chem300a l9 20.ppt - university of victoria

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Materials Plastic: material that can be molded or shaped Polymer: macromolecule = material of high molecular weight, formed from many repeating units Mostly from petrochemicals Widely used: rubber, insulation material, fibers, paint, foams, adhesives, molds, structural material 1. Plastics and Polymers 1

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Page 1: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Materials

Plastic: material that can be molded or shaped

Polymer: macromolecule = material of high molecular weight,formed from many repeating units

• Mostly from petrochemicals• Widely used: rubber, insulation material, fibers, paint, foams,

adhesives, molds, structural material

1. Plastics and Polymers

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Page 2: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Thermoplastic: material that softens when heated, sets when cool

Thermoset: material that is soft enough to be molded when made but permanently sets on heating

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Page 3: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Properties of Polymers depend on their molecular structure

Order in which the monomers are arranged:

Homopolymers: A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A‐A

Copolymers: A‐B‐A‐B‐A‐B or A‐A‐A‐A‐B‐B‐B‐B‐A‐A‐A‐A

Three‐dimensional arrangement withinthe chain:

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Page 4: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Linear vs. branched

Low density polymer low melting flexible plastic

High density polymerdenser and more rigid plastic

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

4

Page 5: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Rigidity is provided by crystalline region

Fibers can be drawby extruding moltenpolymers (Nylon, Dacron, polyethylene)

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Page 6: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Elastomers: materials that can be deformed and revert back to original form when deformation force is removed 

E.g. rubber

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Page 7: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Types of synthesis to bring monomers together

Addition reaction:  A• + A –> A‐A• + A ‐> A‐A‐A•   

7

radical

cationic

anionic

Page 8: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Addition reactions: different products if monomer is non‐symmetrical

Chemistry in Context 6th Edition, ACS, McGraw‐Hill

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)• tough• insulating• heat sensitive

88

dominant

Page 9: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Condensation reactions: X‐A‐X  + Y‐B‐Y –>  X‐A‐B‐Y + XY

PET = Polyester = polyethylene terephthalate

Chemistry in Context 6th Edition, ACS, McGraw‐Hill

Similar for polyamides like Kevlar: N2N‐Aryl‐NH2 + HO2C‐Aryl‐CO2H 

Page 10: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

Bakelite (1909):Phenol‐formaldehyde resinwith wood ‘flour’ also usedto bind plywood layers

1010

Page 11: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

1111

Ring opening polymerizations

E

Oacid or base

catalystE

O

n

E = O = caprolactoneE = NH = caprolactam

E = O = polyesterE = NH = polyamide (nylon-6)

acidcatalystO

OO

n

polyethylene glycol (PEG)

PEG used in surgical applications and can be ingestedPegylation is attaching PEG polymers to drugs to improve pharmacokinetics 

Water-soluble

Page 12: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Ring opening polymerizations: Epoxy Resins

O2

OH

acidHO OH

Bisphenol-A

Page 13: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Ring opening polymerizations: Metathesis  (ROMP)

Metal‐alkylidenes are capable of exchanging =CR2 ends of alkenes: 

If we use cyclic alkenes we get polymerization: CD blanksNon‐fog plastics

Page 14: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Synthetic rubber, 1839: Charles Goodyearaccidentally dropped a mixture of rubber and sulfur on a hot stove:mixture was nicely elastic – vulcanized rubber 

wikipedia

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

Synthetic Polymers

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Page 15: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Synthetic elastomers: styrene‐butadiene rubber (75:25 btd/sty)

Neoprene 

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

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Page 16: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Most popular polymers and their recycling codes: ‘The Big Six’

Chemistry in Context 6th Edition, ACS, McGraw‐Hill

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Page 17: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Chemistry in Context 6th Edition, ACS, McGraw‐Hill

Most popular polymers and their recycling codes: ‘The Big Six’

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Page 18: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Plastic recycling codes in summary

Page 19: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Plasticizers: lubricants between the chains to soften polymers: PVC 

PVC food wraps contain other plasticizers such as adipates and citrates

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate – DEHAShown to induce liver cancer in mice but not rats: controversial

1919

Page 20: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Other major polymers

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

2020

Page 21: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Nylon 6,6 

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

2121

Page 22: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Polyethylene terephthalate: PET

The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things, 4th Ed.

2222

Page 23: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

ABS ‐ AxBySz

15% ‐ 35% ‐ acrylonitrile

5% ‐ 30% ‐ 1,3‐butadiene

40% ‐ 60% ‐ styrene

2323

• Tough• Insulating• Injection moldable• Used in: protective equipment, 

car parts, bottle caps, etc.

Page 24: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Polycarbonates

Usually with bisphenol‐A

2424

• Heat resistant• Insulating• Flame retardant• Used in: circuit boards, CD blanks, 

formerly water bottles, containers

Page 25: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Food packaging: not biodegradable and not recyclable – yet?

Barrier films are laminates of many layers: 7 or more commonEach layer has its purpose:• Low oxygen permeability (nylon)• Low moisture permeability• Toughness (polypropylene, HDPE)• Printable

New fully compostable Food barrier film from BASF

Page 26: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Recycling

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Typical municipal wastes US

Page 27: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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2015 World Recycling Data (Source: OECD (2015), “Municipal Waste”, OECD Environment Statistics)

Canada 24% recycling rate (places us in the bottom 1/3)US 35%Europe 40%Germany 65%

Page 28: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Fate of the non‐recycled plastics: dump or incineration

Potential solutions: 

Biodegradable plastic (see next slides)• monomers that decompose over time (e.g. with moisture)• smaller chains are degraded by bacteria to CO2 + H2O

Incineration• plastics account for up to 30% of waste energy content = fuel?

Issues:• chlorine based polymers release HCl• toxic chemicals• metals in ink in ash (Pb, Cd)

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Biodegradable Polymers: the way forward?

Alkyl esters: much more easily hydrolyzed than PET

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

OO

On

• Monomers from bacterial fermentation of sugars

From: Biopact.com

Page 30: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Polylactic acid (PLA)

OO

O

nCH3

HOOH

O

CH3O

OO

CH3O

H3Clactic acid

lactide

PLA

• Monomer from corn starch or sugarcane

• Degrades quickly• Easily recycled by thermal 

depolymerization or hydrolysis

Largest manufacturer in US:NatureWorks (Cargill)

Page 31: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Polyanhydrides

• Anhydrides are quite easy to hydrolyze• Rapid breakdown in wet environs• Biocompatible: drug delivery

University of Washington Engineering

Page 32: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Cellulose Derivatives

Cellulose nitrate

• Extremely flammable• Used for movie film until 1948• Soaking cotton in nitric acid gives the highly 

flammable ‘guncotton’ (below)• Used for artificial ‘ivory’ in 19th century (right)

Page 33: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

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Cellulose Derivatives

Cellulose acetate

• Replaced cellulose nitrate film• Used in computer tape• Breaks down with heat, compostable• Fibres highly desirable for clothing: breathable, dries quickly, no static cling, 

soft, easily dyed and retains bright colours well

Carpet fibre and backingAcetate film Rayon fibres

Page 34: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Recycling:

• Collection• Transportation• Sorting• Melting – used directly or pelletized for future use

Recycled‐content product: materials would have been waste

Post‐consumer content: material previously used and recycled

Pre‐consumer content: material that was waste (scraps, clippings)

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Page 35: Chem300A L9 20.ppt - University of Victoria

Sorting by density

Chemistry in Context 6th Edition, ACS, McGraw‐Hill

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From: Canadian Plastics Industry Association website

For an example of acompany that specializes inrecycling plastics see:www.postplastics.com