chelyabinsk meteor

(image link)Meteor reball seen from Kamensk-

Uralsky where it was still dawn, in anoblast north of Chelyabinsk

Location of the meteorDate 15 February 2013Time 09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)Location Russia

ChelyabinskOblastKurgan OblastOrenburgOblastBashkortostanSverdlovskOblastTyumen Oblast

KazakhstanAktobeProvinceKostanay

2013 Chelyabinsk meteorite

Chelyabinsk meteorFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Chelyabinsk meteor was anear-Earth asteroid that entered Earth'satmosphere over Russia on 15 February2013 at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC),with a speed of 19.16 +/- 0.15 kilometresper second (60,000[5] - 69,000 km/h or40,000[5] - 42,900 mph), almost 60 timesthe speed of sound.[6] It quickly became abrilliant superbolide meteor over thesouthern Ural region. The light from themeteor was brighter than the Sun, even at100 km distance. It was observed over awide area of the region and inneighbouring republics. Eyewitnesses alsofelt intense heat from the reball.Due to its enormous velocity and shallowatmospheric entry angle, the objectexploded in an air burst over ChelyabinskOblast, at a height of around 29.7 km(18.4 miles, 97,400 feet).[6] The explosiongenerated a bright ash, producing a hotcloud of dust and gas that penetrated to26.2 km, and many surviving smallfragmentary meteorites, as well as apowerful shock wave. The atmosphereabsorbed most of the object's energy, witha total kinetic energy before atmosphericimpact equivalent to approximately 500kilotons of TNT (about 1.8 PJ), 2030times more energy than was releasedfrom the atomic bomb detonated atHiroshima.The object was undetected before itsatmospheric entry, in part because itsradiant was close to the Sun. Its explosioncreated panic among local residents andabout 1,500 people were injured seriouslyenough to seek medical treatment. All ofthe injuries were due to indirect eects

Coordinates: 55.150N 61.410E

Chelyabinsk meteor - Wikipedia, the free encyclo... http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelya...

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ProvinceCoordinates 55.150N 61.410E[1]Also knownas

Chelyabinsk meteorite[2]

Cause Meteor air burstInjuries 1,491[3]Propertydamage

Over 7,200[4] damagedbuildings, collapsedfactory roof, shatteredwindows

rather than the meteor itself, mainly frombroken glass from windows that wereblown in when the shock wave arrived,minutes after the superbolide's ash.Some 7,200 buildings in six cities acrossthe region were damaged by theexplosion's shock wave, and authoritiesscrambled to help repair the structures insub-zero (C) temperatures.With an estimated initial mass of about12,00013,000 metric tonnes[6][7](13,00014,000 short tons, heavier thanthe Eiel Tower), and measuring about 20metres in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth'satmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event that destroyed a wide, remote,forested area of Siberia. The Chelyabinsk meteor is also the only meteorconrmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries.The earlier-predicted close approach of another, larger asteroid that same day,the roughly 30-metre Duende (at the time still known by its provisionaldesignation 2012 DA14) occurred about 16 hours later; the very dierent orbits ofthe two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.

Contents1 Initial reports

1.1 Atmospheric entry1.2 Strewn eld

2 Injuries and damage3 Reactions

3.1 Media coverage4 Impactor orbital parameters5 Meteorite scramble6 Coincidental asteroid approach7 See also8 Notes9 References10 Further reading11 External links


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The meteor's path in relationto the ground.

Illustrating all "phases", fromatmospheric entry toexplosion.

Initial reportsLocal residents witnessed extremely brightburning objects in the sky in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan,Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, theRepublic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouringregions in Kazakhstan,[8][9][10] when the asteroidentered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.[11][12][13][14][15] Amateur videos showed a reballstreaking across the sky and a loud boom severalminutes afterwards.[16][17][18] Eyewitnesses alsofelt intense heat from the reball.[19]

The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,[6]several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise inYekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the bolide appeared brighter than thesun,[9] as was later conrmed by NASA.[20] An image of the object was also takenshortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[21]Witnesses in Chelyabinsk said that the air of the city smelled like gunpowder.[21]

