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Anne -Ma j Lahdenperä

Antero Kesk inen

November 2011

Work ing Repor t 2011 -80

Chemical and Physical Propertiesof the Surface Sea Sediments at the

Olkiluoto Offshore, South-Western Finland

November 2011

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report

are those of author(s) and do not necessarily

coincide with those of Posiva.

Anne -Ma j Lahdenperä

Antero Kesk inen

Pöyry F in l and Oy

Work ing Report 2011 -80

Chemical and Physical Propertiesof the Surface Sea Sediments at the

Olkiluoto Offshore, South-Western Finland

Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/11

ABSTRACT Due to land uplift, the present sea sediments near Olkiluoto will be future land areas, and thus important for the transport of possible releases from nuclear waste repositories at the site. Coastal areas are the transition zones between land and sea, and also potential sites for deep groundwater discharge. The geochemical properties of the surface sediments at the Olkiluoto sea area are summarised in this report. Thirteen sediment samples were cored during the R/V Geomari cruise in autumn 2008. In addition, surface sediment samples from six transects, altogether 57 cores, were taken near the Olkiluoto shoreline by diving in the summer of 2008. The analysis procedure included pH, moisture, dry matter, ash and LOI contents, grain size distribution, carbon and nitrogen analyses and the total concentrations of thirty-three elements. The lateral and vertical distribution of element concentrations, especially heavy metals, is caused by variations in transport and sedimentation patterns of particulate matter, in the occurrence of migration processes and bonding types. The distribution pattern in most of the elements is strongly linked to that of organic matter, carbon and fine-grained material contents. The sediments are strongly enriched by some of the studied elements possibly due to anthropogenic load, while others are only moderately or slightly present. However, the source of different natural and anthropogenic loads is not easy to point out. Keywords: Olkiluoto sea area, surface sediments, geochemistry, Bothnian Sea.

Pintasedimenttien kemialliset ja fysikaaliset ominaisuudet Olkiluodon merialueella, Lounais-Suomessa TIIVISTELMÄ Maankohoamisen johdosta nykyisen Olkiluodon ympäristön merisedimentit tulevat olemaan maa-alueita ja siten tärkeitä ydinjätteiden loppusijoituksesta mahdollisesti aiheutuvien päästöjen kannalta. Lisäksi rannikkoalueet ovat vaihettumisalueita maa- ja merialueiden välissä sekä syvien pohjavesien potentiaalisia purkautumisalueita. Tässä raportissa esitetään yhteenveto Olkiluodon merialueen pintasedimenttien geo-kemiallisista ominaisuuksista. Syksyllä 2008 tutkimusalus R/V Geomarin näytteen-ottomatkalla kairattiin 13 pintasedimenttinäytettä. Sen lisäksi kuudelta sukelluslinjalta otettiin 57 kairanäytettä Olkiluodon lähirannikon merialueelta kesällä 2008. Näytteistä analysoitiin seuraavat parametrit: pH, kosteus, kuiva-aines, tuhkapitoisuus ja hehkutushäviö, raesuuruus, hiili- ja typpianalyysit sekä lisäksi tehtiin 33 alkuaineen kokonaispitoisuusanalyysit. Alkuainepitoisuuksien lateraalinen ja vertikaalinen jakau-ma, erityisesti raskasmetallien osalta, johtuu sedimenttiaineksen vaihtelevista eroosio-, kulkeutumis- ja sedimentaatioympäristöistä sekä niissä vallitsevista prosesseista. Alku-aineiden pitoisuusjakaumiin vaikuttavat erityisesti orgaanisen aineksen, hiilen sekä hienoaineksen pitoisuudet. Osa alkuaineista on voimakkaasti rikastunut pintasedi-mentteihin, mahdollisesti ihmistoiminnan tuloksena. Muissa sedimenteissä alkuaine-pitoisuudet ovat jonkin verran kohonneet tai normaalilla tasolla. Luonnollisista ja ihmistoiminnasta aiheutuvien kuormituspäästöjen erottaminen toisistaan ei kuitenkaan ole yksiselitteistä. Avainsanat: Olkiluodon merialue, pintasedimentit, geokemia, Selkämeri.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

TIIVISTELMÄ

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3

1.1 Olkiluoto site ............................................................................................ 3

1.2 Acoustic seismic studies at Olkiluoto ...................................................... 8

1.3 Sedimentation and erosion conditions at Olkiluoto ............................... 10

2 METHODS ........................................................................................................ 11

2.1 Sediment sampling ................................................................................ 11

2.1.1 Surface sediment samples of the R/V Geomari cruise in 2008 . 11

2.1.2 Surface sediment samples of shoreline transects ..................... 15

2.2 Chemical and physical analyses ........................................................... 18

3 RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 21

3.1 Sea sediment samples SEA79…SEA88 ............................................... 21

3.1.1 Basic properties ......................................................................... 21

3.1.2 Geochemical properties ............................................................ 25

3.2 Sea sediment samples of the shoreline transects ................................. 41

3.2.1 Basic properties ......................................................................... 41

3.2.2 Geochemical properties ............................................................ 50

3.3 Grain size distributions .......................................................................... 87

4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................... 89

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 93

APPENDICES: ............................................................................................................ 10�

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1 INTRODUCTION

Posiva Oy is responsible for implementing a final disposal repository programme for the spent nuclear fuel from Finnish nuclear power plants operated by Teollisuuden Voima Oyj and Fortum Power and Heat Oy. The spent nuclear fuel is planned to be disposed in a KBS-3-type repository to be constructed at a depth of about 420 meters in crystalline bedrock at Olkiluoto. The suitability of Olkiluoto for the repository has been investigated over a period of twenty years by means of different ground and airborne methods. Following the guidelines set forth by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (now Ministry of Employment and Economy), Posiva Oy is preparing the next step of nuclear licensing of the repository, which is to submit the construction license application for spent fuel repository by the end of year 2012 (Posiva 2009). Coastal areas are the transition zones between land and sea, and also present sites for deep groundwater discharge from the planned repository volume. Sea sediments at present near Olkiluoto are future land areas, and thus important. However, there has been lack of site specific data on chemical and physical properties of the sea sediments at the Olkiluoto area. This report summarises the geochemical and physical properties of the surface sea sediment samples taken during the R/V Geomari cruise (Kotilainen et al. 2008) and of the samples from six sea transects near the shoreline of Olkiluoto in 2008 (Ilmarinen et al. 2009). 1.1 Olkiluoto site

The geological history of the present brackish Baltic Sea has been variable, resulting in profound changes in the hydrographic conditions and subsequently also in the physical, chemical and biological features of the sea (Voipio 1981, Eronen 2005, Nuorteva 1994). Sea sediments contain records of the historical events as the development of the Baltic Sea from the Baltic Ice Lake to the present Post-Litorina Sea stage, and past and present inputs to the aquatic systems. The Bothnian Sea is the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which stretches from the northern part of Åland up to Merenkurkku (Sw. Kvarken) and forms the northern arm of the Baltic Sea. The Bothnian Sea occupies about one-fifth of the total of the Baltic Sea with is surface area of approximately 79,000 km². The bedrock of the coast of the Bothnian Sea is shaped by continental glaciers and is covered by layers of non-contemporaneous types of rock. The shapes of the basement rock, the quality of the types of rock and movement of the continental glaciers have all had their effect on the present bathymetry of the Bothnian Sea. The bottom of the eastern part of the Bothnian Sea is even and deepens gently, whereas the western part deepens steeply and is more fragmented. Due to the post-glacial land uplift, at present 6.0-6.8 mm/year (Eronen et al. 1995), sea bottom sediments are continuously emerging from the sea, starting a rapid succession along the shores. The development of the shoreline will induce changes in local biosphere conditions, such as ecosystem succession, sediment redistribution

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(sedimentation and re-suspension/erosion) and groundwater flow. These will, in turn, influence the positions of potential deep groundwater recharge and discharge. The effects of land uplift process are accentuated by a rather flat topography and anthropogenic eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, which increases primary production, and consequently accumulation of organic matter especially in shallow bays (Figure 1). This results in a faster apparent shoreline displacement at Olkiluoto offshore than mere land uplift or changes in sea level would yield. Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a key organism in this process, producing detritus, decreasing water flows and increasing silting (Miettinen & Haapanen 2002, Haapanen & Lahdenperä 2011).

Figure 1. On the left: Shore level displacement at Olkiluoto (Mäkiaho 2005) and on the right: anthropogenic eutrophication increases primary production, and consequently accumulation of organic matter especially in shallow bays at Olkiluoto. Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a key organism in this process, producing detritus, decreasing water flows and increasing silting. Photos by Reija Haapanen/Haapanen Forest Consulting and Anne-Maj Lahdenperä/Pöyry Finland Oy.

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The Olkiluoto Island locates on the coast of the Bothnian Sea, in the municipality of Eurajoki, separated from the mainland by a narrow strait (Figure 2). Olkiluoto is a regionally large island, approximately 12 km², and relatively flat, with the average elevation of Olkiluoto being about 5 m above sea level. The highest point of Olkiluoto Island is Liiklankallio, 18 m above sea level (Lahdenperä et al. 2005). Olkiluoto began to get its present shape a thousand years ago as many initially small islands interconnected into a larger one due to continuing land uplift (Eronen et al. 1995, Mäkiaho 2005).

Figure 2. The Olkiluoto Island locates on the coast of the Bothnian Sea and is separated from the mainland by a narrow strait. Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy. The location of the coastline at Olkiluoto will shift by about 20 km in 6,000 years unless the sea level changes significantly (Mäkiaho 2005). During the next several thousand years, the bays surrounding the coastal areas of the Bothnian Sea will narrow and become isolated as lakes (Figure 3) and possible further develop toward mires (Haapanen et al. 2009). The bays have a morphological succession series: they start with an opening or openings to the sea, which are slowly cut off and the development into a lake or a mire starts. The characteristic vegetation at the bottom of the bays changes as the land uplift and sediment/organic matter accumulation make the bay shallower (Münsterhjelm 1997, 2005).

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Figure 3. Conceptual presentation of terrain development at Olkiluoto. In the archipelago area south-southwest of Olkiluoto, relatively early emergence of smaller-scale lake and river systems is expected. Map layout by Ari Ikonen/Posiva Oy. The regionally large rivers, Eurajoki and Lapijoki, discharge to sea north and east of Olkiluoto, increasing the concentrations of solids and nutrients, especially at the river mouths. An important factor for the development of the ecosystem at Olkiluoto area is the Eurajoki River, which is expected to flow north of the planned repository in the future. This will significantly affect the mass balances within the region arising from erosion and sedimentation processes. The cooling water intake and discharge of the nuclear power plant, about 60 m3/s, significantly affect the temperature and currents only in their close vicinity (Figure 4) (Haapanen et al. 2009). Other factors affecting physico-chemical and biological properties of the water and sediments in the Olkiluoto area are the general state of the coastal waters of the Bothnian Sea and the local wastewater load (Sarvala & Sarvala 2005).

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Figure 4. The area affected by the cooling water from the Olkiluoto nuclear power plants OL1-OL3, with a wind direction of 210o and speed of 2.4 m/s; water column 1-2 m (conditions selected by modelers, not a long-time average for Olkiluoto). Data source: Teollisuuden Voima Oyj. Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy (Haapanen et al. 2009). The waters around Olkiluoto Island are shallow, except for a few areas where the sea depths reach more than 15 m (Figure 5). There is more open and deeper sea beyond the few rocky inlets about 4 km from the western end of the island and there area only a few islands to the north. Due to the openness to the sea, the winds strongly affect water currents in the sea (Posiva 2003).

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Figure 5. Bathymetry of the sea area off Olkiluoto Island. Data is from topographic database by the National Land Survey of Finland and Pohjola et al. (2009). Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy. 1.2 Acoustic seismic studies at Olkiluoto

The geological characteristics of the seafloor offshore at Olkiluoto Island have been mapped by acoustic-seismic soundings in 2000, 2001 and 2008 (Rantataro 2001, 2002, Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). The area of acoustic mapping covered the quality and thickness of the unconsolidated sediment layer and the topography of the rock surface including differentiating the Precambrian rock basement from areas of Jotnian sandstone. The surface of the Precambrian bedrock undulates, and the basins and depressions have been filled with quaternary sediments. The sedimentary rock has followed the topography of the basement surface, which has resulted in a more gently undulating general topography. The sedimentary rock area continues from the Satakunta sedimentary rock area where it is met on outcrops and some rock areas (Lehtinen et al. 1998). Surveys indicated that the dominant trend in the sea floor is the gently dipping northwest-southeast structure. The geological units distinguished from the acoustic seismic profiles are: Precambrian rock and Jotnian sandstone; till; glacio-aquatic mixed sediment; glacial clay; Ancylus clay; Litorina clay/mud; sand and gravel; washed sand layers; recent mud; and gaseous “bubble pulse” effect sediments (Rantataro & Kaskela 2009) (Figure 6). Acoustic-seismic method could not distinguish the boundary surface between the rock basement and sedimentary rock. Glacio-aquatic mixed sediments were put in a class of their own (Figure 8) (Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). The Ancylus Lake clays are

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heterogeneous; in the bottom there are varved clays, which are deposited in the vicinity of the edges of a retreating glacier. When ice retreated further, and the amount of melt waters decreased, homogeneous clays were deposited. At the same time, the organic matter content increased and clay became sulphide-rich, indicating anoxic conditions in the sea bottom. At the end of the Ancylus Lake phase (8000-8500 years ago) (Salonen et al. 2002), stratified clay became homogenous and sulphide-poor. The change to the Litorina Sea phase is found in a sharp contact, in organic-rich, fine-stratified Litorina clay (Taipale & Saarnisto 1991). Due to the amount of sedimented and intacted organic material, Litorina clays are gyttja clays in which there has often been gas formation. The sea area surroundings of Olkiluoto have an extensive area of gaseous, acoustically “bubbling” sediments. The sounding methods used did not penetrate the sea floor sediments below gaseous "bubble pulse" sediments (Figure 6) and therefore they were put in a class of their own. The recent mud is currently being deposited and is rich in intact organic and mineral matters. Typical of the whole research area is a varying amount of erosional residual sand, which occurs both as a usually thin layer on the surface of the sediments and within them (Rantataro & Kaskela 2009).

Figure 6. Stratigraphy of sediment layers on the Precambrian bedrock or the Jotnian sandstone based on acoustic-seismic sounding (data from Rantataro 2001, Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). Thickness of the sandstone is unknown due to the survey method. Red dots are the sampling points from the R/V Geomari cruise in 2008. Map layout by Ari Ikonen/Posiva Oy.

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1.3 Sedimentation and erosion conditions at Olkiluoto

The main factors affecting erosion, transport and accumulation of sediments are topography, currents, water depth, grain sizes, and distance from the mainland, base production, bottom fauna, ice cover and land uplift (Kotilainen & Kohonen (2005). In the Baltic Sea, the sedimentary environment has changed from detritus-rich sediments in the past to more organic-rich sediments in recent times, partly due to increased eutrophication, which has also influenced the distribution of nutrients and toxic substances in the sediments (Schernewski & Wielgat 2004). A number of processes, such as sorption, tend to immobilize records of sediments, while others, such as bioturbation disturb the record of input. Often the reactions are slow and reflect biotic processes, as well as chemical transformations, and they are greatly influenced by the redox conditions in the sediments. Fate of sediments transported by the rivers Eurajoki and Lapinjoki to offshore Olkiluoto is studied using a numerical 3D hydrodynamic model (Lauri 2008). The computation results showed that the heaviest sedimentation is achieved during the spring discharge peak in May. Mixing of the river water with seawater in Eurajoensalmi Bay decreases the concentration at the mouth of the bay efficiently. Due to heterogeneity of soft sediment deposits, variation in sediment accumulation rate (SAR) inside sedimentation basins and between closely-situated positions is large. In 1977-1984 the sedimentation rates have been measured at the different depths and varying dates (STL 1977, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1982a, 1982b, 1983, 1984). The sedimentation rates were clearly lower during the spring–summer periods than in the autumns. The median values were found to be 2.2–3.7 kg/m2/y, maximum values were about 10 kg/m2/y and minimum around 0.8 kg/m2/y. Reported sedimentation rate data from the latest decades are lacking, except the study of Mattila et al. (2006). SAR values varied widely, being between 0.6 and 6 kg/m2/y. In the Bothnian Sea, the median SAR values were two, three and seven times higher than at the stations in the Bothnian Bay, Gulf of Finland and Baltic Proper, respectively. Near Olkiluoto a value of 1.81 kg/m2/y was estimated.

