Topic 1.3Chemical/Biological Defense

- Agent Identification- First Aid- Decontamination

Enabling Objectives (page 1).

• RECOGNIZE the characteristics and effects of chemical and biological agents.

• ANALYZE the protective measures of chemical and biological defense.

• RECOGNIZE chemical / biological attack alarms and signals.

• RECOGNIZE chemical / biological contamination.

Enabling Objectives Continued.

• PERFORM skin decontamination.

• PERFORM self and buddy aid.

• PERFORM the procedures of immediate and operational decon.

• OPERATE in a chemical environment.

Introduction.

• If attacked with chemical or biological weapons, there may be little or no warning. The attack may contaminate large areas and reaction must be immediate to protect against contamination.

Characteristics of

Chemical Agents (page.2).

• Classified according to their effects & characteristics.

• Four classifications:–Nerve Agents.–Blister Agents.–Blood Agents.–Choking Agents.

Nerve Agents.

• Deadliest chemical agents known (death can occur within minutes)

• Enter into the body by:–Breathing.–Skin Contact.–Eye Absorption.

Name Form Odor Rate Action

Tabun(GA)

Colorlessto brownliq.

Fruity Veryrapid

Breathingstops

Sarin(GB)

Colorlessliquid

Almostnone

Veryrapid

Breathingstops

Soman(GD)

Colorlessliquid

Fruity Veryrapid

Breathingstops

VX Colorlessliquid

Odorless VeryRapid

Table 1-3-1 (page 2)

Mild Symptoms (pages 2 &3)

• Unexplained runny nose.• Sudden headache.• Excessive flow of saliva.• Tightness in chest.• Difficulty seeing.• Muscular twitching.• Stomach cramps.• Nausea.• Excessive sweating.

Severe Symptoms

• Strange / confused behavior• Gurgling breathing sounds• Severely pinpointed pupils• Red tearing eyes• Vomiting.• Severe muscle twitching.• Loss of bladder / bowel control• Convulsions.• Stoppage of breathing.

Nerve Agent Treatment

• Self Aid - If you experience most or all of the mild symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. Immediately hold your breath and don your protective mask.

• Administer (1) Atropine and (1) 2 PAM CI injections into your lateral thigh muscle ( or buttocks ).

Nerve Agent Treatment• Note: • Navy personnel are

issued (3) atropine and (3) 2PAM CL. and (1) CANA auto-injectors each. (complete set is referred to as the Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK).

Steps for Injection(pages 3 to 9)

• Don and clear mask• Remove one set of auto-injectors.• Remove safety cap from atropine.• Inject thigh or buttocks, hold for 10

sec.• Remove safety cap from 2 PAM CL.• Inject in the same manner as with

Atropine

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITEON THE LATERAL THIGH

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITEON THE BUTTOCKS

Attach used injectors to the front pocket flap of protective overgarmet.

Massage the injection site if time permits

Steps for Injection (pages 3 to 9)

• Warning: within 10-15 min. after administering injections, your heart beats rapidly and mouth becomes dry, DO NOT give another set of injections.

• Note: if you are able to walk without assistance, know who you are and where your are, you WILL NOT need the second set of injections.

Steps for Injection

• Note: if however you continue to have symptoms 10-15 min. after one set of injections, you are experiencing SEVERE symptoms and will require buddy aid. Seek buddy to check symptoms and administer second set of injections if needed.

• Note: While waiting between sets of injections you should decon yourself if necessary and put on remaining protective clothing.

Nerve Agent Treatment(page 7)

• Buddy-Aid - Casualties with severe symptoms WILL NOT be able to treat themselves. No more than three sets of antidote are administered. Buddy-aid also includes administering the CANA with the third set of injections to prevent convulsions.

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITEON THE LATERAL THIGH

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITEON THE BUTTOCKS

Attach used injectors to the front pocket flap of protective overgarmet.

Blister Agents (page 9)

• Cause inflammation, blisters, and destruction of tissues

• Enter into. the body by:

–Breathing.

–Skin contact.

–Eye absorption.

