alberto Korda's photograph of Che Guevara

Guerrilla Warfarepublished byOcean Booksin 2006.

feel it! Guevara is right with us!"[105] Guevara’s daughter Aleida also transcribed an extensive interview with Chávez

where he outlined his plans for “The New Latin America”, releasing the interview in book form.[106] Guevara

remains a key inspirational figure to the Colombian guerrilla movement, the FARC,[107] and the Mexican Zapatista

group.[108]

The "Cult of Che"

Despite the controversies, Guevara's status as a popular icon hascontinued throughout the world, leading commentators to speakof a global "cult of Che". A photograph of Guevara taken by

photographer Alberto Korda[109] has became one of thecentury's most ubiquitous images, and the portrait, transformedinto a monochrome graphic, is reproduced endlessly on a vast

array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, cigarettes,[110]

coffee mugs, and baseball caps largely for profit. The saying"Viva la revolucion!" has also become very popular and

synonymous with Guevera.[111][112]

In North America, Western Europe and many regions outsideLatin America, the image had been likened to a global brand,long since shedding its ideological or political connotations, andthe obsession with Guevara has been dismissed by some as merely"adolescent

revolutionary romanticism".[88] In the United States, a country often the focus

of Guevara inspired protests in the hemisphere,[113] his image was removedfrom a CD carrying case after significant public opposition whichcomparedGuevara to Osama bin Laden and Adolf Hitler. Retail group Target Corporation

issued a public apology for producing the item.[114] American, Latin Americanand European writers, Jon Lee Anderson, Régis Debray, Jorge Castañeda andothers contributed to demystify the image of Guevara via articles andbiographies, which detailed his life and legacy in more unidealistic terms; and, inthe case of Octavio Paz, was accompanied by a critical indictment of the

Marxism espoused by many in the Latin American left.[115] Political writer PaulBerman went further, asserting that the "modern-day cult of Che"obscures thework of dissidents and what he believes is a "tremendous social struggle"

currently taking place in Cuba.[116] Author Christopher Hitchens, who was asocialist and a supporter of the Cuban revolution in the 1960s but has sincechanged his views, summarised Guevara's legacy thus: "Che's iconic status wasassured because he failed. His story was one of defeat and isolation, and that'swhy it is so seductive. Had he lived, the myth of Che would have long since

died."[88]

Timeline




Chénge the world

Che Guevara Timeline [hide]




Guevara's published works

In English (translations)

Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.), The Harvill Press, paperback, ISBN 0-8021-3942-6.




Bolivian Diary, Pimlico, paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6457-2Che Guevara: Radical Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and Revolution, Filiquarian Publishing LLC,paperback, ISBN 1-59986-999-3.Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History, Ocean Press, paperbackChe Guevara Speaks, Pathfinder, paperbackChe Guevara Talks to Young People, Pathfinder, paperbackCritical Notes on Political Economy, Ocean Press, paperbackGuerrilla Warfare, Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback, ISBN 0-285-63680-4; PDF version of 1961 editionavailable atGuerrilla Warfare(http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/guwar.pdf)PDF (254 KiB)

Our America and Theirs, Ocean Press (AU), paperback, ISBN 1-876175-81-8.Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, Monthly Review Press, paperback, 1998Self-Portrait: Che Guevara, Ocean Press, 320pp, paperback, 2005Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death, Monad,paperbackThe African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo, Grove Press, paperback.The Diary of Che Guevara, Amereon Ltd,The Great Debate on Political Economy, New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN-10: 1876175540, ISBN-13:978-1876175542The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey, Perennial Press, ISBN 0-00-718222-8

In Spanish

Cuadernos de Praga(http://www.redvoluciones.org/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=68&func=select&id=13) PDF– Guevara's notebooks written during his clandestine stayin Prague in 1966Diario del Che en Bolivia(http://www.literatura.org/che/diario.pdf) PDF (368 KiB)– Guevara's diary of theguerrilla war in BoliviaObras Escogidas(http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-obrasescogidas%5B1%5D.pdf) PDF (1.63 MiB)

– Guevara's selected works in Spanish, including his most importantspeechesPasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria: Congo(http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-diariodelcongo%5B1%5D.pdf) PDF (1.21 MiB)– Guevara's complete Congo Diary in SpanishPensamiento y acción(http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/libro%2006%20Che%20Guevara.pdf) PDF

(621 KiB) – A selection of Guevara's writings in Spanish, includingEl socialismo y el hombre nuevo

See also

Topics related to Che GuevaraPoliticalevents

Involvement in the Cuban Revolution | Cuban-Soviet relations | La Coubre explosion |Cuban Missile Crisis

People 26th of July Movement | Fidel Castro | Carlos Fonseca | Laurent-Désiré Kabila | FélixRodríguez

Legacy In popular culture | Che Guevara (photo) | Guevarism | Colegio César Chávez

Other Guerrilla warfare | Foco | Socialism | Marxism | Summary execution | Extrajudicialpunishment




Source notes

1. ^ a b The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source (Julia Constenla,quoted by Jon Lee Anderson) asserts that he was actually bornon May 14 of that year (Constenla alleges that she was toldby an unidentified astrologer that his mother, Celia de la Serna, was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynchwere married and that the birth date of their son was forged a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal). Source:Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, pp. 3 and 769.

2. ^ Che Guevara. (2007) (http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9038387/Che-Guevara) . InEncyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved July 19, 2007, fromBritannica Concise Encyclopedia.

3. ^ "Many of Batista's military and civilian leaders were givenpublic show trials. Hundreds were executed and thegovernment confiscated their properties." (Source:"The History of Cuba"by Clifford L. Staten, Paperback: 176 pages,Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan (August 11, 2005), page 90. ISBN-10: 1403962596, ISBN-13: 978-1403962591.)