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2 METHODS

2.1 Sediment sampling

2.1.1 Surface sediment samples of the R/V Geomari cruise in 2008

During the research vessel Geomari cruise in September 2008 sea surface sediments were sampled at the Olkiluoto offshore and the open sea area (Kotilainen et al. 2008). The sampling locations, SEA76...SEA88 (Figure 7), at the water depths between 4.4–52.8 m, were selected using acoustic echo-sounding profiles already existing and surveyed during the cruise (Kotilainen et al. 2008, Rantataro 2001, Rantataro 2002, Rantataro & Kaskela 2010). Ten soft surface sediments were sampled with a twin-barred gravity corer, GEMAX, with an inner diameter of 90 cm of the core liner. Three harder substrates (e.g. sandy/gravel surface sediments) were sampled using a BOX-corer with inner measures of 180 mm (length) x 180 mm (width) x 225 mm (height). In the Appendix 1 selected photos of SEA76…SEA88 are shown. The soft surface sediments cores were sliced mainly into 1 cm thick sub-samples onboard. From the BOX-corers only the upper surface sediment (0–2 cm) was sub-sampled. The detailed description of the sub-samples is presented according to Kotilainen et al. (2008) in Table 1. The sample identification numbers, sampling depth, number of sub-samples, site location and water depth (according to Kotilainen et al. 2008) are shown in Table 2.

Figure 7. Locations of the surface sea sediment samples SEA76…SEA88 in the vicinity of the Olkiluoto Island and the related open sea area. The boundaries of the sedimentary rock area are based on the results of the acoustic-seismic data (Rantataro 2001, 2002, Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy and Antero Keskinen/Pöyry Finland Oy.

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Three of the cores, SEA76, SEA78 and SEA80, were sampled in front of the cooling water discharge area of the power plant. SEA79 was sampled at the Olkiluodonvesi Bay and SEA78 west of it. Four cores, SEA81…SEA83 and SEA85, were sampled from the Eurajoensalmi Bay. The water depth of these samples varied between 4.4–11.0 m. SEA84 was sampled about ten kilometers north of Olkiluoto. The water depth was 7.5 m. The BOX-corer sample SEA86 situated at the western open sea area at the sedimentary rock area. The water depth was 20.7 m. Two cores, SEA87 and SEA88, were sampled further west in the open sea area. The sampling water depth for SEA87 was 52.7 m and for the SEA88 48.9 m. Spheroid Fe-Mn concretions were found in the surface layers of SEA88.

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Table 1. Description of the surface sea sediment samples from the vicinity of the Olkiluoto Island and from the related open sea (Kotilainen et al. 2008). Sediment sample Sediment description

SEA76

Sediment surface oxidised in surface and in the sediment column at 0-3 cm depth, holes and burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depths 0-1.5 cm Fluffy, greenish brown clayey gyttja, pieces of plants 1.5-2 cm Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower boundary bioturbated 2-9.5 cm Partly laminated gyttja clay, laminae partly disturbed 9.5-19.5 cm Mainly olive grey gyttja clay 19.5-22 cm Dark grey gyttja clay 22-46 cm Mainly homogenous, olive grey, gyttja clay

SEA77

Sediment surface oxidised in surface at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plants and shells at surface (0-3 cm) and holes and burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depth 0-2 cm Fluffy, brown, clayey gyttja 2-4 cm Olive grey gyttja clay, lower boundary disturbed 4-23 cm Faintly laminated gyttja clay, laminae structure partly disturbed 23-44 cm Mainly homogenous olive grey, gyttja clay

SEA78

Sediment surface oxidised in surface at 0-1.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in surface 0-1.5 cm Fluffy, brown gyttja, lower contact gradual

1.5-4 cm Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower boundary disturbed, burrows continue up to 6 cm depth

4-12 cm Mainly homogenous, dark olive grey gyttja clay

12-37 cm Olive grey, mainly homogenous gyttja clay, light olive grey lense (ø 1 mm) at 17 cm depth

SEA79

Sediment surface oxidised in surface at 0-0.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in sediment column at 6.5-45 cm depth 0-0.5 cm Fluffy, brown gyttja

0.5-4 cm Mainly light olive grey, gyttja clay, some darker spots, lower boundary disturbed

4-9 cm Dark grey/black gyttja clay

9-40 cm Mainly homogenous, olive grey gyttja clay, some dark olive grey units occasionally

SEA80

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1.5 cm depth Remnants of biota (shell) in surface and sediment column at 2-4.5 cm depth, observations of living benthic animals (2 worms Marenzelleria viridis at 27-28 cm depth) 0-1.5 cm Fluffy, brown gyttja 1.5-2 cm Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed 2-7 cm Homogenous, dark grey gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed 7-12 cm Homogenous, olive grey gyttja clay 12-27 cm Homogenous, dark grey gyttja clay 27-31cm Olive grey, gyttja clay

SEA81

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, holes and burrows from surface down to 8 cm 0-2 cm Fluffy, greenish brown clayey gyttja, a few holes (ø 1 mm) 2-4 cm Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed 4-14 cm Mottled, dark grey/light olive grey, gyttja clay, bioturbated 14-38 cm Mainly homogenous, black/dark grey, gyttja clay

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Table 1 (cont`d). Description of the surface sea sediment samples from the vicinity of the Olkiluoto Island and from the related open sea (Kotilainen et al. 2008). Sediment sample Sediment description

SEA82

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1.5 cm depth, holes and burrows at 9-23 cm depth 0-1.5 cm Fluffy, brown clayey gyttja, soft 1.5-5 cm Light olive grey gyttja clay, a few dark spots, lower contact disturbed, soft

5-9 cm Mottled, dark grey gyttja clay with some light olive grey spots and burrows, soft

9-23 cm Mainly dark grey gyttja clay 23-40 cm Homogenous cm, black, gyttja clay

SEA83

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1 cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and holes and burrows in sediment column at 5-45 cm depth 0-1 cm Fluffy, brown, clayey gyttja 1-5 cm Partly laminated, gyttja clay, laminae partly disturbed, black/light olive grey

5-45 cm Mainly homogenous, black gyttja clay, several holes, intervals 17-18 and 20-21.5 cm are slightly lighter (dark grey)

SEA84

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plants at the surface 0-2 cm Greenish brown, muddy sand

2-5 cm Greenish grey, gravelly/stony sand, laminae partly disturbed, black/light olive grey

5-9 cm Grey clay

SEA85

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1 cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and in sediment column at 3-15 cm depth, observations of living benthic animals (shell) 0-1 cm Fluffy, brown, clayey gyttja, a crack at the surface 1-3 cm Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed

3-15 cm Mainly homogenous, dark grey, gyttja clay, a few light olive grey spots, remnants of plants

SEA86

Sediment surface oxidised Locates at the sedimentary rock area 0-2 cm Reddish brown, stony/gravelly sand

SEA87

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, observations of benthic animals (Polychaete Marenzelleria viridis). Erosional surface at 2 cm depth 0-2 cm Greenish brown, muddy (clayey) sand 2-10 cm Grey clay

SEA88

Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of biota in sediment column, concretions in surface (0-2 cm) and erosional surface (2 cm)

0-2 cm Greenish brown, silty sandy gyttja, small (ø 1 mm), spherical Fe-Mn-concretions, remnants of shells, living benthic animals

2 cm Stones/gravel/sand 2-9 cm Laminated clay, black/dark grey/grey

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Table 2. The basic information of the surface sediment samples carried out in the Olkiluoto sea area in 2008 (Kotilainen et al. 2008).

Core ID, Posiva Oy

Core ID, Geological Survey

Sampling depth (cm)

Number of sub-samples

Northing (Finnish KKJ)

Easting (Finnish KKJ)

Water depth (m)

SEA76 MGGN-17 0-48 28 6792256 1521833 10.2

SEA77 MGGN-18 0-50 41 6792038 1521384 11.0

SEA78 MGGN-19 0-49 28 6790460 1522781 9.2

SEA79 MGGN-20 0-43 27 6790882 1524867 4.4

SEA80 MGGN-21 0-42 27 6792311 1522302 8.1

SEA81 MGGN-22 0-42 27 6792708 1529202 5.5

SEA82 MGGN-23 0-45 27 6793271 1528522 6.2

SEA83 MGGN-24 0-49 28 6793607 1527683 7.7

SEA84 MGGN-25 0-7 3 6801375 1526895 7.5

SEA85 MGGN-26 0-15 12 6793609 1526227 8.6

SEA86 MGBC-35 0-2 1 6792930 1516318 20.7

SEA87 MGBC-36 0-2 1 6799563 1500484 52.7

SEA88 MGBC-37 0-2 1 6793098 1502011 48.9

2.1.2 Surface sediment samples of shoreline transects

Six transects (SBT15-18; denoted here as 1…5b, like also in (Ilmarinen et al. 2009)) surface sediment samples (Table 3 and Figure 8) near the Olkiluoto shoreline were sampled in the summer 2008, providing new information on variation and continuity of physical and geochemical properties of the coastal areas around the Olkiluoto Island. The study also included bathymetric surveys in the shallow areas and the assessment of benthic macrophytes and macrozoobenthos in the underwater extending from the sea shore to the sea at Olkiluoto (Ilmarinen et al. 2009). The description of overburden and vegetation of the corresponding land transects are reported in Haapanen & Lahdenperä (2011). The sediment cores, 57 altogether, were taken by diving with 8 cm diameter tube sampler. The cores were taken at 50 meter intervals and sliced mainly for 0�5 cm, 5�20 cm and 20�50 cm layers, and the slices conserved as separate samples. When the bottom substrate was hard, only a sample from the topmost layer was taken (Table 4). The selected photos of the Transect 1…5b samples are shown in the Appendix 2. The Transects located in the different littoral environments: Transects 1 and 2 located in the northern part of the Olkiluoto Island and the bottom sediments varied between the soft and hard bottoms. In Transects 1 and 2 the water depth was the deepest of the studied transects. Transect 3 located in the eastern part of the Olkiluoto, in the sheltered Eurajoensalmi Bay, and the all the bottom sediments were soft. The water depth varied from 0.7 to 2.1 m. Transect 4 located in the southern part of the Olkiluoto and sediments

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varied from muddy clay to clay and fine sand. Transects 5a and 5b located in the southwestern part of the Olkiluoto, in the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay. The bottom sediments in 5a were mainly gyttja with no layers. The water depth in Transect 5a was a very shallow (0.4-0.5 m) as it located in a flad, which is still connected to the sea but will be isolated due to land uplift and eutrophication. According to Ilmarinen et al. (2009) there was abundant primary production. The sediments in Transect 5b were more coarse-grained, sandy clay to till (Table 4). Table 3. Number of the sub-samples from the six Transects.

Code in this report

Transect code, Posiva Oy

Sampling numbers of the sub-samples Water depth (m)

Transect 1 SBT13 83-111 2-8.6 Transect 2 SBT14 51-78 8.6-8.8 Transect 3 SBT15 19-49 0.7-2.1 Transect 4 SBT16 142-170 1.2-3.6 Transect 5a SBT18 1-18 0.4-0.5 Transect 5b SBT17 114-141 0.8-3.8

Figure 8. Sediment sampling sites of the six Transects 1…5b. The numbers in the end of the transects indicate the id-numbers of the sub-samples. Map modified by Antero Keskinen/Pöyry Finland Oy according to Ilmarinen et al. (2009).

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Table 4. Basic information and the sediment types of the sub-samples in Transects 1…5b near the Olkiluoto shoreline (Ilmarinen et al. 2009).

Transect Sample number

Sampling depth cm

Core depth cm

Northing

(Finnish KKJ)

Easting

(Finnish KKJ) Sediment type according to field work

Transect 1 80 0-25 200 6795809 2364270 Soft at the top, then gravel Transect 1 85 0-5 700 6796048 2364336 Fine sand Transect 1 86 5-20 700 6796048 2364336 Fine sand with clay Transect 1 87 20-50 700 6796048 2364336 Clay Transect 1 90 20-25 700 6796094 2364345 Gravel with some clay Transect 1 103 0-5 820 6796346 2364368 Clay Transect 1 104-105 20-50 820 6796346 2364368 Clay Transect 1 111 20-50 860 6796469 2364366 Sand top 10 cm, rest clay Transect 2 53 0-10 250 6795714 2365915 Coarse sediment Transect 2 55 0-5 670 6795747 2365966 Fine muddy sand Transect 2 57 20-50 670 6795747 2365966 Clay Transect 2 60 20-50 720 6795774 2365999 Glacial clay Transect 2 66 0-5 670 6795864 2366134 Till Transect 2 67-68 0-20 770 6795881 2366176 Muddy clay Transect 2 70 0-5 880 6795914 2366213 Light oxygenated muddy clay Transect 2 71 5-20 880 6795914 2366213 Muddy clay Transect 2 72 20-35 880 6795914 2366213 Muddy clay Transect 2 73 0-5 860 6795935 2366253 Light oxygenated muddy clay Transect 2 74-75 5-35 860 6795935 2366253 Muddy clay Transect 2 76 0-5 860 6795969 2366295 Light oxygenated muddy clay Transect 2 77-78 5-45 860 6795969 2366295 Dark muddy clay Transect 3 19 0-5 90 6794334 2367597 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 20 5-20 90 6794334 2367597 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 21 20-50 90 6794334 2367597 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 22 0-5 210 6794309 2367554 Whole sample evenly gray clay Transect 3 23 5-20 210 6794309 2367554 Whole sample evenly gray clay Transect 3 24 20-50 210 6794309 2367554 Whole sample evenly gray clay Transect 3 25 0-5 160 6794284 2367536 Light top layer 3 cm Transect 3 26 5-20 160 6794284 2367536 Clay Transect 3 27 20-50 160 6794284 2367536 Clay Transect 3 28 0-5 120 6794254 2367483 Soft clay Transect 3 29 5-20 120 6794254 2367483 Soft clay Transect 3 30 20-30 120 6794254 2367483 Soft clay Transect 3 31 0-5 110 6794222 2367453 Dark gray clay Transect 3 32 5-20 110 6794222 2367453 Thin brown layer at the top layer Transect 3 33 20-50 110 6794222 2367453 Thin brown layer at the top layer Transect 3 34 0-5 90 6794179 2367406 Brown clay Transect 3 35 5-20 90 6794179 2367406 Soft clay Transect 3 35 20-40 90 6794179 2367406 Soft clay Transect 3 37 0-5 90 6794191 2367344 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 38 5-20 90 6794191 2367344 Degrading plant material Transect 3 39 20-40 90 6794191 2367344 Degrading plant material Transect 3 40 0-5 90 6794237 2367308 Degrading plant material Transect 3 41 5-20 90 6794237 2367308 Degrading plant material Transect 3 42 20-35 90 6794237 2367308 Degrading plant material Transect 3 43 0-5 90 6794264 2367278 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 44 5-20 90 6794264 2367278 Clay Transect 3 45 20-45 90 6794264 2367278 Clay with sand Transect 3 46 0-5 70 6794283 2367230 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 47 5-20 70 6794283 2367230 Soft muddy clay Transect 3 48 20-35 70 6794283 2367230 Soft muddy clay with sand Transect 3 49 0-5 110 6794057 2367531 Soft clay Transect 3 50 5-20 110 6794057 2367531 Soft clay Transect 3 51 20-50 110 6794057 2367531 Soft clay

18

Table 4 (cont'd). Basic information and the sediment types of the sub-samples in Transects 1…5b near the Olkiluoto shoreline (Ilmarinen et al. 2009).