Name Form Odor Rate Action

DistilledMustard(HD)

Colorlessto paleyellow

Garlic Delayedhours todays

Blisters;destroystissues

NitrogenMustard(HN)

Darkliquidsoapy

Fishy ormusty

Delayedaction

“ “ ; affectsrespiratorytract

PhosgeneOxime (cx)

Colorlesssolid orliquid

Sharp Oncontact

Forms weltsrapidly

Lewisite(L)

Dark oilyliquid

Geranium Rapid May causepoisoning

Table 1-3-2. (pages 9 & 10)

Symptoms. (page 9)

• Little or no pain at time of exposure.

• Signs of injury may not appear for several hours.

Blister Agent Treatment(page. 10)

• Self-aid - Use the M291 or flush rapidly with large amounts of water.

• Note: Blister agent in eyes requires immediate flushing with water.

• Buddy-aid - If blisters appear, seek medical attention.

Blood Agents (page. 10)

• Prevent normal transfer of oxygen to tissues.

• Enter the body by breathing.

N a m e F o r m O d o r R a t e Ac t i o n

H y d r o g e nC y a n i d e( AC )

C o l o r l e s sg a s o rl i q u i d

B i t t e ra l m o n d s

V e r yr a p i d

Ac c e l e r a t e sb r e a t h i n g

C y a n o g e nC h l o r i d e( C K )

C o l o r l e s sg a s

L i k e ( AC )c a n b eu n n o t i c e d

M a y b er a p i d

C h o k e s ,c a u s e ss l o wb r e a t h i n g

Ar s i n e( S A)

C o l o r l e s sg a s

M i l d g a r l i c 2 h r . t o1 1 d a y s

D a m a g e sb l o o d ,l i v e r , a n dk i d n e y s

Table 1-3-3.

Mild Symptoms (page 11)

• Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat

• Coughing.• Tightness. in chest• Headache.• Vertigo (whirling feeling)• Nausea.

Severe Symptoms (page 11)

• Unconsciousness.• Failing respiration.• Convulsions.• Coma.• Loss of bladder and / or bowel

control• Death.

Blood Agent Treatment

• No field treatment, immediate masking is essential.

Choking Agents (page 12)

• Irritate and inflame tissues from the nose to the lungs, causing choking

• Enter the body by breathing.

N a m e F o r m O d o r R a t e A c t i o n

P h o s g e n e( C G )

C o l o rl e s s g a s

N e w -m o w nh a y;g r e e nc o r n

I m m e d i a t et o 3 h r .

D a m a g e sa n df l o o d sl u n g s

D i p h o s g en e ( D P )

C o l o rl e s sl i q u i d

N e w -m o w nh a y;g r e e nc o r n

I m m e d i a t et o 3 h r

D a m a g e sa n df l o o d sl u n g s

Table 1-3-4. (page 12)

Symptoms (page 12)

• Coughing.

• Tightness in chest.

• Choking.

• Nausea.

• Occasionally vomiting.

• Tearing of eyes.

• Headache.

Symptoms during and immediately after exposure may include:

Symptoms (Cont.)

• A symptom-free period, followed by symptoms of pneumonia.

• Commonly last 2 to 24 hours, but may be shorter.

Choking Agent Treatment

• Self-aid - Mask immediately, continue the mission.

• Buddy-aid - If severe symptoms appear 2 to 24 hours later, seek medical attention.

Characteristics

of Biological Agents.• Classified by :

• Type.• Uses.• Operational effects.• Physiological action

Biological Agents

• Toxins

- Neurotoxins- Cytotoxins

- Bacteria- Rickettsia- Viruses

• Pathogens

* Both will have little or no odor* Both can be deadly shortly after contact

Pathogens (page 13)

• Living microorganisms (germs)

• Enter the body by :

• Skin

• Respiratory tract

• Digestive tract

• Illness may not appear for days

• Three types are :

• Bacteria

• Rickettsia

• Viruses.

Bacteria

• anthrax• gonorrhea• food poisoning• scarlet fever• syphilis.

Cause diseases such as :

Rickettsia

• Typhus

• Spotted fever.