4. ^ "Throughout January, suspected war criminals were being captured and brought to La Cabana daily. For the most part,these were not the top henchmen of the ancien régime; most hadescaped before the rebels assumed control of the city andhalted outgoing air and sea traffic, or remained holed up in embassies. Most of those left behind were deputies, or rank andfile chivatosand police torturers. The trials began at eight or nine in theevening, and, more often than not, a verdict wasreached by two or three in the morning. Duque de Estrada, whose job it was to gather evidence, take testimonies, andprepare the trials, also sat with Che, the "supreme prosecutor," on the appellate bench, where Che made the final decision onthe men's fate." Source: Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, pp. 386-387.

5. ^ Death of Che Guevara National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 5 - Declassified top secret document (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/index.html)

6. ^ Rostow, Walter W.Memorandum for the President: "Death of 'Che' Guevara", dated 11 October 1967. Online at GWUNational Security Archive (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/che7_1.htm) accessed 08 October 2006.° Ryan, Henry Butterfield.The Fall of Che Guevara: A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats, New York, 1998: OxfordUniversity Press, pp 129–135.

7. ^ Maryland Institute of Art, referenced at BBC News, "Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBCNews (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1352650.stm) , accessed January 4, 2006.

8. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 446. "At one time I wanted tobe one of Pizarro's soldiers; but [to fulfill] my quest for adventures and my yearnings to overlook climatic moments, that isn'ta necessity any longer; today it is all here, and with an idealto fight for, together with the responsibility of leaving anexample." -- excerpt from a December 1959 letter to his parents.

9. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 28.10. ^ Digital Granma Internacional, "Simultaneous chess game on37th anniversary of Che’s death", 13 October 2004. Online at

Granma International English Edition (http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2004/octubre/mier13/42CHE.html) , accessedJanuary5, 2006.

11. ^ Guevara Lynch, Ernesto.Aquí va un soldado de América. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000, p. 26. "EnGuatemala me perfeccionaré y lograré lo que me falta para serun revolucionario auténtico." This statement in a letter writtenin Costa Rica on 10 December 1953 is important because it proves that, whereas many authors have asserted that Guevarabecame a revolutionary as a result of witnessing the US-sponsored coup against Arbenz, he had in fact already made thedecision to become a revolutionary before arriving in Guatemala and indeed went there for that express purpose.

12. ^ Radio Cadena Agramonte, "Ataque al cuartel del Bayamo" Online (http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/historia/cuartel_bayamo.asp) , accessed February 25, 2006

13. ^ Granma.cu, "Walking towards sunrise" Online (http://www.granma.cu/ingles/noviem4/48bermudez-i.html) , accessedFebruary 25, 2006

14. ^ a b Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 139–14115. ^ U.S. Department of State, "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952–1954". Online (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/

guat/20179.htm) , accessed March 04, 200616. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 14417. ^ U.S. Department of State. "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952–1954". Online (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/

guat/20179.htm) , accessed March 04, 200618. ^ Holland, Max. "Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy: William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'Etat in Guatemala",

Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp. 36–7319. ^ [1] (http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/Tanques1.html)




20. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 194.21. ^ Taibo, Paco Ignacio II.Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che, p. 104. See also The Guardian online,Making

of a Marxist, Online (http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,,507694,00.html) , in Guevara's words"Since February15 1956 I am a father: Hilda Beatriz Guevara is my first-born"accessed October 6, 2006.

22. ^ U. S. Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Biographic Register on Ernesto 'Che' Guevara". Online (http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/8702/cia.html) , accessedJuly 12, 2006. "Commander of one of the largest of the five rebelcolumns (Column 4),

23. ^ a b Anderson pp. 269–270, 277–278.24. ^ Anderson p. 317.25. ^ Testimonio de Zoila Rodríguez García, novia de Ernesto Guevara en Sierra Maestra; incluido en el libroChe entre

nosotros(1992), de Adys Cupull y Froilán González (http://www.fenix.islagrande.cu/Noticias/Chetestimonio.htm)26. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Suicide Squad: Example Of Revolutionary Morale (an excerpt fromEpisodes of the Cuban

Revolutionary War - 1956-58). The Militant Online (http://www.themilitant.com/1996/6011/6011_27.html) , accessedMarch 27, 2006.

27. ^ Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés).Revolutionary Struggle. 1947–1958. Cambridge,Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972, pp. 439–442.°Castro, Fidel. (December 27, 1983). Speech given in Palma Soriano, Cuba. Online (http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/castro/1983/19831227) . In this speech, given at the dedication of a publishing house and commemorating the 25thanniversary of the taking of Palma, Castro discussed the importance to the revolution of the taking of Palma on the way toSantiago. He talked about the previous recent fighting at Guisa, Baire, Jiguani and in the Sierra Maestra and how as a resultof revolutionary successes the Cuban army in Bayamo was unable to consolidate forces with its surrounding units. Castrowent on to describe the strategic importance of the revolutionary position along the banks of the Cautillo River as a positionfrom which the army at Bayamo could be contained while, on theother side, the army at Santiago could be targeted oncePalma was taken and the revolutionary forces re-armed. Withrespect to the planned attack against Santiago, Castro said: Weestablished our defensive line on the Cautillo River. We hadMapos surrounded, but there was still Palma. There wereapproximately 300 enemy soldiers. We had to take Palma. We were also anxious to take the arms that were to be found inPalma, because when we left La Plata, in the Sierra Maestra, because of the latest offensive, we left with 25 armedsoldiers and 1,000 unarmed recruits. We armed those troops along the way. We armed them during the fighting, but wereally finished fully arming them in Palma.Castro then described the battle in detail and mentioned how, after theoverthrow of Batista, the final war orders to the rebels wereissued from Palma on January 1, 1959.

28. ^ Dorschner, John and Roberto Fabricio.The Winds of December: The Cuban Revolution of 1958, New York: 1980,Coward, McCann & Geoghegen, ISBN 0698109937. Here the significant and prolonged action at Guisa (approximatelyNovember 20 to November 30th 1958) is described in rare detail on pages 41–47, 81–87.

29. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 372 and p. 42530. ^ "Executions at La Cabaña fortress under Ernesto "Ché" Guevara". Document written by José Vilasuso. Online (http://

www.chss.montclair.edu/witness/LaCabana.html) accessed October 18, 2006. In this document, Vilasuso (who, along withmost of the other legally-trained participants, quit due toits excesses) described the La Cabaña tribunal as the “PurgingCommission”. He described a process where “[t]he statements of the investigating officer constituted irrefutable proof ofwrongdoing” and where "[t]here were relatives of victims ofthe previous regime who were put in charge of judging theaccused." He also provided vivid recollections of the finalhours of the condemned with their family and friends, and he gavea graphic description of the execution details. He recalledthat Guevara "chastised us all: 'Don’t delay these trials. This is arevolution, the proofs are secondary. We have to proceed by conviction. They are a gang of criminals and murderers.Besides, remember that there is an Appeals Tribunals [sic]'." But the Appeals Tribunal, according to Vilasuso, "neverdecided in favor of the appeal. It simply confirmed the sentences. It was presided by Commander Ernesto Guevara Serna."

31. ^ "He worked at La Cabana prison, where a great number of peoplewere executed, including some of his former comrades-in-arms who refused to abandon their democratic beliefs. 'Ican't be the friend of anyone who doesn't share my ideas,' heonce said." Source: Courtois, Stephanie et al.The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. HarvardUniversity Press, 1999 p. 652

32. ^ a b Different sources cite different numbers of executions. Anderson states that "several hundred people were officiallytriedand executed across Cuba." p.387. Hugh Thomas states that 156 people were executed after trials at La Cabaña inCuba:The Pursuit of freedom. Dr. Armando M. Lago of the Cuba Archive, gives the figure as 216 documented executions (http://www.cubaarchive.org/downloads/CA08.pdf) in two years. Others give far higher figures. Thomas E. Skidmore, Professor ofHistory and Director of the Center for Latin American Studies at Brown University, estimated the number executed in thefirst six months of 1959 to have been "about 550". Skidmore, Thomas E. (and Peter H. Smith),Modern Latin America, 4thpaperback ed., 2000, p 273. "The first major political crisis arose over what to do with the captured Batista officials who had




been responsible for the worst of the repression. The revolutionaries resorted to arbitrary procedures in trying theirvictims,appealing to sentiments of 'ordinary justice' to legitimize their executions. In the first six months of 1959 about 550 were putto death, following trial by various revolutionary courts.These executions, punctuated by cries ofparedón(to the wall!),worried the liberals in Cuba and their sympathizers abroad,especially in the United States."

33. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 50334. ^ ;chessgames.com, "Miguel Najdorf vs Ernesto Che Guevara". Online at chessgames.com (http://www.chessgames.com/

perl/chessgame?gid=1101539) , accessed January 5, 2006.35. ^ ar.geocities.com/carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/,Ernesto "Che" Guevara – AjedrezOnline (http://ar.geocities.com/

carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/che.htm) , accessed June 29, 2006.36. ^ Puerto Padre website, "Cronologia" (List of anniversaries) Online at Puerto Padre website (http://www.periodico26.cu/

puerto_padre/cronologia/cronologia_agosto.htm) , accessed January 4, 2006.37. ^ Peña, Emilio Herasme," La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959", 14 June 2004.Online at 'Listín Diario (Dominican

Republic) (http://www.listin.com.do/antes/junio04/140604/cuerpos/republica/rep10.htm) , accessed January 4,2006.38. ^ Cuban Information Archives, "La Coubre explodes in Havana 1960." Online (http://cuban-exile.com/doc_151-175/

doc0166.html) , accessed February 26, 2006; pictures can beseen at Cuban site fotospl.com (http://www.fotospl.com/Default.aspx?Class=23&Epig=001~01&PA=18) .

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"In an interview with Che a few weeks after the crisis, Sam Russell, a British correspondent for the socialist Daily Worker,found Guevara still fuming over the Soviet betrayal. Alternately puffing on a cigar and taking blasts from an inhaler,Guevaratold Russell that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off. Russell came away withmixed feelings about Che, calling him 'a warm character whomI took to immediately... clearly a man of great intelligencethough I thought he was crackers from the way he went on about the missiles.'"

41. ^ Chronology (1964–66) (http://www.un.int/cuba/Pages/cronologia1964-1966-ing.htm) .MISIÓN PERMANENTE DE LAREPÚBLICA DE CUBA ANTE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Permanent Missions To The United Nations. Retrieved on 2006-10-09.

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accessed June 19, 2006. Heikal's account of Guevara's conversations with Nasser in February and March of 1965 lendsfurther credence to this interpretation. See Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein.The Cairo Documents, pp 347–357.

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91. ^ Samuel Farber, "The Resurrection of Che Guevara", Summer 1998. William Paterson University online (http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm) , accessedJune 18, 2006.° Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 567. "Once, when he tookeconomist Regino Boti with him to the farm and tested some of the men on their reading comprehension. One man did sobadly that Che insulted him, saying: "Well, if you keep studying maybe you'll get to be as smart as an ox in twenty years"and turning on his heel. The poorguajiro was so humiliated he began crying. Boti went back to talk to Che, telling him thathe had been wrong to be so harsh, to go back and talk like a man, to lift his spirits again. Such episodes were commonplace."

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99. ^ Stylus Magazine. The Lost City, Movie Review Online (http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/movie_review/the-lost-city.htm) . Accessed 26 October 2006.

100. ^ BBC News.How the US 'lost' Latin America. Online (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4861320.stm) accessed10 January 2007° Washington Post.Anti-U.S. Protests Flare at Summit. Online (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/04/AR2005110401724.html?nav=rss_print/asection) accessed 10 January 2007. “Backed by a giant portrait oftheArgentine-born Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara. Chavez addressed the crowd for more than two hours. Many people at therally seemed inspired by Chavez and his defiant message.”