Transect Sample number

Sampling depth cm

Core depth cm

Northing

(Finnish KKJ)

Easting

(Finnish KKJ) Sediment type according to field work

Transect 4 142 0-5 120 6793597 2364835 Muddy clay Transect 4 143 5-20 120 6793597 2364835 Muddy clay Transect 4 144 20-50 120 6793597 2364835 Muddy clay Transect 4 145-147 0-30 180 6793551 2364816 Muddy clay Transect 4 148 0-5 200 6793514 2364776 Muddy clay Transect 4 149 5-20 200 6793514 2364776 Muddy clay Transect 4 150 20-50 200 6793514 2364776 Muddy clay Transect 4 151-152 0-20 220 6793491 2364736 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 154-155 0-20 270 6793427 2364718 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 157 0-5 300 6793388 2364668 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 158 5-20 300 6793388 2364668 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 159 20-30 300 6793388 2364668 Coarse fine sand, clay Transect 4 160-161 0-20 320 6793370 2364645 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 162 0-50 320 6793370 2364645 Coarse fine sand, clay Transect 4 163 0-5 340 6793327 2364608 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 165 20-30 340 6793327 2364608 Coarse fine sand, clay Transect 4 166 0-5 360 6793284 2364575 Clay, fine sand Transect 4 169 0-5 320 6793240 2364541 Clay, fine sand Transect 5a 1-2 20-30 40 6794654 2363607 All gray, no layers Transect 5a 3 20-45 40 6794654 2363607 Light gray till in the end Transect 5a 7-8 0-20 40 6794605 2363695 All gray, no layers Transect 5a 9 20-50 40 6794605 2363695 Light gray till in the end Transect 5a 13 0-5 50 6794555 2363784 All gray, no layers Transect 5a 15 20-50 50 6794555 2363784 Light gray coarse sand in the end Transect 5a 16 0-5 50 6794530 2363828 Organic substance, mud Transect 5b 114 0-20 80 6794186 2364132 Till Transect 5b 117 0-20 80 6794175 2364079 Till Transect 5b 118-119 0-20 80 6794175 2364079 Till Transect 5b 126 0-25 260 6794166 2363932 Till

Transect 5b 129 0-30 280 6794154 2363886 At the top clay layer, at the bottom till

Transect 5b 130 0-5 290 6794145 2363839 Till Transect 5b 131 5-20 290 6794145 2363839 Till Transect 5b 132 20-40 290 6794145 2363839 Till Transect 5b 133 0-5 330 6794136 2363788 Clay-sand Transect 5b 134 5-20 330 6794136 2363788 Clay-sand Transect 5b 135 20-40 330 6794136 2363788 Clay-sand Transect 5b 136-138 0-35 350 6794125 2363742 Clay-sand Transect 5b 139-140 0-35 380 6794127 2363677 Clay-sand

2.2 Chemical and physical analyses

The surface sea sediment samples were dried using the cold-drying technique (ISO 16720). The samples were sieved to < 2 mm fraction. The analysed parameters, methods, standards and number of analysed sub-samples are presented in Table 5. In total, 48 sub-samples were analysed from cores SEA76…SEA88 and 170 from Transects 1…5b. However, the number of analysed samples was lower than the full number of the cored sub-samples; for instance, in some cases the samples were combined, when the sediment types were similar. The description of the average values

19

in the different depths in sea sediment samples used in following Figures 9-71 is given in the Appendix 3. From the topmost samples (0–1 cm or 0–2 cm) of SEA76…SEA88, Se, I and Cl were not analysed, because these samples were analysed separately earlier with a different analytical programme.

Table 5. Analysed parameters, methods and used standards for the surface sea sediments.

Parameter

Unit

Method

Standard

Laboratory

pH - 0.01 M CaCl2 extraction SFS ISO 10390 Labtium Ltd

Loss on ignition (LOI) mass-%dw Gravimetrically at

550 oC CEN 15407 Labtium Ltd

Dry matter content mass-%dw Gravimetrically at 105 oC ISO 11465 Labtium Ltd

Moisture % Gravimetrically at 105 oC ISO 11465 Labtium Ltd

Carbon and nitrogen mass-%dw Carbon-nitrogen

analyser ISO 13878, CEN 15104 Labtium Ltd

*Multi-element analysis with hydrofluoric acid - perchloric acid extraction

mg/kgdw ICP-MS/ICP-OES-technique

SFS-EN-ISO 17294-2 and SFS-EN-ISO 11885

Labtium Ltd

Iodine mg/kgdw

HNO3-HF in sealed Teflon containers in microwave oven, ICP-SFMS technique

SS0281 13-1 ALS Laboratory Luleå

Chloride mg/kgdw

HNO3-HF in sealed Teflon containers in microwave oven, ICP-SFMS technique


Selenium mg/kgdw

HNO3-HF in sealed Teflon containers in microwave oven, AFS technique


Grain size distribution %

Sieving and Sedigraph analysis

ISO 3310/1 Labtium Ltd

* Analysed elements: Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr

21

3 RESULTS

3.1 Sea sediment samples SEA79…SEA88

3.1.1 Basic properties

pH The pH values varied from 2.9 to 7.2 and the median value was 5.1. The pH values decreased distinctly as a function of sediment depth (0–50 cm) (Figure 9). In some sites the decrease of pH was about three pH units from the surface to 50 cm depth. However, there was a large variation in pH-values between the sediments and sediment depths. The lowest values were in SEA79, which located southwest of Olkiluoto, at the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay area, where the water depth is shallow (4.4 m). The highest pH values were in SEA86 (pH 7.2 at 0–2 cm depth) locating in the sedimentary rock area and in SEA84 (pH 7.1 at 0–1 cm depth) locating about 10 km to north from the Olkiluoto Island. The pH values were somewhat higher in the samples, which located at the Eurajoensalmi Bay than the Olkiluodonvesi sea area and those in front of the power plant. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto pH values ranged from 4.0–8.0 (Lintinen et al. 2003, Lintinen & Kahelin 2003, Lahdenperä 2009).

pH at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

2530

35

40

45

50

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

SEA76 SEA77 SEA78 SEA79 SEA80SEA81 SEA82 SEA83 SEA84 SEA85SEA86 SEA87 SEA88

Figure 9. The pH distribution of the surface sea samples SEA76…SEA88 at the average depths (the definition of “average depth” is described in the Appendix 3). Loss on ignition The loss on ignition (LOI) decreased as a function of depth, exception was in SEA79 (Figure 10). The variation was from 0.4 % to 14.6 %. The clearly lowest values were in SEA84, SEA86 and SEA88 (at 0–2 cm depths) which were sandy type sediments.

22

Dry matter and moisture The dry matter and moisture contents were analysed only from the topmost surface sediment layers (< 10 cm). Dry matter varied from 14.5 % to 81.6 % and the moisture content from 18.4 % to 85.5 %. The dry matter was lowest in SEA83 and the moisture content was the highest; and the opposite in SEA86. The water content of the sediments depends greatly e.g. on grain size distribution.

LOI at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

SEA76 SEA77 SEA78 SEA79 SEA80

SEA81 SEA82 SEA83 SEA85

Figure 10. The loss on ignition (LOI, % of dry weight) at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (3.3 %), SEA86 (0.4 %), SEA87 (4.5 %) and SEA88 (2.0 %) are out of the scale; the samples were sandy type of sediments, poor in organic matter. Carbon and nitrogen distribution Carbon is a very active element and is often involved biochemical processes that affect metal binding and fixation. In the Baltic Sea usually more than 99% of the total carbon is of organic origin (Carman 1996). Organic carbons in marine sediment results form several resources: benthic organisms that form organic tissues and faeces and deposited pelagic organic carbon that reaches the sea floor before it is degraded. Bioturbation is an important process to preserve sub-oxic sediment conditions and has a relative important role for the sub-oxic organic carbon degradation processes such as metal oxide reduction. The chemistry of nitrogen in seawater is more complicated since nitrogen exists in the sea as elementary dissolved nitrogen and at eight different oxidation levels. Nitrate is the final oxidation product of nitrogen compounds in seawater. The redox potential of sea water determines the form of nitrogen that has dominant stability. Nitrite occurs in sea water as an intermediate product in microbial redox processes of nitrate (denitrification) at low oxygen levels. Nitrite is formed in low oxygen levels. The natural level of nitrite in seawater is very low, but in transition zones, between oxic and

23

anoxic layers, thin sediment layers of increased nitrite may occur. Ammonium concentration in the sea shows considerable variations and can change rapidly. In anoxic deep stagnant water high ammonium concentrations occur. The carbon contents varied from 0.2 % to 6.1 % and contents decreased according to sediment depths (Figure 11). The nitrogen concentrations varied from 0.05 % to 0.97 % (Figure 12). The highest carbon and nitrogen contents were in SEA76 and SEA80 locating just in the western sea area of Olkiluoto (close to the power plant cooling water outlet). The lowest values were in SEA84 (1.2 %), SEA86 (0.2 %), SEA87 (1.4 %) and SEA88 (0.8 %). The sediment types were sandy and gravel (hard bottoms) and sites located in the open and deep water sea area. The carbon and nitrogen concentrations correlated with organic matter (LOI) content. In the study of Ilus et al. (1973) the carbon contents of the sediments at the offshore of Olkiluoto varied from 0.26 % to 7.1 % and nitrogen contents 0.03 % to 0.86 %. The lowest contents were in the sediments locating in the erosion bottoms. In the Appendix 4 the median, minimum and maximum values are presented. Appendix 5 lists the analysed results of pH, LOI, moisture, dry matter, ash, carbon and nitrogen contents of the samples from SEA76…SEA88.

C at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 11. The carbon content (% of dry weight) at the average depths in SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (1.2 %), SEA 86 (0.2 %), SEA 87 (1.4 %) and SEA 88 (0.8 %) are out of scale; the samples were sandy type of sediments.

24

N at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 12. The nitrogen content (% of dry weight) at the average depths. SEA84 (0.22 %), SEA86 (0.05 %), SEA87 (0.24 %) and SEA88 (0.140 %) are out of the scale; the samples were sandy type of sediments.

25

3.1.2 Geochemical properties

The medium, minimum and maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed elements of SEA76…SEA88 sediment samples are presented in Appendix 6. All the analysed concentrations are reported on the dry weight (105 °C) basis. Ca, Mg, K, Na and P distribution The potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were the main dominant cations in SEA76…SEA88 (Figures 13 and 14). Potassium concentrations varied from 18.0 g/kg (SEA88) to 28.3 g/kg (SEA86). There was not a large variation in concentrations in different depths and between the samples. The median concentration was 22.5 g/kg. The potassium concentration in SEA86 was high which, is typical for the sedimentary rock areas. The sodium concentration varied from 12.3 g/kg (SEA88) to 21.2 g/kg, being highest in SEA82 and SEA83, which located in the Eurajoensalmi Bay. The median concentration was 15.0 g/kg. The highest concentrations were in the topmost sediments. Dissolved potassium is adsorbed from solutions onto colloids and is enriched in clays. Dissolved sodium remains in solution in ion form and adds the sea water salinity. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto potassium (7.1–26.1 g/kg) and sodium (4.5–15.8 g/kg) concentrations were lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

K at average depths

0

510

15

2025

3035

40

4550

20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 25

K (g/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)


Figure 13. The potassium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.

26

Na at average depths

05

1015

2025

3035

404550

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Na (g/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)


Figure 14. The sodium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. Calcium minerals weather easily and dissolved calcium is crystallised into sediments or precipitated from solutions by organisms. Magnesium minerals also weather easily, with the dissolved magnesium being removed from solution mostly into clay minerals and carbonates (Koljonen 1992). The calcium concentrations varied from 4.55 g/kg (SEA86) to 11.6 g/kg (SEA80) (Figure 15) and magnesium concentrations varied from 1.95 g/kg (SEA86) to 13.7 g/kg (SEA78) (Figure 16) In general, the concentration ranges of Ca and Mg were not large, exceptions was in SEA86 with clearly lower concentrations locating in the sedimentary rock area. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto calcium (4.1–23.8 g/kg) concentrations were higher but magnesium (1.4–9.9 g/kg) concentrations were lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

27

Ca at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12

Ca (g/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

SEA76 SEA77 SEA78 SEA79SEA80 SEA81 SEA82 SEA83SEA84 SEA85 SEA87

Figure 15. The calcium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA86 (4.55 g/kg) and SEA88 (7.72 g/kg) are out of the scale; the samples were sandy type of sediments.

Mg at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14

Mg (g/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 16. The magnesium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (5.85 g/kg), SEA86 (1.95 g/kg, SEA87 (6.90 g/kg) and SEA88 (4.56 g/kg) are out of the scale. The occurrence of phosphorus ions in the near bottom water depends much on the oxygen conditions. With high oxygen concentration, phosphorus is bound from water as ferrous complexes into bottom sediment. During anoxic conditions phosphorus is released from the sediment to the water and the phosphate concentrations in the water phase are increased consequently. Dissolved phosphorus is removed from solution to

28

organic-rich sediments. Phosphorus enters into the Baltic Sea mainly as waterborne, but a minor part can enter as atmospheric deposition. The phosphorus concentrations decreased as a function of the sediment depth. The concentrations varied from 539 mg/kg to 2620 mg/kg (Figure 17). The median value was 1160 mg/kg. The lowest value was in SEA86 locating in the sedimentary rock area. The highest values were in the western sea area of Olkiluoto and in the Olkiluodonvesi Bay. The values coincide with the phosphorus contents of 0.2 % (uppermost 4 cm) and 0.12 % (10-30 cm depth), respectively, which were given by Niemistö et al. (1978) for the eastern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto phosphorus concentrations (380–965 mg/kg) were clearly lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009). The Ca, K, Mg, Na and P concentrations of SEA76…SEA88 are presented in Appendix 7.

P at average depths

0

5

1015

20

25

30

35

4045

50

500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)


Figure 17. The phosphorus concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.

Al and Fe distribution

In general, the solubility of aluminum hydroxides is low, especially at the pH range from 5 to 9 (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). The aluminum concentrations varied from 37.8 g/kg (SEA88) to 65.2 g/kg (SEA80) (Figure 18) and the median value was 55.6 g/kg. The lowest values were in sandy sediments. However, there was no large variation in Al distribution between the surface sediment samples and different sediment depths. Aluminum concentrations in mineral soils at Olkiluoto were clearly lower (18.1–38.1 g/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

29

Al at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3540

45

50

50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66

Al (g/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 18. The aluminum concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (44.6 g/kg), SEA86 (43.0 g/kg), SEA87 (43.3 g/kg) and SEA88 (37.8) concentrations are out of the scale; the sites located in the open sea area. With the exception of oxides, the iron-bearing minerals weather easily. The reactions of iron weathering are dependent largely on the Eh-pH system of the environment and on the stage of oxidisation of the Fe compounds involved. The iron concentrations varied from 10.7 g/kg (SEA86) to 52.3 g/kg (SEA78) (Figure 19). The median value was 42.0 g/kg. The pattern of Fe-distribution followed that of aluminum. In the surface sediment of SEA88 were found spheroidal Fe-Mn concretions. The characteristics of the concretions are dependent on the sedimentological, hydrological and above all redox conditions of the sea environment (Glasby et al. 1997). In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto Fe concentrations were lower (6.0–31.8 g/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

30

Fe at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

Fe (g/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 19. The iron concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (24.7 g/kg), SEA86 (10.7 g/kg) and SEA88 (24.8 g/kg) concentrations are out of the scale; the sites located in the open sea area. Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn distribution

Copper, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur and zinc are the main trace elements. Copper is a mobile trace cation and in depositional material exhibits a great ability to chemically interact with mineral and organic components (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Copper is commonly known to be essential for life but toxic in higher concentrations just as the most other metals (Emsley 1989). The copper concentrations varied from 2.35 mg/kg (SEA86) to 76 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 20) and the median value was 26.3 mg/kg. There was no large variation between the recent clay, soft bottom sample concentrations. In the study of Vallius (2009), the Cu concentration in surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of Finland varied from 27.6-76.3 mg/kg. Vallius & Leivuori (2003) gave the background value for copper 25 mg/kg. Copper concentrations exceeded the given background value in the all soft sediment samples. In the coarse-grained sediments, in SEA86…SEA88, concentrations were much lower (4.6-21.8 mg/kg). Significantly high concentrations (> 50 mg/kg) were found in SEA 76…SEA78 and SEA80. These sampling sites located in the west of the Olkiluoto offshore. LOI and carbon concentration were higher in these sites than in the other sites. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto copper concentrations were clearly lower (7.5–29.8 mg/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009). Manganese occurs as oxides and hydroxides, and it cycles through its various oxidation states. Manganese-rich silicates weather easily and in reducing environments it precipitates as iron manganese hydroxides. The manganese concentrations varied from 105 mg/kg (SEA86) to 0.7 g/kg (SEA87) (Figure 21). The medium value was 494 mg/kg. The concentrations were clearly higher in the topmost sediments. The

31

manganese concentrations in mineral soils at Olkiluoto were significantly lower (183-604 mg/kg) than in the surface sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009). In dissolved form molybdenum is rapidly removed from solutions and is adsorbed into clays, and especially into sediments rich in organic matter. Molybdenum is an element, which is essential for most life forms and moderately toxic in higher concentrations (Emsley 1989). The Mo concentrations varied from 0.69 mg/kg (SEA86) to 15.9 mg/kg (SEA87). The median value was 2.29 mg/kg. The concentrations increased according to the sediment depth. The high Mo concentration in the top sediment layer of SEA87 is possibly from anthropogenic origins. Vallius (2009) gave Mo concentration of 0.57-13.6 mg/kg in the surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto Mo concentrations were under the detection limit (Lahdenperä 2009).

Cu at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 52.5 55

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 20. The copper concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (12.8 mg/kg), SEA86 (4.64 m/kg) and SEA88 (10.8 mg/kg) concentrations are out of the scale; the sites located in the open sea area.