Atmospheric entryThe visible phenomenon due to the passage of anasteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere iscalled a meteor.[22] If the object reaches theground, then it is called a meteorite. During theChelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was abright object trailing smoke, then an air burst(explosion) that caused a powerful shock wave, thecause of the damage to thousands of buildings inChelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. Thefragments entered dark ight (without theemission of light) and created a strewn eld ofnumerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground(ocially named Chelyabinsk meteorites).According to the Russian Federal Space Agency, preliminary estimates indicatedthe object was an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when itentered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, themeteor then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[14][21][23]The radiant (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) appears


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A sample found by UralFederal University scientistsat Lake Chebarkul. Theobject is part of theChelyabinsk meteorite.

from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.[24]The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the bolide atabout 1720 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[11] until reaching a nal estimate of10,000 tonnes,[11][25][26][27][28] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weightof the Eiel Tower).[1][29] The air burst and shock wave registered onseismographs at magnitude 2.7.[30][31][32] On 1 March 2013 NASA published adetailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 localtime), the meteor was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8N,61.1E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1][33]

The Russian Geographical Society said the passingof the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blastsof dierent power. The rst explosion was the mostpowerful, and was preceded by a bright ash,which lasted about ve seconds. Initial altitudeestimates ranged from 3070 km, with an explosiveequivalent of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT(2,100 TJ)[21][34][35] (about 20% greater than theformer Soviet Union's own RDS-6s nuclear devicetest detonation in 1953). The hypocentre of theexplosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, inYemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to theheight of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbedmost of the explosion's energy.[36][37] Theexplosion's shock wave reached Chelyabinsk and

environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[38] and 2 minutes 57 secondslater.[39] The object did not release all of its energy in the form of an explosion,because some 90 kilotons of TNT (about 3.75 x 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of thetotal energy of the reball was emitted as visible light according to NASA's JetPropulsion Laboratory.[1][40]The infrasound waves given o by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoringstations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run by the ComprehensiveTest Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, including at the distantAntarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of theexplosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling theglobe, at distances up to about 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivalsinvolving waves that traveled twice around the globe have been clearly identied.A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy using empirical period-yield


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This visualization shows theaftermath observations byNASA satellites and computermodels projections of theplume and meteor debristrajectory around theatmosphere.

scaling relations gives a value of 460 kilotons ofTNT equivalent.[41][42] The meteor explosionproduced the largest infrasounds ever to berecorded by a United Nations monitoringsystem,[43] so great that they reverberated aroundthe world several times, taking over a day todissipate.[44] Additional scientic analysis of USmilitary infrasound data was aided by anagreement reached with US authorities to allow itsuse by civilian scientists, implemented only about amonth before the Chelyabinsk meteor event.[15][44]Early analysis of CCTV and dashcam video postedonline indicated that the meteor approached fromeast by south, and exploded about 40 km south ofcentral Chelyabinsk above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][45][46][47]In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration ofdash cam videos in the eld weeks after the event during a Russian Academy ofSciences eld study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitudeand the nal disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of +/- 0.7 km.[6]The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region wasthe Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about20 meteorites weighing over 200 kg in total.[48] The Chelyabinsk meteor isthought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere sincethe 1908 Tunguska event,[49][50][51] and the only one conrmed to have resultedin a large number of injuries,[52][Note 1] although a small number of panic-relatedinjuries occurred during the Great Madrid Meteor Event of 10 February 1896.[53]

Strewn eldFurther information: Chelyabinsk meteorite

In the hours following the visual meteor sighting, a 6-metre (20 ft) wide hole wasdiscovered on Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear ifthis was the result of an impact, however, scientists from the Ural FederalUniversity collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it wasdiscovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in)in size and initial laboratory analysis conrmed their meteoric origin. They areordinary chondrite meteorites and contain 10% iron. The ocial name for such


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Strewneld map of recoveredmeteorites (253 documentednd locations, status of 18July 2013).

A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz)Chelyabinsk meteoritespecimen, one of many foundwithin days of the airburst,this one between the villagesof Deputatsky andEmanzhelinsk. The brokenfragment displays a thickprimary fusion crust withow lines and a heavilyshocked matrix with meltveins and planar fractures.Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).