101. ^ Foreign Affairs.Latin America's Left Turn. Online (http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501faessay85302/jorge-g-castaneda/latin-america-s-left-turn.html) accessed 10January 2007

102. ^ Photograph of Sandinista election victory parade Online (http://i68.photobucket.com/albums/i39/zleitzen/Sandanistarally-1.jpg)

103. ^ BBC News.Evo Morales 'padlocked' in palaceOnline (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4878466.stm) accessed10 January 2007° Spiegel News online.Capitalism Has Only Hurt Latin AmericaOnline (http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,434272,00.html) accessed 10 January 2007° The Latin American and Caribbean Information Center of theFlorida International University.President Evo Morales paystribute to Che GuevaraOnline (http://lacic.fiu.edu/new/lanews_view.cfm?article_id=725) accessed 10 January 2007

104. ^ Guardian Online.Hugo Chavez superstar. Online (http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1404414,00.html)accessed 10 January 2007




105. ^ MSNBC News.Castro, Chavez tour Che Guevara’s home. Online (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13989158/) . accessed10 January 2007

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107. ^ Leeds University.The impact and legacy of Che Guevara’s Foco Theory, with special reference to guerrilla warfare inColombia. Online (http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:A5LjfAFaa4wJ:www.leeds.ac.uk/spanport/news/colombia_study_day.doc+guevara+farc+che&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=8) .accessed 10 January 2007

108. ^ BBC News.Profile: The Zapatistas' mysterious leaderOnline (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1214676.stm) .accessed 10 January 2007°Zapatista Army of National Liberation.SIXTH DECLARATION OF THE LACANDON JUNGLE. Online (http://www.narconews.com/Issue38/article1371.html) . Accessed 1 March 2007 "We remember well when years ago the continentwas lit up by a light named Che Guevara, just as that light was named Bolívar beforehand, because, at times, the peoplestake up a name in order to show that they carry a flag."

109. ^ BBC News, "Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1352650.stm) , accessed January 4, 2006.

110. ^ Cigarettes labelled "Che" at http://romantobacco.ru/ (http://romantobacco.ru/detail.php?id=7060)111. ^ CBC Radio One, "Discussion about Che Guevara". Online (http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/media/200409/

20040909thecurrent_sec2.ram) , accessed February 26, 2006.112. ^ A popular T-shirt in Mexico mocks the Cult of Che. It depicts Che with a clown nose, and is entitled "Chepillín", in

reference to the popular children's clown from Mexican television, the squeaky-voiced Cepillín.113. ^ Washington Post.Anti-U.S. Protests Flare at Summit. Online (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/

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Associated Press, December 24, 2006115. ^ Paz, Octavio (1995).Obras Completas 9, Ideas y costumbres I: la letra y el cetro (edición del autor), México: FCE.

°Review of Jon Lee Anderson'sChe Guevara, A Revolutionary Life. Bertrand de la Grange. "This shining book, that doesnot hide the dark side of this icon of the international left." Online (http://www.letraslibres.com/index.php?art=11719) ,accessed December 21, 2006°Review of Régis Debray :Alabados sean nuestros señores. Una educación política."Its picture of the Argentine guerrillais harder at heart and less friendly. The Che Guevara of thesememories is an implacable, cruel man." Online (http://www.letraslibres.com/index.php?art=5991) Accessed December 21, 2006°Castañeda, Jorge (1997).Compañero: vida y muerte del Che Guevara, Vintage.

116. ^ Paul Berman, "The Cult of Che", 24 September, 2004. Slate Online (http://www.slate.com/id/2107100/) , accessed June18, 2006.


Content notes

^ rough: (Rough: Definition "To live without the usual comforts and conveniences" -- See: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rough.)

During his youthful travels, Guevara carried a minimal amount of money and tried to spend it only on food. Whilemaking their 1952 trip, he and Alberto Granado received along the way several "collections" given to them by localpeople and/or other travellers who were concerned about their apparent destitution. It is hoped that the followinglists will cast further light on the circumstances in which theymade this trip and the meaning of the phrasetravellingrough.

Conveyances used:motorcycle "La Poderosa II" (broke down completely and was abandoned inSantiago de Chile on 2 March 1952); various launches; steamboat; freighter (as stowaways); taxi; bus;




various trucks (hitch-hiking); Land-Rover (lent by a friend); train; horse; riverboat; raft "Mambo Tango";Indian dugout canoe; sea plane; armored police van; cargo plane

Nights spent in:houses of friends, acquaintances and strangers; hospital rooms; police sentry box;shack; shed; jail cell; outside "under the stars"; garage; lean-to; kitchen of forest ranger's cabin; hayloft;police barracks; boathouse; hut; fire station attic; derelict ("haunted") house; cab of truck; Centre for thePrevention of Yellow Fever; police headquarters; forest ranger sentry post; railroad station; ChileanNational Guard barracks; bus station; boarding house; guest house room; "dump"; municipal parks (inMiami)

Additionally, in 1950 Guevara made a solo tour of the northern provinces of Argentina on his motorized bike"Micrón" (1950); in that same year, he also travelled up and down theeastern coast of South America aboard petroltankers and other ships while working as a nurse in the Argentine Merchant Marine and visited many port citiesalong their routes.

