chem1102 #2 – semester 2microsoft word - chem1102 #2 – semester 2.docx created date: 12/14/2015...

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CHEM1102 #2 Semester 2 List common acids and bases Use pH and K W Instead of using large numbers , we use a logarithmic scale (pH scale): pH = log 10 [H + ] pOH = log 10 [OH ] pH + pOH = 14 pK W = – log 10 K W = 14.00 at 25 °C Define acids & bases Arrhenius Definition ACID:H + producer in aqueous solution e.g. HCl BASE: OH producer e.g. NaOH Bronsted Lowry Definition ACID: proton donor (H + ) e.g. HCl BASE: proton acceptor e.g. NH 3 Autoionisation of Water Temperature Dependence of pH Reaction is endothermic: it is more favourable at higher temperature 2H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + OH (aq) At 25°C: K W = [H 3 O + ][OH ] = 1.0 × 10 14

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Page 1: Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2Microsoft Word - Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2.docx Created Date: 12/14/2015 12:21:11 AM

CHEM1102  #2  –  Semester  2  List  common  acids  and  bases  ���

 Use  pH  and  KW

Instead  of  using  large  numbers  ,  we  use  a  logarithmic  scale  (pH  scale):  

• pH  =  -­‐log10[H+]    

• pOH  =  -­‐log10[OH-­‐]    

• pH  +  pOH  =  14  

• pKW  =  –  log10  KW  =  14.00  at  25  °C  

•  

 

Define  acids  &  bases  

Arrhenius  Definition  

 

ACID:  H+  producer  in  aqueous  solution  e.g.  HCl      

BASE:  OH-­‐  producer  e.g.  NaOH        

Bronsted  Lowry  Definition  

 

ACID:  proton  donor  (H+)  e.g.  HCl      

BASE:  proton  acceptor  e.g.  NH3      

 

Autoionisation  of  Water  ⇒  

 

 

Temperature  Dependence  of  pH    

 • Reaction  is  endothermic:  it  is  more  favourable  at  higher  temperature    

•  

2  H2O(l)  à  H3O+  (aq)  +  OH-­‐  (aq)  

At  25°C:  KW  =  [H3O+][OH-­‐]  =    1.0  ×  10-­‐14  

Page 2: Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2Microsoft Word - Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2.docx Created Date: 12/14/2015 12:21:11 AM

Complete  acid  /  base  calculations  for  strong  and  weak  acids  and  ���bases   ���

Use  pH,  pKw,  pKa  and  pKb ���  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Define  strong  and  weak  acids  &  bases  ��� Strong  acids  and  bases:  

• completely  ionise  in  water  (100%  dissociation)  

• have  equilibrium  lying  completely  to  the  right,  Ka  ≈  ∞  

Strong  acids:   •  H2SO4,  HCl,  HBr,  HI,  HNO3,  HClO4,  

• Lose  protons  easily  

• More  polarized  the  H-­‐X  bond,  the  weaker  the  bond,  the  stronger  the  acid  

Strong  bases:   • All  hydroxides  of  Groups  1  &  2  (except  Be):  NaOH,  Ca(OH)2,  

• Hold  onto  protons  tightly  

 

Weak  acids  and  bases:  

• do  not  completely  ionise  in  water  (<100%  dissociation)  

• are  in  equilibrium    

Understand  acid  and  base  equilibria  ���& Identify  conjugate  acid/base  pairs  ���

Perform  calculations  with  strong  acids/bases   ���                  

The  larger  the  value  of  Ka,  the  stronger  the  acid  and  the  lower  the  value  of  pKa    

An  ACID  –BASE  equilibria  will  ALWAYS  lie  in  the  direction  of  the  weaker  acid  and  weaker  base  

 

• increasing  pKa  =  decreasing  Ka

 :  Ka1

 >  Ka2

 >  Ka3

   

• REASON:  harder  to  remove  +ve  charge  (i.e.  protons)  against  increasing  -­‐ve  charge    

• large  difference  in  pKa  values  means  that  we  only  need  to  consider  one  equilibrium  at  a  time    

 

Page 3: Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2Microsoft Word - Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2.docx Created Date: 12/14/2015 12:21:11 AM

Use  the  buffer  concept  and  construct  buffers  ���  

 A  solution  containing  both  a  weak  acid  and  its  salt  that  withstands  pH  changes  when  acid  or  base  (limited  amounts)  are  added.    

  Condition   Procedure  

Buffer  Preparation     Required  pH  of  buffer  =  pKa  of  acid  available   use  equimolar  of  acids  and  its  conjugate  base  

If  pH  required  by  buffer  ≠  pKa  of  acid  available   use  the  Henderson-­‐Hasselbalch  equation  

 

Buffer  Capacity   • the  amount  of  strong  acid  or  base  that  can  be  added  without  causing  significant  pH  change  

• depends  on  amount  of  acid  &  conjugate  base  in  solution  

• Highest  when  [HA]  ≈  [A-­‐]  OR  when  [HA]  ≈  [A-­‐]  are  large  

• Most  effective  buffers  have  acid/base  ratio  <  10  and  >  0.1  ⇒  pH  range  is  ±1    

 

Buffers  in  biological  systems  include:  

• blood,  contain  buffers:    pH  control  essential  because  biochemical  reactions  are  very  sensitive  to  pH.  Death  occurs  at  pH  <6.8  and  pH  >7.8  

• “Extracellular”  buffer  (outside  cell)    

 

Apply  the  Henderson-­‐Hasselbalch  equation  ���

   

*  Applies  ONLY  TO  WEAK  ACIDS  AND  THEIR  CONJUGATED  BASES  (not  acids  or  bases  alone)  

 

   

Page 4: Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2Microsoft Word - Chem1102 #2 – Semester 2.docx Created Date: 12/14/2015 12:21:11 AM