32

Mn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

SEA76 SEA77 SEA78 SEA79SEA80 SEA81 SEA82 SEA83SEA84 SEA85 SEA86

Figure 21. The manganese concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. In marine sediments with a high organic carbon input sulphate reduction is the most important anaerobic degradation pathway. Due to diffusion of sulphate from the overlying water into the sediment and the high concentration of sulphate in sea water, sulphate availability is high and this process can account for a large part of organic matter degradation (Henrichs & Reeburgh 1987). Thus, in organic rich coastal sediments sulphate reduction is often the major mineralisation pathway (20–90 % of total mineralisation) (Jørgensen 1982, Canfield et al. 1993b, Thamdrup & Canfield 1996). Sulphide, which is one of the main products of sulphate reduction, can re-oxidize with O2, NO3, Mn- and Fe-oxides (Jørgensen 1977, Sørensen & Jørgensen 1987, Moeslund et al. 1994). The sulphur concentrations varied from 125 mg/kg (SEA86) to 16.7 g/kg (SEA79) (Figure 22) and the median value was 4.2 g/kg. The lowest values were in sandy rich, hard bottom sediments. The S concentrations increased according to the depth. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto sulphur concentrations varied from 63.1 mg/kg to 1860 mg/kg (Lahdenperä 2009).

33

S at average depths

0

510

15

20

2530

35

40

4550

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)


Figure 22. The sulphur concentrations at average depths of SEA76…SEA88. Organic matter is known to be capable of bonding zinc into stabile forms, therefore accumulation of Zn in organic-rich sediments is observed. Zn is considered to be readily soluble relative to the other heavy metals (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Zinc is very essential for life and harmful or toxic only in high concentrations (Emsley 1989). The Zn concentrations varied from 25.8 mg/kg (SEA86) to 324 mg/kg (SEA82) (Figure 23). The median value was 191 mg/kg. There was no clear trend in Zn distribution according to the depth. The lowest concentrations were found in sandy-rich sediment samples. The estimated background value for Zn given by Vallius & Leivuori (2003) is 100 mg/kg. The Zn concentrations exceeded the background values in all sediments except in SEA84, SEA86 and SEA88 (25.8-88.0 mg/kg). The significantly high concentration (> 250 mg/kg) were in SEA76, SEA78 and SEA80…SEA83 locating in the sheltered, shallow water areas in the west of Olkiluoto and in the Eurajoensalmi Bay. Vallius (2009) studied zinc concentrations in the Gulf of Finland and found concentrations of 92.9-260 mg/kg in the surface sediments (0-1 cm). According to Vallius (2009) the high zinc concentrations are from anthropogenic origins. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto zinc concentrations (25.6–82.6 mg/kg) were significantly lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009). The Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in SEA76…SEA88 are presented in Appendix 8.

34

Zn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 23. The zinc concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (88.0 mg/kg), SEA86 (25.8 m/kg) and SEA88 (68.4 mg/kg) concentrations are out of the scale; the sites located in the open sea area. Heavy metal distribution

Although arsenic minerals and compounds are readily soluble, arsenic migration is greatly limited due to strong sorption of clays, hydroxides and organic matter. Arsenic is a metalloid, whose trioxide (As2O3) is strongly poisonous. The main sources of anthropogenic arsenic in nature are wood preservatives, pesticides and fertilizers as well as releases from smelters and metal industry (Loukola-Ruskeeniemi & Lahermo 2004). Total arsenic concentrations in the sea sediments are widely studied (Jonsson & Blomkvist 1992, Borg & Jonsson 1996, Leivuori & Niemistö 1993, 1995, Leivuori 1998, Vallius 1999a, Leivuori 2000, Vallius 2009). Leivuori & Vallius (2004) gave the background values 14–16 mg/kg for arsenic in the Bothnian Sea sediments. The arsenic concentrations varied from 6.8 mg/kg (SEA86) to 43.3 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 24) and the median value was 14.1 mg/kg. The slightly elevated concentrations were in most of the samples, except in SEA84 and SEA86, which were sandy and gravelly type sediments. However, the significantly high arsenic concentration (43.3 mg/kg) was found in SEA87, which was clayey sand and located in the open sea area. In general, the arsenic concentrations were clearly higher in the topmost sediment layers, except in SEA76. Vallius (2009) gave the arsenic range of 4.4-68.4 mg/kg for the surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto arsenic concentrations were significantly lower (0.54–2 mg/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

35

As at average depths

0

5

10

15

2025

30

35

40

45

50

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

SEA76 SEA77 SEA78 SEA79SEA80 SEA81 SEA82 SEA83SEA84 SEA85 SEA86 SEA88

Figure 24. The arsenic concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. The most important factors controlling cadmium mobility are pH and oxidation potential. Also microbial activity plays a significant role in Cd behavior (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Cadmium is an element, which is of low value for most life forms, although it acts as a micronutrient for some lower organisms. It is toxic and carcinogenic for most organisms in higher concentrations (Emsley 1989). The natural background concentrations of Cd are rather low, but the anthropogenic load has increased the concentrations of cadmium in the environment considerably. The Cd concentrations varied from 0.2 mg/kg (SEA82) to 1.3 mg/kg (SEA77) (Figure 25) and the median value was 0.68 mg/kg. Naturvårdsverket (1999) gave a sediment background value 10 mg/kg for Cd. Leivuori (1998) and Leivuori & Vallius (2004) gave a lower background values, 6-7 mg/kg for sea sediments. The concentrations did not exceed these background values in any of the SEA samples. Vallius (2009) found the Cd concentrations of 0.3-2.7 mg/kg for the surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto Cd concentrations were almost at the same level (0.1–1.6 mg/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

36

Cd at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)


Figure 25. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. Cobalt minerals weather easily, and Co tends to remain in solution and is transferred to sediments as silicates and sulphides and adsorbed onto iron-manganese hydroxides (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Cobalt is a rather common metal in the nature. It is known to be an essential element for life in minor amounts. At higher levels of exposure, however it shows toxic effects similar to many other metals (Emsley 1989). The Co concentrations varied from 2.35 mg/kg (SEA86) to 76.9 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 26). The median value was 26.3 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in SEA81…SEA83, in recent clay sediment samples. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto, Co concentrations were clearly lower (2.3–15.7 mg/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009). In weathering, chromium follows the Fe/Al pattern and is enriched in residual sediments, like clays. Under oxidizing conditions Cr is easily dissolved (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Chromium is a rather common metal, which is essential for humans, but similarly to many other metals it can also be toxic in higher concentrations or in certain compounds (Emsley 1989). The anomaly pattern of chromium is similar to cobalt (Vallius 2009). The Cr concentrations varied from 14.9 mg/kg (SEA86) to 199 mg/kg (SEA82) (Figure 27) and the median value was 87.2 mg/kg. The lowest concentrations were in sandy-rich surface sediments, SEA84 and SEA86...SEA88. In the most of the samples Cr-concentrations were highest in the topmost layers. Pallonen (2001) gave a background value 80 mg/kg for Cr in soils. Slightly higher concentrations (>100-130 mg/kg) were found, but the clearly higher values (> 180-200 mg/kg) were found in only SEA81 and SEA82. However, the soil background values may not be directly comparable for the sediment background values and thus values must be considered with caution. Vallius (2009) gave the range of 45-111 mg/kg to surface sediment (0-1 cm) to chromium in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto chromium concentrations (16.1–94.7 mg/kg) were lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

37

Co at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 26. The cobalt concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (40.7 mg/kg) and SEA86 (2.35 mg/kg) are out of the scale.

Cr at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

70 90 110 130 150 170 190

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 27. The chromium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (40.7 mg/kg), SEA86 (14.9 m/kg), SEA87 (44.9 mg/kg) and SEA88 (31.8 mg/kg) are out of the scale. Nickel minerals weather easily. The dissolved Ni is removed by crystallising silicates and adsorbed onto iron and manganese hydroxides (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). The importance of nickel at least for higher forms is uncertain and it is harmful or toxic to humans depending on concentration and compound (Emsley 1989). The nickel concentrations varied from 13.4 mg/kg (SEA84) to 86.1 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 28). The median value was 41.5 mg/kg. In SEA86 the Ni concentration was under the detection limit. The highest Ni concentrations were in the recent clay samples of SEA81 and SEA82. Pallonen (2001) gave a background value 20 mg/kg for Ni in soils. The

38

concentrations exceeded these values slightly in all samples except in SEA84 and SEA86. The clearly higher concentrations (>50 mg/kg) were in SEA78, SEA81 and SEA82 and are possibly contaminated by anthropogenic load. Vallius (2009) gave the nickel concentrations of 19.8-54.8 mg/kg for the surface sea sediments in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto nickel concentrations were significantly lower (9.2–37.1 mg/kg) than in the surface sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

Ni at average depths

0

510

15

2025

3035

40

4550

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 28. The nickel concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (13.4 mg/kg), SEA86 (< 4 m/kg) and SEA88 (22.3 mg/kg) are out of the scale. Lead is poorly soluble in weathering processes, and when dissolved it is rapidly removed from solutions of sulphide, hydroxide, carbonate or sulphate (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). The lead is widely known to be toxic and not suitable for any organisms (Emsley 1989). The Pb concentrations varied from 20.8 mg/kg (SEA84) to 61.3 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 29). The median value was 37.8 mg/kg. Generally, the lead concentrations increased with the depth. Vallius & Leivuori (2003) gave the estimated background value 21 mg/kg for lead. The lead concentrations exceeded this background value in all sampling sites. Vallius (2009) gave the lead concentrations of 25.7-65.1 mg/kg for the surface sediments in the Gulf of Finland which corresponds the range in the SEA samples. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto lead concentrations (14.3–69.2 mg/kg) were around at the same level than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009). Vanadium-bearing mafic minerals weather easily and the dissolved element is removed from solution mainly into sediments rich in organic matter (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Vanadium is an essential trace element for many life forms but as most metals it is toxic in some compounds and in high concentrations (Emsley 1989). The vanadium concentrations varied from 14.5 mg/kg (SEA86) to 112mg/kg (SEA78). The median value was 86.7 mg/kg. The V concentrations increased with the depth. Vallius (2009) gave the range of 49.4-122 mg/kg for the surface sediments in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto vanadium concentrations (14.8–76.6 mg/kg) were slightly lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).

39

The As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V concentrations in SEA76…SEA88 are presented in Appendix 9.

Pb at average depths

0

510

15

20

2530

35

40

4550

26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)



Figure 29. The lead concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (20.8 mg/kg), SEA86 (21.3 m/kg) and SEA88 (25.8 mg/kg) concentrations are out of the scale. Iodine, chloride and selenium distribution

The biogeochemical cycle of iodine is very complex because iodine can exist on multiple oxidation states, on which it can form inorganic and organic species with hydrophilic, hydrophobic or biophilic properties (Hu et al. 2005, Um et al. 2004). Iodine sorption depends on the amount of organic matter, the concentration of iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides, mineralogy, especially clay mineral contents, microbiological activity, redox conditions, pH and particle size distribution (Ashworth & Shaw 2006a, Bunzl & Schimmack 1988, Fukui et al. 1996, Sheppard & Hawkins 1995, Sheppard et al. 1995). Redox potential affects to the soil pH through different oxidation-reduction reactions, depending on the oxygen supply in the soil. In usually prevailing Eh-pH conditions, iodine can exists as iodide I- (-1), iodinate IO3

- (-5), elemental iodine I2 (0) and methyl iodine CH3I (+1) (Muramatsu et al. 1990b, Muramatsu & Yoshida 1999). In anoxic, waterlogged conditions iodine is assumed to exist as I- and in oxic conditions as IO3

- (Ashworth et al. 2003, Ashworth & Shaw 2006b). The high iodine content in sediments is mostly due to uptake of iodine by plankton or is due to fixation of iodine by organic matter (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). In the SEA sediments the iodine concentrations varied from 25.4 mg/kg (SEA82) to 79.1 mg/kg (SEA77) (Appendix 10). The median concentration was 42.6 mg/kg. The iodine was analysed at the same way as from the soil pits (OL-KK14…KK19) at Olkiluoto, where the iodine concentration was highest in the organic layer (7.84 mg/kg) and in the mineral soil layer just below it (0-30 cm; 3.7 mg/kg). In the deeper mineral

40

soil layers iodine concentrations were under the detection limit (Lahdenperä 2009). Iodine concentrations in soil pits were significantly lower than in the sea sediments. Most commonly, Cl- and complex Cl anions are easily soluble, leached from soil and transported to water basin. Thus, Cl soil geochemistry is closely related to water chemistry and to evaporate deposits. The most important factors influencing the sorption and migration of chlorine are the organic matter content and pH. Like the other halogens, the distribution of Cl in soils exhibits a clear trend of decreasing concentrations with increasing distance from sea. Chloride is the most abundant and stable of the halogens. It does not react with other soluble or solid substances or compounds and does not participate in oxidation-reduction reactions. The only common mineral which contains chloride is apatite (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). The chloride migrates from sea to inland via air currents and wet and dry deposition. The chlorides in coastal streams/watersheds areas derive partly from relict sea salts inherited from the Litorina Sea, a more saline marine phase of the Baltic Sea than the present. In the sediment samples studies, the chloride concentrations varied from 7.7 g/kg (SEA85) to 22.8 g/kg (SEA80), with a median value of 16.9 g/kg (Appendix 10). The chloride concentration have not been analysed from the soil samples from Olkiluoto so far (Lahdenperä 2009). Geochemical and biochemical behavior of selenium is complex and it can also present in soils and sediments in multiple states, depending upon conditions such as pH and redox potential. These include inorganic forms as selenide (-2), elemental Se (0), selenite (+4) and selenate (+6) and as well as organic forms such as methylated selenium compounds and selenoamino acids and selenenoproteins. The behavior of different selenium species is largely dependent on soil type conditions (Naeal & Sposito 1989, BIOPROTA 2005):

� Selenate – in alkaline and oxic conditions � Selenite – in neutral to acidic soils and less oxic conditions � Elemental selenium –in anoxic conditions � Selenide – in highly reducing conditions

The binding of Se to organic matter renders selenium less bioavailable than that retained in solution. According to Limer & Thorne (2010) the following environmental behaviors result in either greater or lesser selenium in soil and sediment solution:

� Increasing pH results in a lower adsorption of selenite � Phosphate and arsenate ions compete with selenium for binding sites on, for

example clay particles thus increasing the amount of selenium in soil solution � Sorption capacity is increased in organic soils whereby the majority of selenium

is associated with organic matter (Keskinen et al. 2009). Hydrology will vary throughout the soil and sediment profile which in turns is likely to affect the species of selenium present due to changing redox condition (Smith et al. 2009).

41

In the sea sediments offshore Olkiluoto the selenium concentration varied from 0.28 mg/kg (SEA79) to 0.75 mg/kg (SEA76) (Appendix 10). The median concentration was 0.3 mg/kg. The selenium concentrations correlated with humus, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and with cadmium, copper and lead. Selenium concentrations were at the similar level or somewhat higher than in the soils at Olkiluoto, except the deeper mineral soil layers where the concentrations were significantly lower: in the organic layer Se varied from 0.16 mg/kg to 0.79 mg/kg and in mineral soil layers from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.2 mg/kg (Lahdenperä 2009). The main reason for higher Se concentrations in the sea sediment samples could be higher clay and organic matter contents.

3.2 Sea sediment samples of the shoreline transects

3.2.1 Basic properties

Appendix 11 lists the median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 12 presents the corresponding data for each sub-sample. pH The pH value in the sediment samples from Transects 1…5b varied from 6.4 to 7.5, with a median of 6.9. The pH range was narrower than in the SEA sediment samples (from 2.9 to 7.2). The highest pH was in the sub-samples of Transect 3 (from 7.1 to 7.5) where the sediment types were organic-rich muddy clay. The lowest pH values were in Transect 5a (from 6.7 to 6.8) and in Transect 5b (from 6.6. to 6.8). The sediment types of these transects were mainly till and coarse-grained sediments. The reason for higher pH values in the transect samples compared to the SEA samples is mainly due to the higher organic matter and clay content and possibly due to the shallower water. In Figures 30 and 31 the pH at average depths (see the Appendix 5) in Transects 1…5b are presented. Loss on ignition The loss on ignition (LOI) varied from 0.6 % to 13.9 %. In Figures 32 and 33 the LOI contents in Transects 1…5b is presented. There was a decreasing trend as a function of the sediment profile depth. The lowest values were in Transect 5a, where the sediment type was mainly till or coarse-grained sediments. The highest values were in Transect 3, where the sediment type was organic-rich soft muddy clay. The LOI content of the transect samples corresponded to those of the SEA samples. Carbon and nitrogen distribution The carbon content varied from 0.09 % to 6.4 % and contents decreased with the sediment depth. The lowest concentrations were in Transect 5a and the highest in Transects 1 and 3. The nitrogen content varied from 0.1 % to 0.96 % and the contents decreased with the depth. In Figures 34, 36, 37 and 37, the C and N contents at the sampling average depths are presented. The carbon and nitrogen contents correspond to those of the SEA samples.

