chem 570 nanotechnology forteachers

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Chem 570Nanotechnology for

Teachers Dr John S Hutchinson Professor of Chemistry

Director of Education CBEN

Dr Carolyn Nichol Associate Director of Education

CBEN



NanoX



What is Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materialsdevices and systems through control of matter on thenanometer length scale exploiting novel phenomena and

properties (physical chemical biological) present only at thatlength scale

ldquoIf I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likelyproduce the breakthroughs of tomorrow I would point to nanoscalescience and

engineeringrdquo Neal LaneUniversity Professor Rice UniversityFormer NSF DirectorAssistant to President Clinton for Science and Technology






bull What is the ldquonanometer length scalerdquo bull What ldquonovel phenomenardquo are present on the nanoscale

bull How could we ldquocontrol matterrdquo on the nanoscale

And importantly

bull Why is this all so exciting



What isnrsquot Nanotechnology

Molecular Engineering Nanobots

Science Fiction



ldquoNanordquo How small is that really

Mountain1 km1000 m

0001 km = 1 m

Child1 m

Ant1 mm0001 m

1000 mm = 1 m

Bacteria

1 μm0000001 m

1000000 μm = 1 m

Sugar Molecule

1 nm0000000001 m

1000000000 nm = 1



Orders of Magnitude 1 nm = 10-9 m

Powers of 10 video

1 Carbon atom radius = 772 pm = 772times10-12 m=0077nm

Carbon-Carbon bond length = 154 pm = 0154 nm

Sugar Molecule1 nm0000000001 m

1000000000 nm = 1 m



Atomic Structure Quick Overview

Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm

Positive charge = atomic number

Electron cloud Radius ~10-10m = 010nm

Number of electrons = atomic number

Electrons arranged in ldquoshellsrdquo



Molecular Structure Quick Overview

Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding

- Bond energy = energy required to break bond



Carbon Nanoparticles

C60

buckminsterfullerene

1985 RichardSmalley Robert CurlHarold Kroto

12 pentagons

20 hexagons

elongated fullerenes

C60

C70

C80



taken from httpwwwphotontu-tokyoacjp~maruyamawrappingfilesframehtml

Rolling up Graphene to make a SWNT



Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes



01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale

At the micron (1000nm) and larger scaleclassical physics

determines properties

At the Angstrom (01nm) scale quantum

mechanics determinesproperties

At the nanometer scale

fundamental propertiesdepend on exactly howbig the particle is

The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l



Quantum Mechanics vs ClassicalMechanics

Continuous vs Quantized Energy

Separation of Energies depends on Size

Energy vs Size applet



Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm

Quantum Mechanics vs Classical




Wave motion vs trajectory motion

Uncertainty Principle

Two slit interference experiment



Surface Area versus Volume

Nanosized particles dramatically increasesurface area

Compare fixed volumes different sizeparticles

1 particle R = 1m V = 43 π S = 4π

1000 particles R = 01m V = 43 π

S = 40π

1027 particles R = 10-9m V = 43 πS = 4bull109

π



Tools of the Nanoscale

Electron Microscopy

(SEM TEM) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

(STM)

Atomic Force Microscopy

(AFM)



The Light Microscope

httpmicromagnetfsueduprimeranatomy



Timeline of Microscopy

httpwwwnobelsephysicseducationalmicroscopespowerlineindexhtml

1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986



Optical vs Electron Microscopy

Optical microscopy image Electron microscopy image

Radiolarian (amoeboid protozoa)

Why do electron beams give superior resolution tolight rays

Shorter wavelength



Scanning Electron Microscopy

httpmseiastateedumicroscopywhatsemhtml

httpmseiastateedumicroscopypath2html

httpwwwmosorgslnsemseminfohtml



Transmission Electron Microscopy

httpwwwnobelsephysicseducationalmicroscopestemindexhtml

CdSe quantum dot Colvin

300 nm

Hollow colloidal ellipses Colvin



Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

httpwwwnobelsephysicseducationalmicroscopesscanningindexhtml

ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l



STM Manipulating Atoms

httpwwwalmadenibmcomvisstmcorralhtml

Iron atoms on Copper surface

A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D



What Nanomaterials Can Do

Optical Properties

Photochemistry

Absorptionscattering fluorescence orlack thereof

MechanicalProperties

Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality

ElectricalThermalProperties

Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly

Directed Self- Assembly

T f N t i l



Types of Nanomaterials

C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i



Fluorescence image of a free SWNT in water suspension

Real timeNanotube length = 10 μm



NanoX



NanoX















And importantly






Science Fiction




Mountain1 km1000 m

0001 km = 1 m

Child1 m

Ant1 mm0001 m

1000 mm = 1 m

Bacteria

1 μm0000001 m

1000000 μm = 1 m

Sugar Molecule

1 nm0000000001 m

1000000000 nm = 1




Powers of 10 video




1000000000 nm = 1 m




Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm








Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX















And importantly






Science Fiction




Mountain1 km1000 m

0001 km = 1 m

Child1 m

Ant1 mm0001 m

1000 mm = 1 m

Bacteria

1 μm0000001 m

1000000 μm = 1 m

Sugar Molecule

1 nm0000000001 m

1000000000 nm = 1




Powers of 10 video




1000000000 nm = 1 m




Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm








Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX





Science Fiction




Mountain1 km1000 m

0001 km = 1 m

Child1 m

Ant1 mm0001 m

1000 mm = 1 m

Bacteria

1 μm0000001 m

1000000 μm = 1 m

Sugar Molecule

1 nm0000000001 m

1000000000 nm = 1




Powers of 10 video




1000000000 nm = 1 m




Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm








Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




Mountain1 km1000 m

0001 km = 1 m

Child1 m

Ant1 mm0001 m

1000 mm = 1 m

Bacteria

1 μm0000001 m

1000000 μm = 1 m

Sugar Molecule

1 nm0000000001 m

1000000000 nm = 1




Powers of 10 video




1000000000 nm = 1 m




Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm








Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




Powers of 10 video




1000000000 nm = 1 m




Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm








Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm








Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




Structure Geometry

Bonding

- Ionic bonding

- Covalent bonding





C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




C60



12 pentagons

20 hexagons


C60

C70

C80










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX










01 1 10 100 1000

QuantumMechanics

(WavePhysics)

Classical Mechanics

(Everyday Physics)

Length Scale (nm)

Importance of Scale







The nanoworld

Q t M h i Cl i l









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX









Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold= Red



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX



Metal Nanoshells

20nm















S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX














S = 40π


π




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




Electron Microscopy


(STM)


(AFM)









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX









1938

c 1625

SEM1981

AFM1986







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX







Shorter wavelength












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX












300 nm






ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX





ProbeSimulatorexe

STM Probe Simulator

l






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX






A i F Mi




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




AFM Simulator

Wh t N t i l C D




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




Optical Properties

Photochemistry



Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality


Conductivity

Nanoscale Control

Porosity Coatings

Self-Assembly


T f N t i l




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX




C b All t



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX



Carbon Allotropes

G ld N ti l



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX



Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX



Silica Colloids

2μm

Fl i f f SWNT i t i







NanoX







NanoX

chem 570 nanotechnology forteachers

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