^ Basque: Re origin of the surname Guevara — "Basque: Castilianized form of BasqueGebara, a habitationalname from a place in the Basque province of Araba. The origin and meaning of the place name are uncertain; it isrecorded in the form Gebala by the geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century ad. This is a rare name in Spain."Dictionaryof American Family Names, Patrick Hanks, ed., London: 2003, Oxford University Press. His mother,Celia de la Serna, had also inherited Basque blood through her father, Juan Martín de la Serna Ugalde. One of Celia'scollateral ancestors was the last Viceroy of Perú, General José de la Serna e Hinojosa, who was likewise ofdocumented Basque origin. [3] (http://urumelb.tripod.com/che/biografia-del-che-guevara.htm) NB: For detailedgenealogical information about Che Guevara, including his familytree, see Genealogy of Ernesto Guevara de laSerna (http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:24256) .^ Galway: The Lynch family was one of the famous 14 Tribes of Galway. Themisconception exists that Ana MaríaIsabel Lynch was born in Ireland, whereas she was actually born (1868) in San Francisco, California, USA where herfather, Francisco Lynch, had traveled from Argentina during the Gold Rush years. Francisco had married a youngCalifornian widow, Eloísa Ortiz, ca. 1860 and they had several other American-born children in addition to AnaIsabel. The man Ana Isabel would eventually marry, Roberto Guevara Castro, had also been born in California, USAof an Argentine father and a Californian mother who was the grand-daughter of the Spanish aristocrat Don LuísMaría Peralta who had been given large land grants (including 44,800 acres encompassing the East Bay region ofCalifornia) by the King of Spain. Despite the fact that they were both born in the Bay area of California, Ana Isabeland Roberto did not meet until after their respective families had returned to Argentina in the 1880s. During Che'schildhood, listening to his Grandmother Ana Isabel's tales of frontier life in California was one of his greatestdelights.^ Diploma:

While commonly referred to as a doctor, the medical degree conferred was of a medic, a lower degree of the time.Source: Ernesto Che Guevara: Mito Y Realidad , by Enrique Ros (ISBN0897299884) Also note, the below sourcesshow record of a medic education, but then identify it as a "doctor", confused with the fact that medical education ofthe time could lead to two outcomes, that of a medic, or after clinical training that of a doctor.

The University de Buenos Aires has no record of him receiving a medical degree or a medic degree, though it islikely his educational records were lost or destroyed.

Employed as a medic because he was unable to get his clinical internship years (i.e. the required clinical years tobecome a doctor; medical studies could be completed to become either a medic (sans clinical training) or a doctor




(with clinical years) Source:Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: ARevolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press,p. 139–141

"In March (1953), he passed his finals and obtained his diploma as a physician. His specialty was dermatology. A fewmonths later he went back on the road, never to return to Argentina until he had become the world-famousComandante Che Guevara." Source: James, Daniel.Che Guevara: A Biography, New York: Stein and Day, 1969, p.71.

"In June (1953), Ernesto received a copy of his doctor's degree, and a few days later he celebrated his twenty-fifthbirthday" Source: Jon Lee Anderson.Che Guevara: A revolutionary life, p-98.

Also: 12 de junio de 1953.- La Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires le expide aErnestoGuevara de la Serna el certificado de haber concluido la carrera de medicina. Esto se refleja en el legajo1058, registro 1116, folio 153. Después participa en una fiesta de despedida que sus compañeros de laClínica deldoctor Salvador Pisani le hacen en la hacienda de la señora Amalia María Gómez Macías de Duhau.Source: Cheen el tiempo (http://www.adelante.cu/che/tiempo/diariotxt/junio02/12.php)

"One year later, having completed his medical degree, he left Argentina for good." Source: PBS [4] (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/p_guevara.html)

"He received a medical degree from the University of Buenos Airesin 1953." Source: MSN Encarta [5] (http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558812/Che_Guevara.html)

"he completed medical studies in 1953" (as a medic) Source: Encyclopedia Britannica. [6] (http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366272/Che-Guevara)

^ Ibero-America: In a brief speech at the San Pablo leprosarium in Peru on the occasion of his 24th birthday,Guevara said: "Although we're too insignificant to be spokesmen for such a noble cause, we believe, and this journeyhas only served to confirm this belief, that the division of America into unstable and illusory nations is a completefiction. We are one single mestizo race with remarkable ethnographical similarities, from Mexico down to theMagellan Straits. And so, in an attempt to break free from all narrow-minded provincialism, I propose a toast to Peruand to a United America." Source: Guevara, Ernesto Che,Motorcycle Diaries, London: Verso Books, 1995, p.135.^ non-Cubans: "There were four non-Cubans on board -- Guevara, from Argentina; Gino Doné, an Italian; Guillén,a Mexican; and the pilot Ramón Mejía del Castillo ('Pichirilo'), a Dominican who had been on the abortive CayoConfites expedition." Source: Thomas, Hugh.Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press,April 1998 (Updated edition), p. 894.^ Knapsack: Quizás esa fue la primera vez que tuve planteado prácticamente ante mí el dilema de midedicacióna la medicina o a mi deber de soldado revolucionario. Tenía delante de mí una mochila llenade medicamentos yuna caja de balas, las dos eran mucho peso para transportarlas juntas; tomé la caja de balas, dejando lamochila ...(English: "Perhaps this was the first time I was confronted with the real-life dilemma of having to choosebetween my devotion to medicine and my duty as a revolutionary soldier. Lying at my feet were a knapsack full ofmedicine and a box of ammunition. They were too heavy for me to carry both of them. I grabbed the box ofammunition, leaving the medicine behind ...".) First published in an article inVerde Olivo, La Habana, Cuba,February 26, 1961. Subsequently published in the book, Guevara, Ernesto Che.Pasajes de la GuerraRevolucionaria, La Habana, Cuba: 1963, Ediciones Unión.^ Children:

With Hilda Gadea (married 18 August 1955; divorced 22 May 1959):




* Hilda Beatriz Guevara Gadea, born 15 February 1956 in Mexico City; died21 Aug 1995 in Havana, Cuba

With Aleida March (married 2 June 1959):

* Aleida Guevara March, born 24 November 1960 in Havana, Cuba* Camilo Guevara March, born 20 May 1962 in Havana, Cuba* Celia Guevara March, born 14 June 1963 in Havana, Cuba* Ernesto Guevara March, born 24 February 1965 in Havana, Cuba

With Lilia Rosa López (extramarital):

* Omar Pérez, born 19 March 1964 in Havana, Cuba (Source: Castañeda, Jorge G.Che Guevara:Compañero, New York: 1998, Random House, pp 264–265.)