42

Transect 1: pH at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

6.50 6.55 6.60 6.65 6.70 6.75 6.80 6.85 6.90 6.95 7.00 7.05 7.10

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

4045

50

6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

510

15

20

25

30

3540

45

50

6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 30. pH at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1, 2 and 3. In Transect 2 (sub-sample 53 at 0-10 cm depth) the pH (6.2) is out of the scale.

43


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: pH at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

6.65 6.67 6.69 6.71 6.73 6.75 6.77 6.79 6.81 6.83 6.85

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: pH at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

6.60 6.65 6.70 6.75 6.80 6.85 6.90

pH

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 31. pH at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

44

Transect 1: LOI at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

1520

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 3 5 7 9 11 13

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 32. The LOI content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

45


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: LOI at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: LOI at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

LOI (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 33. The LOI content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

46

Transect 1: C at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 34. The carbon content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

47


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: C at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: C at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

C (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 35. The carbon content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

48

Transect 1: N at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 36. The nitrogen content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

49


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: N at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: N at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

N (%)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 37. The nitrogen content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

50

3.2.2 Geochemical properties

The medium, minimum and maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed elements of the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b are presented in Appendix 13, and the respective full data in Appendix 14.

Ca, Mg, K, Na and P distributions

The potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were the main cations in Transects 1…5b. Potassium concentrations varied from 16.6 g/kg to 61.1 g/kg, and the median value was 23.5 g/kg. In the muddy clay, organic-rich sediments of Transect 3, the values were much higher than in the other transects. The lowest values were in Transect 5a (9.2-22.8 g/kg). In the SEA samples the variation of the potassium concentrations was narrower (18.0–28.3 g/kg).

The sodium (Na) concentrations varied from 11.9 g/kg to 17.9 g/kg, and the median value was 14.4 g/kg. There was no large variation in the Na concentrations between the sea sediment transects. In the SEA samples, the sodium concentrations were at the same level (12.3–21.2 g/kg).

The calcium (Ca) concentrations varied from 0.38 g/kg to 10.8 g/kg, with a median of 8.2 g/kg. The highest calcium concentrations were in Transects 2 (6.9-10.8 g/kg) and 4 (9.1-10.4 g/kg). The concentrations in Transect 3 were clearly lower (0.38-0.79 g/kg). In the SEA samples, the calcium concentrations varied from 4.6 g/kg to 11.6 g/kg.

The magnesium (Mg) concentrations varied from 0.36 g/kg to 20.5 g/kg, and the median value was 10.7 g/kg. The highest Mg concentrations were in Transect 3 (4.7-20.5 g/kg) and lowest in Transect 5b (3.6-10.2 g/kg). The distribution of Mg concentration was wider than in the SEA samples.

The phosphorus (P) concentrations varied from 383 mg/kg to 1630 mg/kg, with a median of 768 mg/kg. The concentrations decreased as a function of sediment depths. The highest P concentrations were in Transect 3 (430 mg/kg-1250 mg/kg) and lowest in Transect 5b (433-786 mg/kg). The phosphorus concentrations were lower than in the SEA samples (539–2620 mg/kg).

In Figures 38-47 the K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations are presented for the average depths of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 14 lists the data by sub-sample.

51

Transect 1: K at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

K (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

21 23 25 27 29 31 33

K (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

K (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 38. The potassium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

52


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5

K (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: K at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.5 20.7 20.9 21.1

K (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: K at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0

K (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 39. The potassium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

53

Transect 1: Na at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5

Na (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

3035

40

45

50

12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0

Na (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0

Na (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 40. The sodium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

54


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.2

Na (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Na at average depths

05

1015

2025

30

35

40

45

50

13.4 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6

Na (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Na at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.6

Na (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 41. The sodium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

55

Transect 1: Ca at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4

Ca (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0

Ca (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

3035

40

45

50

0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

Ca (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 42. The calcium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3. In Transect 1 (sub-sample 111 at the depth 20-50 cm) the Ca concentration (5.5 g/kg) is out of scale.

56


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5

Ca (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Ca at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

Ca (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Ca at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

7.2 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.0

Ca (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 43. The calcium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

57

Transect 1: Mg at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Mg (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Mg (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21

Mg (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 44. The magnesium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

58


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Mg (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Mg at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Mg (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Mg at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Mg (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 45. The magnesium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

59

Transect 1: P at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 46. The phosphorus concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

60


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: P at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: P at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

P (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 47. The phosphorus concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

61

Al and Fe distribution

The aluminum (Al) concentration varied from 40.5 g/kg to 84.2 g/kg, and the median value was 55.1 g/kg. The highest concentrations were in the sediments of Transect 3 (43.8-84.2 g/kg) and in Transect 2 (42.4-83.9 g/kg). In the other transects the Al concentrations were lower (Appendix 15). In the SEA samples, Al concentrations were clearly lower (3.8-65.2 g/kg).

The iron (Fe) concentration varied from 6.8 g/kg to 57.3 g/kg, with a median of 19.7 g/kg. The lowest concentrations were in the sediments of Transect 3 (6.8-11.1 g/kg). In the SEA samples Fe concentrations were at the same level (10.7- 52.3 g/kg).

Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn distribution

The copper concentrations varied from 6.6 mg/kg to 70.3 mg/kg, and the median value was 28.4 mg/kg. The highest Cu concentrations (22.5-59.6 mg/kg) were in the sub-samples of Transect 4. The concentrations (6.6-28.4 mg/kg) in Transect 5b were clearly lower. Typically, the highest concentrations were in the topmost sub-samples. Cu concentration exceeded the background value of 25 mg/kg (see discussion on the SEA samples above) in the most cases. In the SEA samples, the Cu concentrations were lower (4.6–52.2 mg/kg).

The manganese concentrations varied from 138 mg/kg to 762 mg/kg, with a median of 406 mg/kg. The highest Mn concentrations (346-762 mg/kg) were in the sub-samples of Transect 4 (346-762 mg/kg) and the lowest in Transects 1 and 5b. In the SEA samples the Mn concentrations were clearly higher (105–7310 mg/kg).

The molybdenum concentrations varied from 0.6 mg/kg to 5.6 mg/kg, and the median concentration was 1.9 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transects 1, 3 and 4. In the SEA samples, the molybdenum distribution was wider, from 0.7 mg/kg to 15.9 mg/kg.

The sulphur concentrations varied from 513 mg/kg to 20.7 g/kg (median 8.1 g/kg). The highest concentrations were in Transect 4 (2.5-18.6 g/kg) and the lowest in Transects 2 and 5a. In the SEA samples the respective concentrations were lower (125-16.7 g/kg).

The zinc concentrations varied from 7.7 mg/kg to 331 mg/kg, and had a median value of 115 mg/kg. The highest Zn concentrations were in Transect 3 (71-331 mg/kg), and the concentrations exceeded the background value of 100 mg/kg (see the discussion on the SEA samples, above) in the most cases. The lowest concentrations were in Transects 5a and 5b (27.7-128 mg/kg). In the SEA samples Zn concentrations varied from 25.8 mg/kg to 324 mg/kg.

In the Figures 48-59, the Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations are presented for the average depths in Transects 1…5b. Appendix 15 lists the Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations for the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

62

Transect 1: Al at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Al (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82

Al (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83

Al (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 48. The aluminum concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

63


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66

Al (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Al at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Al (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Al at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56

Al (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 49. The aluminum concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

64

Transect 1: Fe at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45

Fe (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55

Fe (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5

Fe (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 50. The iron concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

65


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Fe (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Fe at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33

Fe (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Fe at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38

Fe (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 51. The iron concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

66

Transect 1: Cu at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 52. The copper concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

67


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Cu at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Cu at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0

Cu (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 53. The copper concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

68

Transect 1: Mn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 54. The manganese concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

69


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Mn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Mn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400

Mn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 55. The manganese concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

70

Transect 1: S at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

500 2500 4500 6500 8500 10500 12500 14500 16500 18500

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

510

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

1520

25

30

35

40

45

50

500 2500 4500 6500 8500 10500 12500 14500 16500 18500 20500

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 56. The sulphur concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

71


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: S at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

3300 3500 3700 3900 4100 4300 4500 4700

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: S at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1000 3000 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000

S (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 57. The sulphur concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

72

Transect 1: Zn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

30 70 110 150 190 230 270

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

70 100 130 160 190 220 250 280 310 340

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 58. The zinc concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

73


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

80 110 140 170 200 230 260 290

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Zn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Zn at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Zn (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 59. The zinc concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

74

Heavy metal distribution

The concentration of arsenic varied from 0.8 mg/kg to 22.2 mg/kg, with a median of 7.7 mg/kg. The highest arsenic concentrations were in Transects 3 (4.1-17.8 mg/kg) and 4 (5.4-22.2 mg/kg). The lowest concentrations were in Transects 5a and 5b (1.02- 7.7 mg/kg). The arsenic concentrations exceeded the background value of 14-16 mg/kg only in some cases. In the SEA samples arsenic concentrations varied from 6.8 mg/kg to 43.3 mg/kg (median 14.1 mg/kg), being higher than in the transect samples.

The cadmium concentrations varied from 0.1 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg, and the median value was 0.5 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transect 1 (0.19-1.46 mg/kg) and in Transect 3 (0.15-1.49 mg/kg). The cadmium concentrations did not exceed the background value in any of the sediment samples. In the SEA samples, the Cd concentrations varied from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.3 mg/kg, being at the same level as in the transect samples.

The cobalt concentrations varied from 3.6 mg/kg to 43.8 mg/kg (median 15.5 mg/kg). The highest concentrations were in Transect 3 (9.8-43.8 mg/kg) and lowest in Transect 5b (4.3-11.5 mg/kg). In the SEA samples, the Co concentrations varied from 2.4 mg/kg to 76.9 mg/kg being higher than in the transect samples.

The chromium concentrations varied from 22.7 mg/kg to 178 mg/kg, and the median value was 64.5 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transect 3 (from 35 mg/kg to 178 mg/kg) exceeding the background value of 80 mg/kg in most of the sub-samples. The lowest concentrations were in Transects 1, 5a and 5b (22.7-52.9 mg/kg). The concentrations were close to the concentrations in the SEA sediments (14.9-199 mg/kg).

The nickel concentrations varied from 8.6 mg/kg to 62.6 mg/kg, and had the median in 31.5 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transects 3 (from 17 mg/kg to 62.6 mg/kg) and 4 (21-64.0 mg/kg). The nickel concentrations exceeded the background value of 20 mg/kg in the sub-samples of Transects 3 and 4, and in some samples of Transects 1 and 2. The lowest concentrations were in the sediments of Transects 5a and 5b (8.6-27.3 mg/kg). The concentrations were lower than in the SEA samples (13.4-86.1 mg/kg).

The lead concentrations varied from 11.4 mg/kg to 40.4 mg/kg, and their median value was 21.4 mg/kg. In the SEA samples the concentrations varied from 20.8 mg/kg to 61.3 mg/kg (median 37.8 mg/kg) being higher than at the transects.

The vanadium concentrations varied from 27.2 mg/kg to 147 mg/kg, with a median of 71.5 mg/kg. The concentrations were highest in Transects 3 (31.5-147 mg/kg) and in 4 (54.0-101 mg/kg). In the SEA samples, the vanadium concentrations varied from 14.5 mg/kg to 112 mg/kg.

In Figures 60-71 the As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations are presented for the average depths in Transects 1…5b. Appendix 18 lists the As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations of the analysed sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

75

Transect 1: As at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.7 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.7

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

4.1 6.1 8.1 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.1

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 60. The arsenic concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

76


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

5.3 7.3 9.3 11.3 13.3 15.3 17.3 19.3 21.3

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: As at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: As at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00

As (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 61. The arsenic concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

77

Transect 1: Cd at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 62. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3. In Transect 1 (samples 80 and 85) the concentrations were under the detection limit.

78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Cd at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.12 0.22 0.32 0.42 0.52 0.62 0.72

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Cd at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0.12 0.17 0.22 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.62

Cd (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 63. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b. In the sub-samples 114 and 117 of Transect 5a the concentrations were under the detection limit.

79

Transect 1: Cr at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 64. The chromium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

80


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Cr at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Cr at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54

Cr (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 65. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

81

Transect 1: Co at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.5 17.5

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

6 10 14 18 22 26 30

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 66. The cobalt concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

82


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

11 16 21 26 31 36

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Co at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Co at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Co (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 67. The cobalt concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

83

Transect 1: Ni at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 68. The nickel concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

84


0

5

1015

20

25

3035

40

45

50

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Ni at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Ni at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Ni (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 69. The nickel concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

85

Transect 1: Pb at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

80 85, 86, 87 90

103 104-105 111


0

510

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

14 18 22 26 30 34 38

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

53 55, 57 60 66

67-68 70, 71, 72 73, 74-75 76, 77-78


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30 31, 32, 33 34, 35, 36

37, 38, 39 40, 41, 42 43, 44, 45 46, 47, 48 49, 50, 51

Figure 70. The lead concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.

86


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

16 20 24 28 32 36 40

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

142, 143, 144, 145-147 148, 149, 150 151-152 154-155

157, 158, 159 160-161, 162 163, 165 166 169

Transect 5a: Pb at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

1-2 3 7-8, 9 13, 15 16

Transect 5b: Pb at average depths

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Pb (mg/kg)

Dep

th (c

m)

114 117, 118-119 126 129

130, 131, 132 133, 134, 135 136-138 139-140

Figure 71. The lead concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.

87

Iodine, chloride and selenium distribution

The iodine concentrations varied in the transect samples from 0.68 mg/kg to 45.2 mg/kg, with a median value of 20.6 mg/kg (Appendix 19). In Transect 4, the iodine concentrations were the highest (22.2-45.2 mg/kg), and the lowest concentrations were met in Transect 5a (1.3-17.7 mg/kg). In the SEA samples the iodine concentrations varied from 25.4 to 79.1 mg/kg, being clearly higher than in the transect samples. The chloride concentration varied from 0.6 g/kg to 5.1 g/kg (median 2.1 g/kg; Appendix 19). The highest concentrations were in Transect 4 (2.3–5.1 g/kg). In the SEA samples the Cl concentrations were clearly higher (7.7-22.8 g/kg). The selenium concentrations varied from 0.02 mg/kg to 0.71 mg/kg, and the median value was 0.39 mg/kg (Appendix 19). In Transect 3 the concentrations were the highest (0.22–0.71 mg/kg) and in Transect 5a (0.02-0.21 mg/kg) the lowest. In the SEA samples the Se concentrations varied from 0.28 mg/kg to 0.75 mg/kg. 3.3 Grain size distributions

Studies of the element distribution in different grain size classes are presented e.g. by Emelyanov (1995) and Radzevi�ius (2002). According to Boström et al. (1978), different grain size environments (fine/coarse-grained deposits) reflect only partly the different deposition sources. Coarse deposits reflect underlying bedrock on erosion bottoms, but in sedimentation/accumulation basins the fine-grained, soft deposits can be driven from long distances or they originate from the older, underlying sediments. The grain size distribution and cumulative weight percent of SEA79…SEA88 sediment samples are presented in Appendices 20 and 21. The humus content of the soft bottom sediments of the SEA samples varied from 5.3-8.9 %. The grain size distribution and cumulative weight percent of Transects 1…5b are presented in Appendices 22 and 23. The humus content of the samples varied from 1.2 to 10.8 %. The grain size distribution graphs are archived in Posiva's database, similarly to the other results.