fragments is designated as Chelyabinskmeteorite.[2] The Chelyabinsk meteor was laterdetermined to come from the LL chondritegroup.[54]Pieces of the meteor were discovered by anexpedition from the Ural Federal University.[55]In mid-February 2013, a team of six RussianEmergencies Ministry scuba divers examined thebottom of the lake but found no fragment largeenough to have caused the 6-metre-wide hole in

the ice.[56][57][58]In June 2013, Russian scientists reported thatfurther investigation by magnetic imaging belowthe location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul hadidentied a 60-centimetre (2.0 ft)-size meteoriteburied in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Beforerecovery began, the chunk was estimated to weighroughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).[59]Following an operation lasting a number of weeks,it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkullake on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of654 kg (1,442 lb) this is the largest found fragmentof the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Initially, it tippedand broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting intothree pieces.[60][61]In November 2013, a video from a security camerawas released showing the impact of the fragmentat the Chebarkul lake.[6][62] This is the rstrecorded impact of a meteorite on video. From themeasured time dierence between the shadowgenerating meteor to the moment of impact,scientists calculated that this meteorite hit the iceat about 225 meters per second, 64 percent of thespeed of sound.[6]In the days immediately after the initial visual meteor sighting, ocials in theneighbouring country of Kazakhstan said they were looking for two possibleunidentied objects that may have impacted in Aktobe Province, adjacent to theaected Russian regions.[63][64] To date, no further announcements have been


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Shattered windows in thefoyer of the ChelyabinskDrama Theatre

made.

Injuries and damageThe blast caused by the meteor's air burst causeda considerable number of injuries. Russianauthorities stated that 1,491 people, including 311children, sought medical attention in ChelyabinskOblast within the rst few days.[3] Health ocialssaid 112 people had been hospitalised, with two inserious condition. A 52-year-old woman with abroken spine was own to Moscow fortreatment.[21] Most people were hurt by shattered,falling or blown-in glass.[21][65] The intense lightfrom the meteor, momentarily 30 times brighterthan the Sun,[35] led to over 180 cases of eye pain,and 70 people subsequently reported temporary

ash blindness.[66] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn,possibly intensied by the presence of snow on the ground.[66]A fourth-grade teacher in Chelyabinsk, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a heroafter saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowingthe origin of the intense ash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to takeprecautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room'swindows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver. Karbysheva, who remainedstanding, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glasssevered a tendon in one of her arms; however, none of her students, whom sheordered to hide under their desks, suered cuts.[67]After the air blast, car alarms went o and mobile phone networks wereoverloaded with calls.[68] Oce buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classesfor all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[21] Atleast 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergartenwere blown in at 09:22.[69] Following the event, government ocials inChelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools.[70]

Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during theincident.[71] Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed quicklysought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselvesagainst temperatures of 15 C (5 F).[72] Approximately 100,000 home-ownerswere aected, according to Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[73] He


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The collapsed roof over thewarehouse section of a zincfactory in Chelyabinsk

also said that preserving the water pipes of thecity's central heating system was the primary goalof the authorities as they scrambled to containfurther post-explosion damage.[21]By 5 March 2013 the number of damagedbuildings was tallied at over 7,200, which includedsome 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medicalfacilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 culturalorganizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which onlyabout one and a half percent had not yet beenrepaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated thedamage to buildings at more than 1 billionrubles[74] (approximately US$33 million).Chelyabinsk authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but notthe glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.[75]One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, homearena of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arenawas closed for inspection, aecting various scheduled events, and possibly thepostseason of the KHL.[76]

ReactionsDmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, conrmed a meteor had struckRussia and said it proves the "entire planet" is vulnerable to meteors and aspaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in thefuture.[16][77] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that thereshould be an international programme that would alert countries to "objects of anextraterrestrial origin",[78] also called potentially hazardous objects.Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District,created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search forfragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. Meteorites (fragments)measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in) were found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkulin the Chelyabinsk region.[79]On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United NationsOce for Outer Space Aairs had suggested the investigation of creating an"Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warningnetwork system, in face of 2012 DA 's approach.[80][81] As a result of the impact,two scientists in California proposed directed-energy weapon technologydevelopment as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.[82][83]

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Meteor air burstExtensive dash cam footage from the

atmospheric entry onwards(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZxXYscmgRg) on YouTube

Explosion eyewitness(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6uOzFo2MQg) on YouTube

Bright light and sound recorded by astationary surveillance camera(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efvP-RRuJuA) on YouTube

Video of meteor explosion that stirredpanic in Urals region(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90Omh7_I8vI) on YouTube

External video

Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e = Eccentricity, i = Inclination, = Ascending node longitude, = Argument of perihelion