Produce diseases such as :

Viruses (page 13)

• Flu (mild cases)

• Chronic infections

Cause diseases that resemble :

Biological Agents

• Toxins

- Neurotoxins- Cytotoxins

- Bacteria- Rickettsia- Viruses

• Pathogens

Toxins

• Poison produced as by-products by :–Pathogens–Plants–Animals.

• Toxin poisoning will mimic chemical agents symptoms.

Toxins

• Two basic groups are :– Neurotoxins–Cytotoxins

• Neurotoxins (“nerve toxins”) produce nerve agent symptoms.

• Cytotoxins (“cell toxins”) produce choking, blister, or radiation like symptoms.

Biological Agent Treatment (pages 13 & 14)

• The best way to prevent yourself from The best way to prevent yourself from being a biological casualty is to practice being a biological casualty is to practice some preventive measure to include.some preventive measure to include.– Physical conditionPhysical condition– Personal hygienePersonal hygiene– Area sanitationArea sanitation– ImmunizationImmunization

• Note:Note: Treatment of biological agent or Treatment of biological agent or toxin casualties requires medical toxin casualties requires medical attention as soon as possible.attention as soon as possible.

Time to takeeffect

Toxin LD50 Type and effect

Very rapid5 min.

Anatoxin 170 to 250 Neurotoxin; nerveagent symptoms

Rapid 5min. to1hr.

Saxitoxin 1 (aerosol) Lethal; numbness torespiratory distress

Staphylococus

200 (aerosol) Incapacitant; acutefood poisoning

Delayed 1 to12 hours

T-2 50 to 240(aerosol)

Lethal cytotoxin;skin reddening,rash, blisters,bloody vomit

Very delayed12 hours

Tetanus 0.0025 Neurotoxin; painfulmuscle contractions

Table 1-3-5 (page 14)LD 50 (Parts per Kilogram)

Recognizing an Attack (page 15)

• Delivery systems

• Attack indicators

• Agent detection

• Alarms and signals

Little or no warningYou must be familiar with :

Delivery Systems

• Ground bursting– air contaminating– non-persistent

• Air Bursting– ground

contaminating– persistent

Chemical Agent Delivery Systems include:

• Aircraft Spray– ground

contaminating– persistent

Delivery Systems

• Aerosol- (generator, spray or explosion) – Targeting the respiratory system.

• Vector- (fleas, lice, ticks, and mosquitoes)– Transfers pathogens through break in the

skin.• Covert- (sabotage of food and water

supplies)– Targeting the respiratory and digestive tract.

Biological Agent Delivery Systems Systems include:

Attack Indicators (page 16)

• Mist or Fog by aircraft

• Aerial bombs that pop

• Low order munitions

• Dead animals• Chemical agent

symptoms

• Mysterious illness in epidemic numbers

• Large numbers of insects

• NBC contamination markers

U.S. and NATO Chemical Contamination Markers

Faces Away from Contamination

Faces Toward Contamination

Yellow Background with Red LetteringInformation on Marker:Name of Agent (if known)Date and Time of Detection

U.S. and NATO Chemical Contamination Markers

Faces Away from Contamination

Faces Toward Contamination

Blue Background with Red LetteringInformation on Marker:Name of Agent (if known)Date and Time of Detection

U.S. and NATO Chemical Contamination Markers

Faces Away from Contamination

Faces Toward Contamination

Yellow Background with Red LetteringInformation on Marker:Name of Agent (if known)Date and Time of Detection

Warsaw Pact Contamination Markers

C% = Nuclear[ = Biological?% = Chemical

Decontaminated Path (and its width)

Area cannot be Decontaminated

Red BackgroundBlack Lettering

Agent Detection (page 18)

• Chemical Agents detected with :

–M8 paper

–M9 paper

M8 paper

M9 paper

Agent Detection

• Biological Agents have no reliable means of detection.

Alarms and Signals

• Don mask• Give alarm• Use alarm that cannot be

confused.• All must repeat alarm• Supplement alarm over nets.