^ INRA: appointed Director of the Industrialization Department of theNational Institute for Agrarian Reform onOctober 7, 1959^ BNC: appointed President of the National Bank of Cuba on November 26, 1959^ Signature: "If my way of signing is not typical of bank presidents ... this does not signify, by any means, that I amminimizing the importance of the document — but that the revolutionary process is not yet over and, besides, thatwe must change our scale of values." — Ernesto Guevara, quoted by Aleksandr Alexeiev inCuba después deltriunfo de la revolución("Cuba after the triumph of the revolution"),Revista de América Latina(Moscow), no. 10,October 1984, p. 57 (referenced in Castañeda,op. cit, p. 169).^ MININD: appointed Minister of Industries on February 23, 1961^ Algeria: In September 1962, Algeria asked Cuba for assistance when Morocco declared war on it over theirdispute concerning the territory formerly known as the Spanish Sahara. Cuba responded by sending a contingent ofCuban officers and troops totalling 686 men and some 60 tanks to supportthe Algerian forces. Shortly after news ofthe landing of the Cuban troops at Oran leaked to the press, King Hassan II of Morocco agreed to sign a cease-firewith President Ben Bella of Algeria. The Cuban expeditionary force remained in Algeria for six months, during whichtime they set up the military equipment they had brought and trainedtheir Algerian counterparts in its use. Guevaraplayed a major role in organizing and executing the Cuban deployment. Sources: Piero Gliejeses, "Cuba's FirstVenture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965",Journal of Latin American Studies, no. 28, London: Cambridge UniversityPress, Spring 1996, p. 188 and Castañeda, pp. 244–245.^ Kabila: In May 1997, Laurent-Désiré Kabila overthrew the government of Mobutu Sese Seko and becamePresident of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He held that position until his assassination on January 16, 2001and was succeeded in the presidency by his son, Joseph Kabila.^ NSA: "The intercept operators knew that Dar-es-Salaam was serving as a communications center for thefighters, receiving messages from Castro in Cuba and relaying them on to the guerrillas deep in the bush. Guevaratransmitted his progress reports and requests for supplies back through that same channel. Every day at 8:00 A.M.,2:30 P.M., and 7:00 P.M., one of Guevara's radio operators would also make contact with the jungle base atKigoma." Source: Bamford, James,Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, NewYork: Anchor Books, 2002 (Reprint edition), p. 181.^ Camp: The purchase of the acreage in the Ñancahuazú region was in directcontravention of Guevara's directivethat the land for the camp should be purchased in the Alto Beni region. When presented with thefait accomplithat




the Bolivian Communists had acquired land in the Ñancahuazú region instead, he at first complained but eventuallydecided to utilize it in order not to lose time while waiting for them to purchase a parcel in the Alto Beni.^ USMilitary: "U.S. military personnel in Bolivia never exceeded 53 advisors, including a sixteen-man MobileTraining Team (MTT) from the 8th Special Forces Group based at Fort Gulick, Panama Canal Zone. Commanded byMajor Ralph ('Pappy') Shelton, the MTT set up a training camp nearSanta Cruz. The advisors arrived on April 29and instituted a 19 week counter-insurgency training program for the Bolivian 2nd Ranger Battalion. The intensivecourse included training in weapons, individual combat, squad and platoon tactics, patrolling, and counter-insurgency. The Bolivians responded well to the training and quickly developed into a spirited, confident, andeffective counter guerrilla unit." —Che Guevara in Bolivia(http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/SDR.htm) by Major Donald R. Selvage.^ Message: For example, on August 31, 1967 Che wrote in his diary "Hay mensaje de Manila pero no se pudocopiar.", i.e. "There is a (coded radio) message from Manila ('Manila' being the code name for Havana) but wecouldn't copy it." The content of this message has not been revealed, but it may have been of critical importance sinceby then Castro and the other Cubans who were directing the guerrillas' support network from Havana had to beaware of their dire straits.^ Barrientos: Although Barrientos never revealed his motives for orderingthe summary execution of Guevara,some of his associates have suggested that he took this decision primarily in order to avoid the spectacle of a "showtrial" that would have brought unwelcome international attention to Bolivia, and that he was also concerned that, hadGuevara been sentenced to a lengthy term in a Bolivian prison, hemight have escaped or eventually been released (asin Fidel Castro's case), and subsequently resumed his guerrilla activities.^ Amputation: Castañeda, Jorge G.,Che Guevara: Compañero, New York: 1998, Random House, pp. xiii - xiv;pp. 401–402. Guevara's amputated hands, preserved in formaldehyde, turned up in the possession of Fidel Castro afew months later. Castro reportedly wanted to put them on public display but was dissuaded from doing so by thevehement protests of members of Guevara's family.^ Mausoleum: On December 30, 1998 the remains of ten more guerrillas who had foughtalongside Guevara inBolivia and whose secret burial sites there had been recentlydiscovered by Cuban forensic investigators were placed

inside the "Che Guevara Mausoleum" in Santa Clara. Also inside themausoleum is the original letter[117] Guevarawrote to Castro in which he stated that he was leaving Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution, resignedall his party, military and governmental posts, and renounced hisCuban citizenship.

References

Printed matter

Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel ("Benigno").Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la Revolución. Barcelona:Tusquets Editores S.A., 2002. ISBN 84-8310-014-2

Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno".Le Che en Bolivie. Éditions du Rocher, 1997. ISBN 2-268-02437-7

Anderson, Jon Lee.Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8021-1600-0

Bamford, James.Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency. New York: Anchor Books, 2002(Reprint edition). ISBN 0-385-49908-6

Bravo, Marcos.La Otra Cara Del Che. Bogota, Colombia: Editorial Solar, 2005. “I’d like to confess, papá, at that momentI discovered that I really like killing.” Guevara writing tohis father.

Castañeda, Jorge G.Che Guevara: Compañero. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 0-679-75940-9




Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés).Revolutionary Struggle. 1947–1958. Cambridge,Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972. ISBN 0-262-02065-3

Feldman, Allen 2003.Political Terror and the Technologies of Memory: Excuse, Sacrifice, Commodification, andActuarial Moralities. Radical History Review 85, 58–73.