Further information: Asteroid impact avoidanceMedia coverageThe Russian government put out a briefstatement within an hour of the event, butthe event was rst covered in the US byhockey blog Russian Machine NeverBreaks.[84] Heavy coverage by theinternational media had begun by the timethe Associated Press put out a brief reportwith the Russian government'sconrmation less than two hoursafterwards.[84][85] Less than 15 hoursafter the meteor impact, videos of themeteor and its aftermath had been viewedmillions of times.[86]The number of injuries caused by theasteroid led the Internet-search giantGoogle to remove a Google Doodle fromtheir website, created for the predictedpending arrival of another asteroid,2012 DA .[87] New York City planetariumdirector Neil deGrasse Tyson stated theChelyabinsk meteor was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to ndand catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.[88] In television media interviewsshortly afterwards Tyson also noted the disturbing closeness of the twocompletely unrelated events.On 27 March 2013 a broadcast episode of NOVA titled "Meteor Strike"documented the Chelyabinsk meteor, including the large amounts of meteoriticscience revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinarycitizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the relatedscientic discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary alsodiscussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroidentered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.[44][89]

Impactor orbital parameters

Multiple videos of the Chelyabinsk superbolide, particularly from dashboard

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Source Q q a e i AU ()Popova, Jenniskens,Emel'yanenko etal.; Science[6]

2.780.20

0.740.02

1.760.16

0.580.02

4.930.48

326.4420.003

108.33.8

Lyytinen viaHankey; AMS[90] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05 326.43 116.0Zuluaga, Ferrin;arXiv[91] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45 326.70 120.6Borovicka, et al.;IAU[92] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6 326.41 109.7Zuluaga, Ferrin,Geens; arXiv[93]

1.816 0.716 1.260.05

0.440.03

2.984 326.5 0.3

95.5 2

Chodas, Chesley;JPL via Sky andTelescope[94]

2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2

Insan[95] 1.5 0.5 3Proud; GRL[96] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61 326.53 96.58de la FuenteMarcos; MNRAS:Letters[97]

2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.82 326.41 109.44

Preliminary orbital solutions for impacting asteroid

cameras and trac cameras, helped to establish the meteor's provenance as anApollo asteroid.[92][98] Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequentsuperposition of nighttime stareld views over recorded daytime images, as wellas the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.[44]The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus inthe Northern hemisphere.[91] The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon wherethe Sun was starting to rise.[91]

The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids,[91][99] and wasroughly 40 days past perihelion[90] (closest approach to the Sun) and hadaphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid belt.[90][91] Severalgroups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sucient


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variance to point to dierent potential parent bodies of this meteoroid.[96][97][100]The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO was initially proposed as a likely candidate for therole of the parent body of the Chelyabinsk superbolide.[97] The more recentlypublished orbits are similar to the 2-kilometer-diameter asteroid(86039) 1999 NC to suggest they had once been part of the same object.[101]

Meteorite scrambleIn the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteoritesfell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the speedof a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[102] Analysis of the meteor showedthat all resulted from the main breakup at 3427 km altitude.[6] Local residentsand schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located insnowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface ofthe snow. Speculators have been active in the informal market that has rapidlyemerged for meteorite fragments.[102]On the rst anniversary of this event, 15 February 2014, during the 2014 WinterOlympics in Sochi, in addition to their Olympic medals, the day's ten goldmedalists were also given special commemorative medals which featuredfragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Although there were only seven dierentmedal events, one was a team event. Winners included:[103][104]

Anna Fenninger in women's super-GIda Ingemarsdotter, Emma Wikn, Anna Haag and Charlotte Kalla in

women's cross-country 4 5 km relayZhou Yang in women's short track 1500 metresViktor Ahn in men's short track 1000 metresAlexander Tretiakov in men's skeletonZbigniew Brdka in men's speed skating men's 1500 metresKamil Stoch in men's ski jumping large hill individual

Coincidental asteroid approachPreliminary calculations rapidly showed the object was not related to longpredicted 15 February close approach of what was at the time known as asteroid2012 DA (later named 367943 Duende) that passed the Earth 16 hours later ata distance of 27,700 km.[11][105][106] The Sodankyl Geophysical Observatory,[24]Russian sources,[107] the European Space Agency,[108] NASA[11] and the RoyalAstronomical Society[109] all indicated the two objects could not have beenrelated because the two asteroids had widely dierent trajectories.