89

4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This report summarises the analysed geochemical properties of the surface sea sediments (uppermost 50 cm) at the Olkiluoto sea area. During the research vessel Geomari cruise in September 2008, ten soft surface sediments were cored at the Olkiluoto offshore and three hard substrates from the open sea area (the "SEA samples"). The sampling locations, at the water depths between 4.4–52.8 m, were selected using acoustic echo-sounding profiles existing and surveyed during the cruise. The soft surface sediments were sliced mainly into 0-1 cm thick sub-samples, and from the hard bottom samples only the upper surface sediment (0–2 cm) was sub-sampled. The main sediment types were recent muddy clay and gyttja, which were cored from the Eurajoensalmi and Olkiluodonvesi Bays and in the western part of the Olkiluoto offshore. Pieces of plants, some fauna, and signs of bioturbation in the topmost layers were observed. The hard bottom sediment samples were in the open sea area in water depths distinctly deeper than in the case of the soft sediments. The sediment core SEA86 situated at the western open sea area with a sedimentary rock basement. In one of the cores (SEA88), spheroid Fe-Mn concretions were found from the surface sediment. Six surface sediment transects near the Olkiluoto shoreline were sampled by diving in the summer of 2008, providing new information on variation and continuity of physical and geochemical properties of the coastal areas around the Olkiluoto Island � a study interfacing with the corresponding terrestrial lines of (Haapanen & Lahdenperä 2011). Altogether 57 sediment cores of about 50 cm were taken at 50 meter intervals and sliced usually for the 0�5 cm, 5�20 cm and 20�50 cm layers. From the hard bottom substrate, only the topmost layer (0-2 cm) could be sampled. The water depths were distinctly shallower than in the SEA sediment samples; the depths varied from 0.4 m to 8.8 m, being less than 4 m in general. One of the Transects was located in a flad with extremely shallow water (0.4-0.5 m). The sediment types of the samples in Transects 1, 2 and 4 (SBT13, 14, 16) were mainly muddy clay and recent mud with some sand and till layers. The sediment types in Transect 3 (SBT15) were recent mud with degrading plant materials, in Transect 5a (SBT18) soft non-layered gyttja, and in Transect 5b (SBT17) from coarse to fine sand and till. The pH decreased as a function of sediment depth. The pH varied significantly in the SEA sediments (2.9-7.2). Very acidic sediments (pH < 4) were found in the western offshore and in the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay. In the Eurajoensalmi Bay, the pH of the sediments was slightly higher. In the open sea area, the pH of the hard bottom sediments was neutral or alkaline. The highest pH was in SEA86 which is situated in the sedimentary rock area; the sulphur, iron and manganese as well as heavy metal concentrations were clearly lower there compared to the other SEA samples. In the shoreline transects, the pH was slightly acidic or alkaline, and its variation was distinctly narrow (pH 6.4-7.5). In Transect 3, pH of the sediment was neutral or alkaline. The lowest pH values were in Transects 5a and 5b. The loss-on-ignition, carbon and nitrogen contents were slightly higher in the SEA sediments than in the

90

transect samples, and distinctly higher in the soft, recent muddy clay sediments than in the hard, sandy and till sediments. Potassium and sodium were the main base cations in all sea sediment samples; on the contrary, in the deep soil samples calcium and magnesium were the main base cations. The phosphorus concentrations were higher in the topmost sediments and also in the soft sediments compared to the hard sandy and till bottoms. The values coincide with the phosphate contents given by Niemistö et al. (1978) for the eastern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia. The sediments were strongly enriched by some trace and heavy metals, possibly due to anthropogenic load, while other metals are only moderately or slightly present. Besides the anthropogenic load, the redox conditions also have a marked influence e.g. on the distribution of Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu in the sediments. Thus, the roles of the natural and the anthropogenic loads are not easy to point out. The arsenic, cobalt, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc and vanadium concentrations exceeded background values in most of the recent gyttja and gyttja clay sediments of the SEA cores offshore Olkiluoto. The cadmium concentrations were under background values. In sandy and till sediments the concentrations were significantly lower, except in the SEA87, which located in the open sea area with the water depth of 52.7 m. The trace and heavy metal concentrations showed scattered patterns in the transect sediments. Cobalt and zinc concentrations were the highest in Transect 4 and the values exceeded background values. In general, the trace and heavy metal concentrations were high or elevated in Transect 3, and the lowest in Transects 5a and 5b. However, the information on the elemental background values in the different parts of the Baltic Sea is still sparse and the classification of value ranges should be more validated for the different environmental areas. Lateral and vertical variations of the element concentrations, especially of trace and heavy metals, in the surface sediments are caused by variations in transport/erosion and sedimentation patterns of particulate matter, in occurrence of migration processes and in bonding types. There are also several chemical reactions that are depth-dependent due to the fact that there are gradients in oxygen, redox potential, salinity and organic matter content. In addition, partly due to the currents, bottom topography and primary production rate vary a lot. To summarise, the observed variability in the geochemical properties of the sea bottom surface sediments are a result of variable environmental conditions among the studied sites.

� The distribution pattern of most of the elements, especially trace and heavy metals, are linked to that of organic matter in the sediments, i.e. the concentrations are much higher in the recent muddy sediments, which are under the active mud accumulation, than in the sandy and till dominated hard, erosion bottoms, which contain significantly less organic matter.

91

� The water depth has a significant effect on the environmental conditions and thus on the element concentrations.

� In the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay the water depth was shallow, sediments soft

recent mud and muddy clay, and the bottom is under the active accumulation. Eutrophication enforces the effects of the land uplift.

� In the Eurajoensalmi Bay, Rivers Eurajoki and Lapijoki transport sediments to

the offshore area, and the river water is mixing with the seawater efficiently, decreasing the concentrations.

� In the open sea area the water is much deeper, and the bottoms are hard,

erosional bottoms (sand and till) where the organic matter content is low.

� One sample was cored from the Jotnian sandstone basement area and its geochemistry significantly differed from the other samples.

� Roles of anthropogenic and natural loading are difficult to point out; the power

plant cooling water outlet could have increased the primary production and thus affected the geochemical conditions, too.

� Compared to the element concentrations of the surface sea sediments, the

respective concentrations in the soils of the Olkiluoto Island are lower for most of the elements.

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APPENDICES Appendix 1. Selected photos of the SEA sediment samples from (Kotilainen et al. 2008). Appendix 2. Selected photos of the shoreline transect samples from (Ilmarinen et al. 2009.) Appendix 3. Description of the average value depths used in Figures 9-71. Appendix 4. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, LOI, moisture, dry matter, ash, carbon and nitrogen contents of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 5. The results of pH, LOI, moisture, dry matter, ash, carbon and nitrogen contents of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 6. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed elements of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 7. The Ca, K, Mg, Na and P concentrations of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 8. The main trace element concentrations (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S and Zn) of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 9. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 10. The selenium, iodine and chloride concentrations of SEA76…SEA88. Appendix 11. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 12. The results pH-values, LOI, ash content, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen contents in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 13. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed elements in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 14. The K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

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Appendix 15. The Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in the analysed sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 16. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations in the analysed sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 17. The concentrations of selenium, iodine and chloride in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 18. The grain size distribution of SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples. Appendix 19. The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples. Appendix 20. The grain-size distribution of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 21. The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the sub-samples in Transects 1-5b.

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APPENDIX 1. Selected photos of the SEA sediment samples from (Kotilainen et al. 2008).

Figure 72. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA76. Sediment surface is oxidised in the surface and in the sediment column at 0-3 cm depth, holes and burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depths.

Figure 73. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA77. Sediment surface is oxidised in the surface at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plants and shells at surface (0-3 cm) and holes and burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depths.

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Figure 74. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA78. Sediment surface is oxidised in the surface at 0-1.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in surface.

Figure 75. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA79. Sediment surface is oxidised in the surface at 0-0.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in sediment column at 6.5-45 cm depth.

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Figure 76. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA80. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-1.5 cm depth. Remnants of shells in surface and sediment column at 2-4.5 cm depth, observations of living benthic animals (2 worms, Marenzelleria viridis, at 27-28 cm depth).

Figure 77. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA81. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2 cm depth, holes and burrows from surface down to 8 cm depth.

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Figure 78. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA82. Sediment surface is oxidised at 0-1.5 cm, holes and burrows at 9-23 cm depth.

Figure 79. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA83. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-1 cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and holes and burrows in sediment column at 5-45 cm depth.

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Figure 80. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA84. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plant at surface.

Figure 81. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA85. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-1 cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and in sediment column at 3-15 cm, observations of living shells.

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Figure 82. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA86. Sediment surface is oxidized. Sample locates at the sedimentary rock area. Sediment type is reddish brown stony/gravelly sand.

Figure 83. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA87. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2 cm depth, observations of benthic animals (Polychaete Marenzelleria viridis). Erosional surface at 2 cm depth.

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Figure 84. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA88. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of biota in sediment column. Spherical Fe-Mn concretions in surface (0-2 cm) and erosional surface (82 cm), remnants of shells.

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APPENDIX 2. Selected photos of Transect 1…5b samples from (Ilmarinen et al. 2009).

Figure 85. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 1. Sediment type is clay at the depth of 20-50 cm. In the surface (0-20 cm), sediment type is fine sand with some clay.

Figure 86. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 2. Sediment type is clay at the depth of 20-50 cm. In the surface (0-20 cm), sediment type is fine sand with some muddy.

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Figure 87. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 3. Sediment type is soft clay at the 0-50 cm depth.

Figure 88. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 4. Sediment type is clayey fine sand at the depth of 0-20 cm and coarse fine sand with some clay at the 20-30 cm depth.

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Figure 89. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 5a. Sediment type is light gray till.

Figure 90. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 5b. Sediment type is clayey sand at the depth of 0-35 cm.

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APPENDIX 3. Description of the average depth values used in Figures 9-71. Sediment sample datasets of SEA76…88 and Transects 1…5b have varying sampling depth intervals. For instance, one sample has a sampling depth interval of 5-9 cm whereas another has a 5-49 cm. Thus, samples have the different depth scales and they cannot be shown in a same graph as a function of depth without further processing. In order to show the sediment samples in a same graph by their sampling depth, common average depth values were determined for each sampling depth interval to be valid for the whole dataset. Both datasets (the SEA and the shoreline transect sea sediment samples) were examined separately. Average depth value describes the concentration at given sampling depth point representing the whole depth interval and thus, it is possible to compare the values of different depth intervals with each other. At first, sampling depth intervals of the all samples were examined together starting from the lowest values (0 cm) and continuing towards the deeper values up to the maximum depth (50 cm). It was noticed that adjacent depth intervals have a common limit value (e.g. 1-9 and 9-22 have common point 9) and those values should be excluded when selecting average values. However, few limit values were included to the selected average depths, e.g. the lowest depth (0 cm) and the deepest value (50 cm) of the samples. As an example of the determination of average depth, when considering only depth intervals 1-4, 4-9 and 9-22, the first average value should be either 2 or 3, the next between 5 and 8 and the last between 10 and 21. Thus, each depth interval would have a distinct average value to represent the concentration of respective sampling depth. Average depth values were selected so that each interval has at least one average value. Intervals with greater range several average depth values whereas only one value was selected for the narrowest intervals. In total, 12 average depth values were determined for the SEA sediment samples and 7 for the transect samples. Several graphs were created for both datasets. A graph shows element concentrations (e.g. pH) of all SEA samples or one transect sample as a function of depth at selected common average depths that represent all values their sampling depth intervals.

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APPENDIX 4. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter, LOI; ash, carbon and nitrogen contents of SEA76…SEA88.

Parameter Median Min Max

pH 5.1 2.9 7.2 Moisture, % 74.7 18.4 85.5 Dry matter, % dw 25.3 14.5 81.6 LOI, %dw 9.9 0.4 14.6 Ash content, % dw 90.1 87.4 99.6 C, % dw 3.7 0.16 6.1 N, % dw 0.5 0.05 1.0

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APPENDIX 5. The results of pH, LOI, ash, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen contents of SEA76…SEA88.

Posiva ID

Sampling interval , cm

Water depth, m

pH

LOI % dw

Ash % dw

Moisture %

Dry matter % dw

C % of dw

N % of dw

SEA76 0-1 10.2 5.5 14.6 85.4 NA 17.5 6.1 0.97

SEA76 1-9 10.2 3.8 12.5 87.5 74.7 NA 5.1 0.83

SEA76 9-22 10.2 3.4 12.0 88.0 NA NA 4.7 0.75

SEA76 23-48 10.2 3.6 9.4 90.6 NA NA 3.7 0.58

SEA77 0-1 11.0 6.3 12.8 87.3 NA 25.3 5.4 0.84

SEA77 1-4 11.0 4.9 11.2 88.8 77.9 NA 4.6 0.76

SEA77 4-23 11.0 3.3 11.1 88.9 NA NA 4.3 0.68

SEA77 23-50 11.0 3.3 8.6 91.4 NA NA 3.2 0.53

SEA78 0-1 9.2 6.5 12.2 87.8 NA 22.1 4.9 0.73

SEA78 1-7 9.2 5.6 11.1 88.9 71.8 NA 4.4 0.68

SEA78 7-12 9.2 4.0 10.8 89.2 NA NA 4.2 0.63

SEA78 12-49 9.2 3.2 8.3 91.7 NA NA 3.0 0.47

SEA79 0-1 4.4 3.6 8.2 91.8 NA 28.2 3.4 0.54

SEA79 1-4 4.4 3.5 7.8 92.2 75.9 NA 3.0 0.52

SEA79 4-9 4.4 3.1 8.0 92.0 NA NA 2.9 0.50

SEA79 9-43 4.4 2.9 8.7 91.3 NA NA 3.0 0.49

SEA80 0-1 8.1 6.2 13.7 86.3 NA 24.1 6.0 0.92

SEA80 1-7 8.1 4.4 12.2 87.8 77.1 NA 4.9 0.77

SEA80 7-26 8.1 3.5 10.7 89.3 NA NA 4.1 0.64

SEA80 26-42 8.1 3.4 8.3 91.6 NA NA 3.1 0.49

SEA81 0-1 5.5 6.4 11.2 88.8 NA 22.9 4.4 0.54

SEA81 1-4 5.5 6.1 10.9 89.1 84.1 NA 4.2 0.55

SEA81 4-14 5.5 5.3 9.9 90.1 NA NA 3.7 0.47

SEA81 14-42 5.5 4.0 7.2 92.8 NA NA 2.8 0.41

SEA82 0-1 6.2 6.6 11.5 88.5 NA 15.9 4.3 0.56

SEA82 1-5 6.2 6.1 10.7 89.3 NA NA 4.2 0.55

SEA82 5-9 6.2 5.2 10.3 89.7 NA NA 3.9 0.50

SEA82 9-22 6.2 4.2 8.6 91.4 85.5 NA 3.1 0.45

SEA82 22-45 6.2 3.6 7.7 92.3 NA NA 2.8 0.45

SEA83 0-1 7.7 6.4 12.8 87.2 54.2 14.5 4.8 0.68

SEA83 1-5 7.7 5.7 11.7 88.3 71.4 NA 4.7 0.68

SEA83 5-49 7.7 4.0 9.7 90.3 NA NA 3.7 0.53

SEA84 0-1 7.5 7.1 3.3 96.7 NA 45.8 1.2 0.22

SEA85 0-1 8.6 6.6 8.3 91.7 18.4 28.6 3.6 0.52

SEA85 1-3 8.6 5.9 7.6 92.4 54.9 NA 3.4 0.51

SEA85 3-15 8.6 4.6 7.1 92.9 35.5 NA 2.4 0.39

SEA86 0-2 20.7 7.2 0.4 99.6 NA 81.6 0.2 0.05

SEA87 0-2 52.7 6.7 4.5 95.5 NA 45.1 1.4 0.24

SEA88 0-2 48.9 6.9 2.0 98.0 NA 64.5 0.8 0.14 NA= Not analysed

116

APPENDIX 6. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed elements of SEA76…SEA88.

Element

Median mg/kg

Min mg/kg

Max mg/kg

Detection limit mg/kg

Al 55600 3780 65200 100

As 14.1 6.8 43.3 0.5

Ba 419 396 634 0.5

Be 2.5 1.0 6.0 0.5

Bi 0.39 0.17 0.62 0.1

Ca 9570 4550 11600 200

Cd 0.68 0.20 1.30 0.1

Cl 16950 7660 22800 100

Co 26.3 2.4 76.9 0.2

Cr 87.2 14.9 199 4

Cu 41.1 4.6 56.2 2

Fe 42000 10700 52300 100

I 42.6 25.4 79.1 1

K 22500 18000 28300 200

Li 41.8 11.9 81.1 5

Mg 11500 1950 13700 50

Mn 494 105 7310 5

Mo 2.3 0.7 15.9 0.5

Na 15000 12300 21200 200

Ni 41.5 13.4 86.1 4

P 1160 539 2620 100

Pb 37.8 20.8 61.3 1

Rb 118 81.9 132 0.2

S 4150 125 16700 50

Sb 0.70 0.2 1.7 0.1

Se 0.05 0.28 0.75 0.05

Sn 3.1 2.2 3.9 2

Sr 142 121 168 3

Ti 3180 540 3560 10

Tl 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.1

V 86.7 14.5 112 5

Zn 191 25.8 324 20

Zr 103 35.2 125 10

117

APPENDIX 7. The Ca, K, Mg, Na and P concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.