Rules for giving alarm:

Alarms and Signals

• Vocal

• Sound

• Visual

• Audiovisual

Four types of signals are :

Vocal Alarm

Sound Signal

• Reinforce vocal alarm

– Metal to Metal

– Short blasts

– 10 sec. Warbling Siren

Visual Signal (page 19)

• Reinforce the sound and vocal signal

Audiovisual Signal

• M8A1 Chemical Agent Alarm (nerve agents only)

• Radio and Field Phones

• Messenger

Immediate Actions (page 20)

• Second nature

• Read steps on page 21 in Trainee guide

• Note: These steps assume you are in MOPP 1.

Immediate Actions

• 1) Don and clear mask.

• 2) Give alarm.

• 3) Take cover.

• 4) Put on Gloves and liners.

• 5) Secure hood, fasten smock openings.

• 6) Put on overboots, secure trouser legs.

• 7) Conduct immediate decon.

• 8) Continue mission.

Immediate Decon (page 21)

• Consists of: – Skin Decon

– Personal Wipe down

– Operator Spraydown

Immediate Decon is initiated by you without command, using your skin decon kit.

* Containing 6 decon packets* Olive drab wallet * Filled with charcoal powder

Inspection:Loose powder4 pack minimum

M291 skin decon kit

*Hard plastic olive drab case*Contains 6 packets

(three #1 and three #2)

M258A1 skin decon kit

Inspection:Tears in packets#2 for broken ampoules

Skin Decontamination (page 21)

• Use M291 or M258A1.• Note: Processes are the same for both

kits. When using M258A1 use packets in sequence.

Chemical Contamination - decon within 1 min.

Follow steps on page 23 (skin decon)

Biological Contamination - Wash with soap and water.

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Decontaminate Skin Using the M291 Kit (cont.)

Personal Wipdown (page. 25)

• Process consist of wiping down your mask, gloves, and essential gear.

• Do not attempt to remove contamination from overgarment.

• Most effective within fifteen minutes.

• Note: If M258A1 is used you must reverse packet sequence.

Operator Spray Down (page 25)

• Process consist of deconing all mission essential equipment.

• Decon all surfaces that you touch while operating equipment.

• Most effective when done with in fifteen minutes.

• Use an onboard portable decon apparatus. (such as the M11)

Operational Decon (page 25)

• Operational Decon follows immediate decon.

• Operational decon consists of two elements,

–Vehicle washdown

–MOPP gear exchange.

Vehicle Washdown (page 26)

• Vehicle washdown- Reduces transfer hazards and the spread of contamination.

• Done within the first six hours to be effective.

• Use hot soapy water.

MOPP Gear Exchange (Hasty Decon)

•Accomplished by squad size elements. Unmasking may or may not be possible.

MOPP Gear Exchange (Hasty Decon)

• MOPP gear exchange begins when a company supply vehicle unloads replacement overgarment and decontaminates at the decon site.

• Squad members pair up, forming a circle around lead team.

• Steps 1-8 (page 27)

Summary and Review• Characteristics of Chemical Agents

– Nerve Agents– Blister Agents– Blood Agents– Choking Agents

• Characteristics of Biological Agents– Pathogens– Toxins

Summary and Review• Recognizing an Attack

– Delivery Systems– Attack Indicators– Agent Detection– Alarms and Signals

• Immediate Actions• Immediate Decon

– Skin Decon Kits– Skin Decon– Personal Wipedown– Operator Spray Down

Summary and Review

• Self and Buddy Aid

• Operational Decon

–Vehicle Washdown

–MOPP Gear Exchange

Protection Exercise (Job Sheet 1-3 page 1)

• Performance Test ; test your knowledge and technical skill in the following: – Inspection, maintains, donning,

and doffing of chemical protective wear

–Recognizing attack indicators and apply defensive measures

Pre-Mishap PlanPre-Mishap Plan

Call Training Time OutCall Training Time Out Class Leader Hold Muster at Class Leader Hold Muster at

V-Ball CourtV-Ball Court One Person call 2333 for One Person call 2333 for

Ambulance at Bldg.. 109Ambulance at Bldg.. 109

Pre-Mishap PlanPre-Mishap Plan Two Personnel Post to Two Personnel Post to

Direct AmbulanceDirect Ambulance Instructors Will Provide Instructors Will Provide

First AidFirst Aid