Escobar, Froilán and Félix Guerra.Che: Sierra adentro(Che: Deep in the Sierra). Havana: Editora Política, 1988.

Fuentes, Norberto.La Autobiografía De Fidel Castro("The Autobiography of Fidel Castro"). Mexico D.F: EditorialPlaneta, 2004. ISBN 84-233-3604-2, ISBN 970-749-001-2

Gálvez, William.Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999. ISBN 1-876175-08-7

George, Edward.The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara To Cuito Cuanavale. London &Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0-415-35015-8

Gliejeses, Piero.Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965, Journal of Latin American Studies, no. 28, London:Cambridge University Press, Spring 1996.

Granado, Alberto.Travelling with Che Guevara - The Making of a Revolutionary. New York: Newmarket Press, 2004,ISBN 1-55704-640-9 (hardcover), ISBN 1-55704-639-5 (pbk.)

Guevara, Ernesto "Che".Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria(http://www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes/index.php)

Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés).Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara,Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. ISBN 0-262-52016-8

Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editor Waters, Mary Alice).Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956–1958. New York:Pathfinder, 1996. ISBN 0-87348-824-5 (See reference to "ElViscaíno" on page 186).

Guevara, Ernesto "Che", translated from the Spanish by Patrick Camiller.The African Dream, New York: Grove Publishers,2000. ISBN 0-8021-3834-9

Guevara, Ernesto "Che".The Great Debate on Political Economy, New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN-10: 1876175540,ISBN-13: 978-1876175542

Guevara Lynch, Ernesto.Aquí va un soldado de América. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000. ISBN 84-01-01327-5

Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein.The Cairo Documents. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973. ISBN 0-385-06447-0

Holland, Max.Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'État in Guatemalain Journalof Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp. 36–73.

James, Daniel.Che Guevara: A Biography. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. ISBN 0812813480

James, Daniel.Che Guevara. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8154-1144-8

Kahn, David.The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: Macmillan, 1967. ISBN 0684831309

Matos, Huber.Como llegó la Noche("As night arrived"). Barcelona: Tusquet Editores, SA, 2002. ISBN 84-8310-944-1

Miná, Gianni.An Encounter with Fidel. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1991. ISBN 1-875284-22-2

Morán Arce, Lucas.La revolución cubana, 1953–1959: Una versión rebelde("The Cuban Revolution, 1953–1959: a rebelversion"). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad Católica, 1980. ISBN B0000EDAW9.




Peña, Emilio Herasme.La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959(http://www.listin.com.do/antes/junio04/140604/cuerpos/republica/rep10.htm) , Listín Diario, (Dominican Republic), 14 June 2004.

Peredo-Leigue, Guido "Inti".Mi campaña junto al Che, México: Ed. Siglo XXI, 1979. PDF version (http://www.willka.net/libros_archivos/INTI.pdf) PDF (637 KiB).

Rodriguez, Félix I. and John Weisman.Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles. New York: Simon& Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0-671-66721-1

Rojo del Río, Manuel.La Historia Cambió En La Sierra("History changed in theSierra"). 2a Ed. Aumentada (Augmentedsecond edition). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Texto, 1981.

Ros, Enrique 2003.Fidel Castro y El Gatillo Alegre: Sus Años Universitarios(Colección Cuba y Sus Jueces). Miami:Ediciones Universal. ISBN 1-59388-006-5

Ryan, Henry Butterfield.The Fall of Che Guevara : A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-511879-0

Taibo, Paco Ignacio II.Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1999. ISBN 84-08-02280-6

Thomas, Hugh.Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, April 1998 (Updated edition). ISBN 0-306-80827-7

Villegas, Harry "Pombo".Pombo : un hombre de la guerrilla del Che : diario y testimonio inéditos, 1966–1968. BuenosAires: Ediciones Colihue S.R.L., 1996. ISBN 950-581-667-7

Websites

ABC.es (http://www.abc.es) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.African History (http://africanhistory.about.com) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1352650.stm) . Retrieved on June 19, 2006.CBC Radio One (http://www.cbc.ca) . Retrieved on June 20, 2006.Che-Lives (RevolutionaryLeft.com) (http://www.che-lives.com) . Retrieved on February 26, 2006.chessgames.com (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1101539) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.CIA Biographic Register on Che Guevara (http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/8702/cia.html) . Retrieved on July 12,2006.CNC TV (http://www.cnctv.cubasi.cu/noticia.php?idn=1517) . Retrieved on February 26, 2006.CNN News (http://i.a.cnn.net) . Retrieved on March 26, 2006.Cuba SI (http://w1.1559.telia.com/~u155900388) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Cuban Information Archives(cuban-exile.com) (http://cuban-exile.com) . Retrieved on 27 June 2006.Cuban Aviation (http://espanol.geocities.com/aviacuba/Mil2-4-e.html) . Retrieved on February 26, 2006.El Nuevo Cojo Ilustrado (http://elnuevocojo.com) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.Ernesto Che Guevara - Ajedrez (http://ar.geocities.com/carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/che.htm) . Retrieved on June 29, 2006.Find Articles (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_4_15/ai_n13801099) . Retrieved on June 18, 2006.Florida International University (http://www.fiu.edu/choice.html) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.FrontPage Magazine (http://www.frontpagemag.com) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.GlobalSecurity.org (http://www.globalsecurity.org) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Granma Internacional Digital (http://www.granma.cu) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.Guaracabuya (http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org) .Retrieved on February 26, 2006.History News Network (http://hnn.us) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Ireland's OWN: History (http://irelandsown.net) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.Latino Studies Resources (http://www.latinamericanstudies.org) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Le Monde Diplomatique (http://mondediplo.com) . Retrieved on June 19, 2006.libertarian community and organising resource (http://www.libcom.org) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.Listín Diario (http://www.listin.com.do) . Retrieved on January 4, 2006.MadMikeHoare.com (http://www.geocities.com/madmikehoare) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.