Posiva ID

Sampling interval, cm

Water depth, m

Ca g/kg

K g/kg

Mg g/kg

Na g/kg

P mg/kg

SEA76 0-1 10.2 9.5 22.4 1.24 19.3 1740

SEA76 1-9 10.2 10.1 21.8 11.4 14.7 1210

SEA76 9-22 10.2 8.7 22.2 11.8 14.9 1110

SEA76 23-48 10.2 8.7 22.6 11.7 14.6 912

SEA77 0-1 11.0 10.6 22.8 11.7 16.8 1960

SEA77 1-4 11.0 9.6 21.8 11.0 15.6 1150

SEA77 4-23 11.0 8.6 21.7 11.5 14.7 981

SEA77 23-50 11.0 8.4 22.9 11.9 13.7 713

SEA78 0-1 9.2 10.8 24.3 13.7 17.5 2280

SEA78 1-7 9.2 10.1 23.4 12.5 15.4 1290

SEA78 7-12 9.2 8.9 23.5 12.7 15.2 1070

SEA78 12-49 9.2 8.7 24.3 12.8 14.3 787

SEA79 0-1 4.4 9.6 23.2 10.7 16.4 1320

SEA79 1-4 4.4 9.7 21.5 9.7 15.4 1010

SEA79 4-9 4.4 9.3 21.5 9.8 14.7 934

SEA79 9-43 4.4 9.0 23.1 11.6 13.6 794

SEA80 0-1 8.1 11.6 22.7 12.1 16.8 2620

SEA80 1-7 8.1 9.9 22.0 11.5 14.9 1170

SEA80 7-26 8.1 8.8 21.8 11.5 14.4 932

SEA80 26-42 8.1 8.5 22.8 11.6 13.7 707

SEA81 0-1 5.5 10.0 23.0 11.8 17.9 1460

SEA81 1-4 5.5 9.40 21.4 10.8 15.0 1440

SEA81 4-14 5.5 9.44 21.7 10.9 14.8 1340

SEA81 14-42 5.5 9.49 23.3 11.4 14.8 816

SEA82 0-1 6.2 10.0 23.0 12.1 20.5 1560

SEA82 1-5 6.2 9.5 21.8 10.8 14.7 1510

SEA82 5-9 6.2 9.9 22.5 11.4 15.0 1540

SEA82 9-22 6.2 9.7 23.5 12.0 15.5 1020

SEA82 22-45 6.2 9.7 24.1 12.7 15.3 832

SEA83 0-1 7.7 9.8 22.9 12.5 21.2 1610

SEA83 1-5 7.7 10.2 21.9 11.7 15.3 1550

SEA83 5-49 7.7 9.6 22.7 12.2 15.2 1160

SEA84 0-1 7.5 9.4 19.3 5.9 15.1 827

SEA85 0-1 8.6 10.0 20.9 9.3 16.1 1250

SEA85 1-3 8.6 9.6 20.3 8.9 14.5 1210

SEA85 3-15 8.6 9.9 21.0 9.2 14.5 1060

SEA86 0-2 20.7 4.6 28.3 2.0 14.3 539

SEA87 0-2 52.7 9.0 19.3 6.9 13.7 1260

SEA88 0-2 48.9 7.7 18.0 4.6 12.3 815

118

APPENDIX 8. The main trace element concentrations (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S and Zn) of SEA76…SEA88.

Posiva ID


Water depth, m

Al g/kg

Cu mg/kg

Fe g/kg

Mn mg/kg

Mo mg/kg

S mg/kg

Zn mg/kg

SEA76 0-1 10.2 55.7 42.4 36.4 388 1.3 3570 188

SEA76 1-9 10.2 54.7 56.2 39.2 414 2.9 8670 212

SEA76 9-22 10.2 55.4 56.1 42.0 489 2.4 11700 248

SEA76 23-48 10.2 54.6 40.0 42.5 441 2.4 10500 182

SEA77 0-1 11.0 55.3 41.1 40.1 597 1.0 2980 173

SEA77 1-4 11.0 54.3 45.9 35.3 381 1.8 4210 189

SEA77 4-23 11.0 53.9 51.8 41.8 485 2.6 12100 245

SEA77 23-50 11.0 56.0 36.7 39.6 453 2.3 11300 156

SEA78 0-1 9.2 59.2 40.0 52.3 1310 1.6 2390 204

SEA78 1-7 9.2 59.4 52.1 42.3 443 1.6 3380 227

SEA78 7-12 9.2 59.5 50.7 44.4 429 2.4 6220 272

SEA78 12-49 9.2 58.9 33.6 44.8 494 3.8 11800 151

SEA79 0-1 4.4 56.0 30.8 46.2 408 2.3 6280 163

SEA79 1-4 4.4 52.2 34.2 40.0 372 2.2 6750 158

SEA79 4-9 4.4 52.1 32.4 41.4 379 3.4 11100 158

SEA79 9-43 4.4 55.2 26.1 47.8 502 6.1 16700 114

SEA80 0-1 8.1 55.4 42.1 47.3 558 1.0 2910 191

SEA80 1-7 8.1 55.6 48.9 39.8 380 2.3 4960 204

SEA80 7-26 8.1 55.2 53.0 41.5 397 3.2 10300 249

SEA80 26-42 8.1 55.5 33.0 40.5 428 2.8 9560 150

SEA81 0-1 5.5 65.2 41.4 45.9 879 1.5 2280 283

SEA81 1-4 5.5 61.7 46.6 42.6 500 1.6 2310 282

SEA81 4-14 5.5 63.2 42.7 41.8 539 2.6 3700 293

SEA81 14-42 5.5 58.8 29.9 42.9 571 3.2 6420 163

SEA82 0-1 6.2 63.7 41.9 45.4 915 1.4 2360 282

SEA82 1-5 6.2 61.5 43.8 42.9 494 1.3 2150 288

SEA82 5-9 6.2 64.8 47.7 43.2 539 2.6 4150 324

SEA82 9-22 6.2 61.6 33.2 44.3 542 3.4 5480 226

SEA82 22-45 6.2 60.0 27.4 50.5 829 2.2 9390 145

SEA83 0-1 7.7 61.1 43.0 49.6 945 1.5 2880 262

SEA83 1-5 7.7 62.3 47.7 42.0 473 3.1 2820 283

SEA83 5-49 7.7 61.1 41.1 46.0 602 2.5 8720 256

SEA84 0-1 7.5 44.6 12.8 24.7 910 1.2 751 88.0

SEA85 0-1 8.6 52.5 32.7 33.8 835 1.0 1540 171

SEA85 1-3 8.6 51.6 37.7 32.5 418 1.0 1660 185

SEA85 3-15 8.6 53.5 40.8 33.1 397 2.0 3600 208

SEA86 0-2 20.7 43.0 4.64 10.7 105 0.7 125 25.8

SEA87 0-2 52.7 43.3 21.8 39.8 7310 16 1040 144

SEA88 0-2 48.9 37.8 10.8 24.8 2240 4.7 455 68.4

119

APPENDIX 9. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.

Posiva ID


Water depth, m

As mg/kg

Cd mg/kg

Co mg/kg

Cr mg/kg

Ni mg/kg

Pb mg/kg

V mg/kg

SEA76 0-1 10.2 10.5 0.90 17.6 83.6 37.8 32.4 83.3

SEA76 1-9 10.2 14.0 0.97 24.4 97.8 45.8 40.4 99.8

SEA76 9-22 10.2 16.0 1.17 26.3 99.0 44.2 44.7 97.9

SEA76 23-48 10.2 19.4 1.00 21.2 103 40.7 46.4 101

SEA77 0-1 11.0 15.2 0.70 19.9 83.1 35.3 31.9 79.1

SEA77 1-4 11.0 9.77 0.99 20.0 84.0 40.4 38.6 83.2

SEA77 4-23 11.0 23.9 1.30 27.2 121 45.5 53.7 100

SEA77 23-50 11.0 9.22 0.64 21.9 79.9 37.5 36.7 86.7

SEA78 0-1 9.2 22.4 0.30 26.0 93.1 38.9 36.9 93.0

SEA78 1-7 9.2 11.0 0.69 29.0 104 47.7 50.6 105

SEA78 7-12 9.2 15.3 0.77 34.0 112 52.4 58.2 112

SEA78 12-49 9.2 13.4 0.37 22.3 83.6 41.6 37.3 99.4

SEA79 0-1 4.4 17.7 0.36 19.5 76.3 29.9 31.0 81.0

SEA79 1-4 4.4 11.2 0.55 24.2 71.2 34.4 37.4 75.1

SEA79 4-9 4.4 14.1 0.39 21.6 72.3 35.7 36.5 76.3

SEA79 9-43 4.4 10.2 <0.1 21.1 76.7 34.7 28.7 88.5

SEA80 0-1 8.1 18.6 0.67 20.9 85.4 36.8 32.5 83.7

SEA80 1-7 8.1 9.7 0.68 20.5 87.2 41.4 41.2 84.8

SEA80 7-26 8.1 19.7 1.16 28.7 117 45.0 54.7 96.0

SEA80 26-42 8.1 11.1 0.39 19.4 79.6 36.6 40.2 87.8

SEA81 0-1 5.5 17.7 0.72 34.4 127 54.7 31.3 87.0

SEA81 1-4 5.5 15.1 0.65 38.2 128 60.3 37.8 88.0

SEA81 4-14 5.5 14.1 0.66 38.4 185 55.4 40.0 82.4

SEA81 14-42 5.5 8.8 0.32 28.5 86.7 42.2 35.3 89.7

SEA82 0-1 6.2 19.7 0.68 35.8 133 54.2 33.6 85.7

SEA82 1-5 6.2 14.1 0.80 34.7 124 55.2 40.6 83.8

SEA82 5-9 6.2 16.9 0.77 39.4 199 59.3 45.9 91.3

SEA82 9-22 6.2 11.1 0.68 39.7 113 45.6 39.5 83.7

SEA82 22-45 6.2 7.0 0.20 22.1 76.4 38.0 31.0 91.1

SEA83 0-1 7.7 23.1 0.80 34.0 114 49.2 33.8 86.8

SEA83 1-5 7.7 12.5 0.93 37.8 107 54.1 41.5 87.9

SEA83 5-49 7.7 15.7 0.63 37.4 131 47.0 43.6 90.3

SEA84 0-1 7.5 13.5 0.21 11.9 40.7 13.4 20.8 51.8

SEA85 0-1 8.6 12.6 0.48 22.3 74.1 32.8 33.2 65.8

SEA85 1-3 8.6 8.96 0.50 28.0 76.7 39.5 41.7 68.6

SEA85 3-15 8.6 10.6 0.48 27.2 94.3 40.0 50.4 70.4

SEA86 0-2 20.7 6.8 0.26 2.4 14.9 <4 21.3 14.5

SEA87 0-2 52.7 43.3 0.79 76.9 44.9 86.1 61.3 70.9

SEA88 0-2 48.9 22.0 0.27 31.4 31.8 22.3 25.8 41.3

120

APPENDIX 10. The selenium, iodine and chloride concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.

Posiva ID


Water depth, m

Se mg/kg

I mg/kg

Cl mg/kg

SEA76 0-1 10.2 NA NA NA

SEA76 1-9 10.2 0.62 71.5 18700

SEA76 9-22 10.2 0.75 57.2 16500

SEA76 23-48 10.2 NA NA NA

SEA77 0-1 11.0 NA NA NA

SEA77 1-4 11.0 0.56 79.1 22500

SEA77 4-23 11.0 NA NA NA

SEA77 23-50 11.0 NA NA NA

SEA78 0-1 9.2 NA NA NA

SEA78 1-7 9.2 0.56 50.8 16900

SEA78 7-12 9.2 NA NA NA

SEA78 12-49 9.2 NA NA NA


SEA79 1-4 4.4 0.28 31 16500


SEA79 9-43 4.4 NA NA NA


SEA80 1-7 8.1 0.62 67 22800

SEA80 7-26 8.1 NA NA NA

SEA80 26-42 8.1 NA NA NA


SEA81 1-4 5.5 0.38 30.8 20200

SEA81 4-14 5.5 0.51 25.4 17000

SEA81 14-42 5.5 NA NA NA


SEA82 1-5 6.2 0.47 34.3 15900


SEA82 9-22 6.2 0.41 26.6 14800

SEA82 22-45 6.2 NA NA NA


SEA83 1-5 7.7 0.49 53.3 19900

SEA83 5-49 7.7 NA NA NA



SEA85 1-3 8.6 0.37 31.6 7660

SEA85 3-15 8.6 NA NA NA

SEA86 0-2 20.7 NA NA NA

SEA87 0-2 52.7 NA NA NA

SEA88 0-2 48.9 NA NA NA NA= Not analysed

121

APPENDIX 11. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.


Transect 1

pH 6.8 6.6 7.1

Moisture, % 50.3 17.5 71.9

Dry matter, % dw 49.8 28.1 82.5

LOI, %dw 7.5 0.3 14.2

Ash content, % dw 92.5 85.8 99.7

C, % dw 3.2 0.09 6.4

N, % dw 0.49 0.11 0.91 Transect 2

pH 6.9 6.2 7.1

Moisture, % 31.5 21.2 66.1

Dry matter, % dw 68.5 33.9 78.8

LOI, %dw 2.8 1.1 11.3

Ash content, % dw 97.2 88.7 98.9

C, % dw 0.76 0.26 4.8

N, % dw 0.19 0.12 0.74 Transect 3

pH 7.2 6.9 7.7

Moisture, % 72.7 34.7 81.7

Dry matter, % dw 27.3 18.3 65.3

LOI, %dw 11.8 1.8 13.9

Ash content, % dw 88.2 86.1 97.9

C, % dw 4.9 0.61 6.0

N, % dw 0.57 0.12 0.72 Transect 4

pH 6.9 6.4 7.3

Moisture, % 58.0 49.5 63.2

Dry matter, % dw 42.1 36.8 50.5

LOI, %dw 8.7 5.6 11.1

Ash content, % dw 91.4 88.9 94.4

C, % dw 3.5 2.2 4.7

N, % dw 0.62 0.42 0.70 Transect 5a

pH 6.7 6.7 6.8

Moisture, % 49.9 30.1 54.5

Dry matter, % dw 50.1 45.5 69.9

LOI, %dw 4.9 1.4 6.5

Ash content, % dw 95.1 93.5 98.6

C, % dw 2.0 0.63 2.87

N, % dw 0.37 0.18 0.55

122

APPENDIX 11 (cont´d). The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.


Transect 5b

pH 6.7 6.6 6.9

Moisture, % 24.4 18.9 51.9

Dry matter, % dw 75.7 48.1 81.1

LOI, %dw 1.3 0.58 7.5

Ash content, % dw 98.7 92.5 99.4

C, % dw 0.43 0.16 3.1

N, % dw 0.17 0.10 0.50

123

APPENDIX 12. The pH, LOI, ash, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen contents in sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