40

43

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Comparison of the formerorbit of the Chelyabinskmeteor (larger elliptical blueorbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14(smaller circular blue orbit),showing that they aredissimilar.

See alsoAsteroid impactavoidanceB612 FoundationImpact eventList of meteor airbursts

Meteor processionMeteorite hunterNear-Earth objectSpaceguardFoundationTorino Scale

Notes^ Historical, normally accurate, Chinese records ofthe 1490 Ch'ing-yang event describe over 10,000deaths, but have never been conrmed.

1.

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AttributionThis article contains portions of text translated from the correspondingarticle of the Russian Wikipedia. A list of contributors can be found there inits history (http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B2_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&action=history) section.

Further readingBalcerak, E.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2013). "Nuclear test monitoringsystem detected meteor explosion over Russia". Eos, Transactions AmericanGeophysical Union 94 (42): 384. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436L..15D(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436L..15D).doi:10.1002/2013EO420010 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F2013EO420010).Barry, Ellen; Kramer, Andrew E. (15 February 2013). "Shock Wave of FireballMeteor Rattles Siberia, Injuring 1,200" (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02


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/16/world/europe/meteorite-fragments-are-said-to-rain-down-on-siberia.html).NYTimes.com. (website).Also published as "Meteor Explodes, Injuring Over 1,000 in Siberia". TheNew York Times (New York ed.). 16 February 2013. p. A1. (print).Borovika, J.; Spurn, P.; Brown, P.; Wiegert, P.; Kalenda, P.; Clark, D.;Shrben, L. (2013). "The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinskasteroidal impactor". Nature 503 (7475): 235237.Bibcode:2013Natur.503..235B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..235B). doi:10.1038/nature12671 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12671).Brown, P. G.; Assink, J. D.; Astiz, L.; Blaauw, R.; Boslough, M. B.; Borovika,J.; Brachet, N.; Brown, D.; Campbell-Brown, M.; Ceranna, L.; Cooke, W.; deGroot-Hedlin, C.; Drob, D. P.; Edwards, W.; Evers, L. G.; Garces, M.; Gill, J.;Hedlin, M.; Kingery, A.; Laske, G.; Le Pichon, A.; Mialle, P.; Moser, D. E.;Saer, A.; Silber, E.; Smets, P.; Spalding, R. E.; Spurn, P.; Tagliaferri, E. et al.(2013). "A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazardfrom small impactors". Nature 503 (7475): 238241.Bibcode:2013Natur.503..238B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.503..238B). doi:10.1038/nature12741 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12741).de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2013). "The Chelyabinsksuperbolide: a fragment of asteroid 2011 EO40?". Monthly Notices of theRoyal Astronomical Society: Letters 436 (1): L15L19. arXiv:1307.7918(//arxiv.org/abs/1307.7918). Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436L..15D(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.436L..15D). doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt103 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslt103).Gorkavyi, N.; Rault, D. F.; Newman, P. A.; Da Silva, A. M.; Dudorov, A. E.(2013). "New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide".Geophysical Research Letters 40 (17): 47284733.Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4728G (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.4728G). doi:10.1002/grl.50788 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50788).Gorkavyi, N. N.; Taidakova, T. A.; Provornikova, E. A.; Gorkavyi, I. N.;Akhmetvaleev, M. M. (2013). "Aerosol plume after the Chelyabinsk bolide".Solar System Research 47 (4): 275279. Bibcode:2013SoSyR..47..275G(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SoSyR..47..275G).doi:10.1134/S003809461304014X (http://dx.doi.org/10.1134%2FS003809461304014X).Kohout, Tomas; Gritsevich, Maria; Grokhovsky, Victor I.; Yakovlev, GrigoriyA.; Haloda, Jakub; Halodova, Patricie; Michallik, Radoslaw M.; Penttil, Antti;Muinonen, Karri (2013). "Mineralogy, reectance spectra, and physicalproperties of the Chelyabinsk LL5 chondrite Insight into shock-inducedchanges in asteroid regoliths". Icarus 228 (1): 7885.Bibcode:2014Icar..228...78K (http://adsabs.harvard.edu