Marxists Internet Archive (http://marxists.org) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.Mindfully.org (http://www.mindfully.org) . Retrieved onJune 28, 2006.Ministry of Foreign Affairs Czech Republic (http://www.mzv.cz) . Retrieved on June 18, 2006.National Security Archive at George Washington University(http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv) . Retrieved on June 19, 2006.NewsMax (http://www.newsmax.com) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.Periódico 26, Las Tunas, Cuba (http://www.periodico26.cu) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Radio Bayamo (http://www.radiobayamo.islagrande.cu/La%20puerta%20de%20la%20victoria.htm) . Retrieved on February26, 2006.Radio Cadena Agramonte (http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Sitio del Gobierno de la República de Cuba (http://www.cubagob.cu) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.Slate (http://www.slate.com/id/2107100) . Retrieved on June 18, 2006.Sozialistische Klassiker (http://www.sozialistische-klassiker.org) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.Stockholm Spectator (http://www.spectator.se) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.The Independent Institute (http://www.independent.org). Retrieved on June 26, 2006.The New Humanist (http://www.newhumanist.com) . Retrieved on February 26, 2006.The New York Sun (http://www.nysun.com) . Retrieved on June27, 2006.TIME magazine (http://www.time.com) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.Universidad de Córdoba (http://www.uco.es) . Retrieved onJune 28, 2006.U.S. Department of State (http://www.state.gov) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.USA Today (http://www.usatoday.com) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.Viden er magt (http://www.rasmussen.popx.dk) . Retrievedon June 28, 2006.William Paterson University (http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm) . Retrieved on June 18, 2006.Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (http://www.wilsoncenter.org) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.

Further reading

Exposing the Real Che Guevara: And the Useful Idiots Who Idolize Him, by Humberto Fontova, New York: Sentinel HC,ISBN 1-59523-027-0 (Hardcover)Guerrilla Warfare, Ernesto Guevara, Brian Loveman and Thomas M. Davies Jr., Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska,June1985, ISBN 0-8032-2116-9 and September 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World, Ernesto Che Guevara, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx,New York: Ocean Press, 2004, ISBN 1-876175-98-2The Che Guevara Reader, Collection of Guevara's works edited by David Deutschmann, New York: Ocean Press, ISBN 1-876175-69-9Special Ops, A Brotherhood of War Novel, 2002, Jove Fiction, ISBN 0-515-13248-9"Guevara also know as Che" by Paco Ignacio Taibo II, translated from the spanish by Martin Roberts.

External links

English

The Dark Truth behind Che Guevara (http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/21625/The-dark-truth-behind-Che-Guevara)by JohnTriggs in the Daily Express, 10 October 2007Che: The icon and the ad (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7028598.stm) by Trisha Ziff for the BBC, 05 Oct 2007Che Guevara's Family Tree at Rodovid (http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:24256) - pedigree and genealogical information aboutGuevaraChe Guevara in Moscow in 1960 (http://www.russianfootage.com/history/che_guevara)Che Guevara Monument and Mausoleum in Santa Clara (http://www.english.ecosur.org/ecosur_e-magazine/edition_%2316%2c_




october_2005/monument_to_che_guevarra_.html) in EcoSurmagazine, October 2005Che Guevara - A legacy of struggle (http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/socview/13-Che.htm) by Daniel Waldron inSocialistView, No. 13 Winter 2004, an Irish socialist journal.Che Guevara - symbol of struggle (http://www.socialistworld.net/publications/che/index.html) -by Tony SaunoisCompañero (http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/castaneda-companero.html) Che Guevara : Childhood, Youth, and Asthma inArgentinaErnesto Che Guevara: Bibliography of Writings and Speeches(http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/chebiblio.html) - by Ocean Books (N.B.: this list includes hispublishedworks only)Exposition of photos by Guevara (http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/english/ausstell/03_che/home.htm)Guevara, Ernesto "Che": A critical biography (http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che-)Guevara, Ernesto (Che) (1928–1967) physician and revolutionary(http://www.irlandeses.org/dilab_guevarae.htm) by EdmundoMurray in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America(November-December 2005)The Che Guevara internet archive (http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/index.htm) – written works, pictures, and speechesThe importance of being Ernesto (http://www.theeyeopener.com/article/2832) by Joe Rayment.The night Che Guevara came to Limerick (http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=&format=print) in the Scotsmannewspaper, 28 December 2003The Real Che by Anthony Daniels (http://newcriterion.com:81/archive/23/oct04/che.htm)216 documented victims of Che Guevara in Cuba: 1957 to 1959(http://www.cubaarchive.org/downloads/CA08.pdf) PDF (24.8 KiB)

From Armando M. Lago, Ph.D.'sCuba: The Human Cost of SocialRevolutionThe Victims of Che Guevara (http://www.frontpagemag.com/media/4CDF1CEC-779C-4699-A123-A8992F4D9219/bdc65666-bf46-4e2e-bdcf-5493b4873e17.pdf)

Spanish

Alta Gracia, Argentina – Museo Che Guevara (http://www.eltajamar.com.ar/cheguevara.htm)Che (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che) – Etimología y utilizacióndel términoCheen la Wikipedia en espaňolChe, Guía y Ejemplo (http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/index.htm) Photos (http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Galeria1.HTM) Cuban Ministry of culture: videos of Che Guevara(http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Videos.HTM)Che: mas mito que realidad! (http://che-guevara.awardspace.com/)Fragmento deChe Guevara: el documental(video) (http://www.juliocarreras.com.ar/che.html)Los libros: compañeros inseparables de Ernesto Che Guevara(http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&story_id=19030&format=html)Revista Social Che Guevara (http://www.cheguevara.com.ar)Noticias, Fotos, Videos del Che, Documentales, Canciones,Forosde Debate, Ayuda Comunitaria, Acciones conjuntas