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/abs/2014Icar..228...78K). doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.027 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.09.027).Le Pichon, A.; Ceranna, L.; Pilger, C.; Mialle, P.; Brown, D.; Herry, P.; Brachet,N. (2013). "The 2013 Russian reball largest ever detected by CTBTOinfrasound sensors". Geophysical Research Letters 40 (14): 37323737.Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3732L (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3732L). doi:10.1002/grl.50619 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50619).Marcos, C.; Marcos, R. (2013-11-22). The Chelyabinsk Superbolide: WeDidn't See That One Coming (http://www.amazon.com/CHELYABINSK-SUPERBOLIDE-DIDNT-THAT-COMING-ebook/dp/B00GWWCKK8). TheBaetylus Press. ISBN 978-84-616-7222-6.Popova, Olga P.; Jenniskens, Peter; Emelyanenko, Vacheslav; Kartashova,Anna; Biryukov, Eugeny; Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey; Shuvalov, Valery; Rybnov,Yurij; Dudorov, Alexandr; Grokhovsky, Victor I.; Badyukov, Dmitry D.; Yin,Qing-Zhu; Gural, Peter S.; Albers, Jim; Granvik, Mikael; Evers, Lslo G.;Kuiper, Jacob; Kharlamov, Vladimir; Solovyov, Andrey; Rusakov, Yuri S.;Korotkiy, Stanislav; Serdyuk, Ilya; Korochantsev, Alexander V.; Larionov,Michail Yu.; Glazachev, Dmitry; Mayer, Alexander E.; Gisler, Galen;Gladkovsky, Sergei V.; Wimpenny, Josh; Sanborn, Matthew E.; Yamakawa,Akane; Verosub, Kenneth L.; Rowland, Douglas J.; Roeske, Sarah; Botto,Nicholas W.; Friedrich, Jon M.; Zolensky, Michael E.; Le, Loan; Ross, Daniel;Ziegler, Karen; Nakamura, Tomoki; Ahn, Insu; Lee, Jong Ik; Zhou, Qin; Li,Xian-Hua; Li, Qiu-Li; Liu, Yu; Tang, Guo-Qiang; Hiroi, Takahiro; Sears, Derek;Weinstein, Ilya A.; Vokhmintsev, Alexander S.; Ishchenko, Alexei V.; Schmitt-Kopplin, Phillipe; Hertkorn, Norbert; Nagao, Keisuke; Haba, Makiko K.;Komatsu, Mutsumi; Mikouchi, Takashi; (the Chelyabinsk AirburstConsortium) (2013). "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, MeteoriteRecovery, and Characterization" (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1069.abstract). Science 342 (6162): 10691073.doi:10.1126/science.1242642 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242642).Proud, S. R. (2013). "Reconstructing the orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteorusing satellite observations". Geophysical Research Letters 40 (13):33513355. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3351P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3351P). doi:10.1002/grl.50660 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50660).Tauzin, B.; Debayle, E.; Quantin, C.; Coltice, N. (2013). "Seismoacousticcoupling induced by the breakup of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinskmeteor". Geophysical Research Letters 40 (14): 3522.Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.3522T (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3522T). doi:10.1002/grl.50683 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50683).Yau, Kevin; Weissman, Paul; Yeomans, Donald (1994). "Meteorite falls in


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China and some related human casualty events". Meteoritics 29 (6):864871. Bibcode:1994Metic..29..864Y (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Metic..29..864Y). ISSN 0026-1114 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1114).

Synopsis: "A calculation based on the number of casualty events in theChinese meteorite records suggests that the probability of a meteoritestriking a human is far greater than previous estimates."

External links"Meteor vapour trail from space" (http://www.ickr.com/photos/simon_rp/8478844942/). Image captured by EUMETSAT satellite."Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia" (http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/12356). CIMSS Satellite Blog."Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby" (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/asteroid20130215.html). NASA." " [Collection of videos and photographsof the meteor and resulting damage] (http://chelyabinsk.ru/text/news/621775.html). Chelyabinsk website (in Russian)."Meteor Strike" (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/meteor-strike.html).NOVA documentary broadcast, 53 minutes, aired 27 March 2013. PBS."Includes extensive scientic analysis of the worldwide infrasoundmonitoring network data from which the megaton energy estimates weremade."

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelyabinsk_meteor&oldid=604659651"Categories: 2013 in Russia 2013 natural disastersAstronomical objects discovered in 2013 Chelyabinsk OblastModern Earth impact events Kurgan Oblast Meteorites found in RussiaNatural disasters in Russia Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen OblastExplosions in Russia 21st-century explosions Meteorite falls Meteoroids2013 in space

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