pH

LOI %dw

Ash % dw

Moisture %

Dry matter % dw

C % dw

N % dw

Transect 1 80 0-25 200 6.7 12.7 87.3 69.8 30.2 5.9 0.83 Transect 1 85 0-5 700 6.9 12.0 88.0 66.4 33.6 5.5 0.76 Transect 1 86 5-20 700 6.7 1.0 99.0 26.8 73.2 0.42 0.14 Transect 1 87 20-50 700 6.8 14.2 85.8 71.9 28.1 6.4 0.91 Transect 1 90 20-25 700 7.1 13.4 86.6 69.7 30.3 6.0 0.84 Transect 1 103 0-5 820 7.0 3.1 97.0 34.1 65.9 0.91 0.22 Transect 1 104-105 20-50 820 6.8 1.3 98.7 30.7 69.3 0.52 0.16 Transect 1 111 20-50 860 6.6 0.3 99.7 17.5 82.5 0.09 0.11 Transect 2 53 0-10 250 6.2 5.7 94.3 47.1 52.9 2.6 0.38 Transect 2 55 0-5 670 6.9 2.9 97.1 37.0 63.0 1.3 0.25 Transect 2 57 20-50 670 6.8 1.8 98.2 30.4 69.6 0.75 0.19 Transect 2 60 20-50 720 7.0 2.0 98.0 32.6 67.4 0.44 0.12 Transect 2 66 0-5 670 7.1 3.0 97.1 39.8 60.2 0.59 0.15 Transect 2 67-68 0-20 770 7.1 2.8 97.2 NA NA 0.58 0.18 Transect 2 70 0-5 880 6.8 2.2 97.8 25.2 74.8 0.91 0.19 Transect 2 71 5-20 880 7.1 1.1 98.9 26.7 73.3 0.26 0.13 Transect 2 72 20-35 880 7.1 1.7 98.3 21.2 78.8 0.76 0.22 Transect 2 73 0-5 860 6.8 11.3 88.7 66.1 33.9 4.8 0.74 Transect 2 74-75 5-35 860 7.0 2.3 97.7 NA NA 0.57 0.19 Transect 2 76 0-5 860 6.8 3.2 96.8 25.4 74.6 1.2 0.24 Transect 2 77-78 5-45 860 6.8 9.1 91.0 NA NA 3.7 0.56 Transect 3 19 0-5 90 7.0 13.6 86.5 78.4 21.6 5.5 0.66 Transect 3 20 5-20 90 7.0 11.8 88.2 70.8 29.2 4.6 0.54 Transect 3 21 20-50 90 7.5 8.7 91.3 65.9 34.1 3.6 0.49 Transect 3 22 0-5 210 7.2 2.2 97.9 34.7 65.3 0.96 0.17 Transect 3 23 5-20 210 7.3 3.4 96.6 53.5 46.5 0.61 0.12 Transect 3 24 20-50 210 7.4 3.4 96.6 54.1 45.9 0.65 0.13 Transect 3 25 0-5 160 7.4 13.0 87.0 81.7 18.3 4.9 0.64 Transect 3 26 5-20 160 7.1 12.8 87.2 73.5 26.5 5.1 0.61 Transect 3 27 20-50 160 7.1 9.5 90.5 65.1 34.9 3.8 0.50 Transect 3 28 0-5 120 6.9 13.3 86.7 79.1 20.9 5.2 0.67 Transect 3 29 5-20 120 7.1 13.5 86.5 74.1 25.9 5.2 0.62 Transect 3 30 20-30 120 7.2 10.8 89.2 68.0 32.0 4.4 0.50 Transect 3 31 0-5 110 7.0 13.9 86.1 76.1 23.9 5.7 0.69 Transect 3 32 5-20 110 7.2 13.6 86.5 74.8 25.2 5.3 0.61 Transect 3 33 20-50 110 7.1 11.4 88.6 72.1 27.9 4.7 0.56 Transect 3 34 0-5 90 7.0 13.6 86.4 78.0 22.0 6.0 0.72 Transect 3 35 5-20 90 7.0 12.4 87.6 73.3 26.7 5.3 0.61 Transect 3 36 20-40 90 7.3 11.7 88.3 72.7 27.3 5.0 0.55 Transect 3 37 0-5 90 7.2 13.5 86.5 78.0 22.0 5.6 0.70 Transect 3 38 5-20 90 7.2 12.1 87.9 74.0 26.0 4.9 0.57 Transect 3 39 20-40 90 7.5 8.8 91.3 70.0 30.0 3.9 0.54 Transect 3 40 0-5 90 7.4 13.6 86.4 77.3 22.7 5.6 0.70 Transect 3 41 5-20 90 7.2 12.6 87.4 74.1 25.9 5.3 0.61 Transect 3 42 20-35 90 7.5 10.1 90.0 71.2 28.8 4.2 0.54 Transect 3 43 0-5 90 7.1 13.8 86.2 75.8 24.2 5.7 0.72 Transect 3 44 5-20 90 7.3 9.5 90.5 67.1 32.9 4.2 0.54 Transect 3 45 20-45 90 7.6 8.1 91.9 64.5 35.5 3.2 0.49 Transect 3 46 0-5 70 7.3 11.1 88.9 67.8 32.2 4.7 0.61 Transect 3 47 5-20 70 7.3 9.5 90.5 63.5 36.5 3.9 0.54 Transect 3 48 20-35 70 7.7 6.1 93.9 53.2 46.8 1.9 0.30 Transect 3 49 0-5 110 7.2 13.8 86.2 77.2 22.8 5.9 0.68 Transect 3 50 5-20 110 7.4 13.1 86.9 72.9 27.1 5.7 0.59 Transect 3 51 20-50 110 7.2 1.8 90.3 68.1 31.9 3.9 0.47

124

APPENDIX 12. (cont´d). The pH, LOI, ash, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen contents in sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

pH

LOI % dw

Ash % dw

Moisture %

Dry matter % dw

C % dw

N % dw

Transect 4 142 0-5 120 6.8 10.9 89.1 63.1 36.9 4.7 0.70 Transect 4 143 5-20 120 7.0 9.8 90.3 61.7 38.3 3.9 0.63 Transect 4 144 20-50 120 7.3 7.9 92.1 57.9 42.1 3.2 0.51 Transect 4 145-147 0-30 180 7.2 8.7 91.3 NA NA 3.4 0.54 Transect 4 148 0-5 200 6.8 11.1 88.9 63.2 36.8 4.6 0.67 Transect 4 149 5-20 200 7.0 9.3 90.7 58.0 42.0 3.8 0.58 Transect 4 150 20-50 200 7.3 8.0 92.0 60.1 39.9 3.2 0.51 Transect 4 151-152 0-20 220 7.1 9.4 90.6 NA NA 4.0 0.68 Transect 4 154-155 0-20 270 6.9 8.6 91.4 NA NA 3.7 0.62 Transect 4 157 0-5 300 6.9 8.8 91.3 56.1 43.9 3.5 0.63 Transect 4 158 5-20 300 7.2 9.7 90.3 58.1 41.9 4.2 0.67 Transect 4 159 20-30 300 7.0 5.6 94.4 49.5 50.5 2.2 0.44 Transect 4 160-161 0-20 320 7.0 9.1 91.0 NA NA 3.8 0.63 Transect 4 162 0-50 320 6.7 6.4 93.6 NA NA 2.6 0.52 Transect 4 163 0-5 340 6.9 8.2 91.8 57.1 42.9 3.3 0.63 Transect 4 165 20-30 340 6.4 5.9 94.1 51.4 48.6 2.4 0.46 Transect 4 166 0-5 360 6.8 8.6 91.4 58.2 41.8 3.6 0.64 Transect 4 169 0-5 320 6.7 5.8 94.2 53.0 47.0 2.4 0.42 Transect 5a 1-2 20-30 40 6.8 3.7 96.3 NA NA 1.4 0.28 Transect 5a 3 20-45 40 6.8 4.9 95.1 47.4 52.6 2.0 0.37 Transect 5a 7-8 0-20 40 6.7 3.2 96.8 NA NA 1.1 0.23 Transect 5a 9 20-50 40 6.8 5.6 94.5 49.9 50.1 2.4 0.43 Transect 5a 13 0-5 50 6.7 1.4 98.6 30.1 69.9 0.6 0.18 Transect 5a 15 20-50 50 6.7 6.5 93.5 54.5 45.5 2.9 0.55 Transect 5a 16 0-5 50 6.7 5.2 94.8 54.1 45.9 2.2 0.42 Transect 5b 114 0-20 80 6.8 0.6 99.4 18.9 81.1 0.16 0.10 Transect 5b 117 0-20 80 6.7 0.7 99.3 20.0 80.0 0.20 0.11 Transect 5b 118-119 0-20 80 6.7 0.9 99.1 NA NA 0.26 0.14 Transect 5b 126 0-25 260 6.6 0.9 99.1 21.8 78.2 0.28 0.17 Transect 5b 129 0-30 280 6.9 1.0 99.0 23.7 76.3 0.45 0.16 Transect 5b 130 0-5 290 6.7 4.8 95.2 46.9 53.1 2.1 0.41 Transect 5b 131 5-20 290 6.8 7.5 92.5 51.9 48.1 3.1 0.50 Transect 5b 132 20-40 290 6.8 1.3 98.7 25.0 75.0 0.43 0.19 Transect 5b 133 0-5 330 6.7 5.1 94.9 50.1 49.9 2.3 0.41 Transect 5b 134 5-20 330 6.7 6.5 93.5 48.8 51.2 2.4 0.44 Transect 5b 135 20-40 330 6.7 0.6 99.4 21.1 78.9 0.21 0.12 Transect 5b 136-138 0-35 350 6.7 2.0 98.0 NA NA 0.97 0.24 Transect 5b 139-140 0-35 380 6.7 1.4 98.7 NA NA 0.39 0.16

NA= Not analysed

125

APPENDIX 13. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed elements of Transects 1…5b.

Element

Median mg/kg

Min mg/kg

Max mg/kg

Detection limits, mg/kg

Al 55100 40500 84200 100 As 7.7 0.8 22.2 0.5 Ba 439 338.0 35700.0 0.5 Be 1.6 0.7 6.6 0.5 Bi 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 Ca 8190 384 10800 200 Cd 0.5 0.1 1.5 0.1 Cl 2095 614 5100 100 Co 15.4 3.6 43.8 0.2 Cr 64.5 22.7 178 4 Cu 28.4 6.6 70.3 2 Fe 19700 6800 57300 100 I 22.2 0.68 45.2 1 K 23250 16600 61100 200 Li 38.8 13.5 85.7 5 Mg 10700 3630 20500 50 Mn 406 138 762 5 Mo 1.9 0.6 5.6 0.5 Na 14400 11900 17900 200 Ni 31.5 8.6 62.6 4 P 768 383 1630 100 Pb 21.4 11.4 40.4 1 Rb 108 81 207 0.2 S 8090 513 20700 50 Sb 0.35 0.11 1.19 0.1 Se 0.39 0.02 0.71 0.05 Sn 3.2 <2 4.3 2 Sr 138 111 152 3 Ti 2770 960 5100 10 Tl 0.8 0.5 1.5 0.1 V 71.5 27.2 147 5 Zn 115 27.7 331 20 Zr 108 51.9 153 10

126

APPENDIX 14. The K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

Ca g/kg

K g/kg

Mg g/kg

Na g/kg

P mg/kg

Transect 1 80 0-25 200 8450 19900 10700 11900 717 Transect 1 85 0-5 700 8320 20000 10500 12300 641 Transect 1 86 5-20 700 8210 21800 4860 13400 420 Transect 1 87 20-50 700 8070 18900 10800 14000 731 Transect 1 90 20-25 700 7820 18900 10500 13000 681 Transect 1 103 0-5 820 7450 22500 4720 13700 474 Transect 1 104-105 20-50 820 8180 20000 3830 13800 480 Transect 1 111 20-50 860 5550 25500 3640 13600 383 Transect 2 53 0-10 250 7560 21100 4930 13000 585 Transect 2 55 0-5 670 7220 25400 7610 12800 577 Transect 2 57 20-50 670 6860 22400 5070 13700 518 Transect 2 60 20-50 720 10500 29300 13500 15900 644 Transect 2 66 0-5 670 10800 33800 18900 15600 732 Transect 2 67-68 0-20 770 9500 33400 17800 14800 693 Transect 2 70 0-5 880 8640 21100 5220 14300 659 Transect 2 71 5-20 880 8440 21200 5190 14000 426 Transect 2 72 20-35 880 8290 22100 4980 13900 543 Transect 2 73 0-5 860 10400 22800 12200 15200 1630 Transect 2 74-75 5-35 860 10400 27800 12800 15500 662 Transect 2 76 0-5 860 10200 23900 8880 14900 835 Transect 2 77-78 5-45 860 9950 24100 12700 14300 1180 Transect 3 19 0-5 90 385 40100 4990 14000 1210 Transect 3 20 5-20 90 412 41500 11600 16500 1010 Transect 3 21 20-50 90 417 43300 12500 15500 724 Transect 3 22 0-5 210 430 16600 11800 14800 430 Transect 3 23 5-20 210 791 57300 4570 13800 727 Transect 3 24 20-50 210 748 61100 19300 15600 717 Transect 3 25 0-5 160 406 40900 20500 15400 1180 Transect 3 26 5-20 160 399 43300 11600 17900 1150 Transect 3 27 20-50 160 422 41100 11700 15400 887 Transect 3 28 0-5 120 386 40000 11500 15000 1230 Transect 3 29 5-20 120 394 43200 11200 17200 1220 Transect 3 30 20-30 120 432 42900 11700 15800 948 Transect 3 31 0-5 110 385 41100 13000 15000 1230 Transect 3 32 5-20 110 397 43300 11000 16100 1210 Transect 3 33 20-50 110 410 44200 11700 15600 1100 Transect 3 34 0-5 90 384 42200 12700 15500 1250 Transect 3 35 5-20 90 397 42200 11200 15700 1190 Transect 3 36 20-40 90 406 44100 11400 15700 1020 Transect 3 37 0-5 90 384 44400 12700 14800 1200 Transect 3 38 5-20 90 397 44500 11600 16700 1070 Transect 3 39 20-40 90 422 44800 12600 15000 813 Transect 3 40 0-5 90 386 44900 12500 15100 1200 Transect 3 41 5-20 90 392 46100 11700 16000 1070 Transect 3 42 20-35 90 407 45100 12000 14900 767 Transect 3 43 0-5 90 387 45700 11800 14900 1150 Transect 3 44 5-20 90 403 45200 11600 15500 814 Transect 3 45 20-45 90 421 43600 12000 14300 704 Transect 3 46 0-5 70 399 45500 11600 14500 853 Transect 3 47 5-20 70 418 46100 11600 14200 722 Transect 3 48 20-35 70 432 33400 12300 13900 670 Transect 3 49 0-5 110 387 39600 9710 13900 1200 Transect 3 50 5-20 110 388 41000 10900 16500 1110 Transect 3 51 20-50 110 423 42200 11100 15400 929

127

APPENDIX 14 (cont´d). The K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

Ca g/kg

K g/kg

Mg g/kg

Na g/kg

P mg/kg

Transect 4 142 0-5 120 10100 23100 12000 14200 1620 Transect 4 143 5-20 120 10200 23700 12900 15100 1420 Transect 4 144 20-50 120 9560 25000 13300 14400 815 Transect 4 145-147 0-30 180 9800 24700 13200 15000 1060 Transect 4 148 0-5 200 10100 23200 12100 15000 1600 Transect 4 149 5-20 200 10200 23600 12900 14400 1360 Transect 4 150 20-50 200 9750 25000 13500 15200 795 Transect 4 151-152 0-20 220 9160 21000 9560 14100 718 Transect 4 154-155 0-20 270 9830 22400 10100 14500 740 Transect 4 157 0-5 300 9800 23800 12200 14100 769 Transect 4 158 5-20 300 9590 23300 12400 14700 790 Transect 4 159 20-30 300 10400 20900 7540 14500 821 Transect 4 160-161 0-20 320 9820 23800 12800 14200 798 Transect 4 162 0-50 320 10100 21600 8820 14500 862 Transect 4 163 0-5 340 10000 25100 13200 15000 826 Transect 4 165 20-30 340 9670 21600 8580 14000 784 Transect 4 166 0-5 360 9880 22000 10700 15000 721 Transect 4 169 0-5 320 9860 20000 7280 14200 768 Transect 5a 1-2 20-30 40 8100 20100 5330 13600 490 Transect 5a 3 20-45 40 10200 20500 6790 14500 789 Transect 5a 7-8 0-20 40 7710 20700 6800 14600 484 Transect 5a 9 20-50 40 10100 21100 4940 13500 840 Transect 5a 13 0-5 50 8190 19500 7860 14400 485 Transect 5a 15 20-50 50 9730 20800 4370 13400 860 Transect 5a 16 0-5 50 9380 20400 8010 13800 768 Transect 5b 114 0-20 80 7740 20200 7100 14500 459 Transect 5b 117 0-20 80 7370 20100 3630 13200 433 Transect 5b 118-119 0-20 80 8030 21200 3770 12900 437 Transect 5b 126 0-25 260 8240 21600 4040 13500 461 Transect 5b 129 0-30 280 8100 20200 4730 13600 446 Transect 5b 130 0-5 290 9680 19900 4210 13200 724 Transect 5b 131 5-20 290 10000 22800 6310 13700 757 Transect 5b 132 20-40 290 8150 21400 10200 14400 456 Transect 5b 133 0-5 330 9860 21100 4640 13700 785 Transect 5b 134 5-20 330 9300 22800 7170 14500 663 Transect 5b 135 20-40 330 8980 19800 8500 14300 491 Transect 5b 136-138 0-35 350 9630 19200 4140 13700 542 Transect 5b 139-140 0-35 380 8880 20800 4860 13500 517

128

APPENDIX 15. The Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

Al g/kg

Cu mg/kg

Fe g/kg

Mn mg7kg

Mo mg/kg

S mg/kg

Zn mg/kg

Transect 1 80 0-25 200 49800 50.6 45000 410 3.4 18300 152 Transect 1 85 0-5 700 49400 45.8 44100 388 4.8 17600 141 Transect 1 86 5-20 700 43400 8.6 17500 216 1.2 2110 35.8 Transect 1 87 20-50 700 49300 70.3 40600 381 4.0 19200 173 Transect 1 90 20-25 700 48700 58.1 39000 357 5.6 18500 159 Transect 1 103 0-5 820 44700 15.2 19500 200 1.5 4590 42.7 Transect 1 104-105 20-50 820 40600 11.9 16500 229 1.3 2710 33.9 Transect 1 111 20-50 860 45200 10.4 13300 138 <0.5 921 31.9 Transect 2 53 0-10 250 42400 24.9 23500 268 2.8 5880 51.5 Transect 2 55 0-5 670 50300 22.9 28500 273 2.0 5420 101 Transect 2 57 20-50 670 46400 14.4 19400 217 0.62 813 75.3 Transect 2 60 20-50 720 70100 36.8 41100 479 1.1 670 112 Transect 2 66 0-5 670 83900 50.3 57300 640 1.1 513 140 Transect 2 67-68 0-20 770 79800 45.7 53500 583 1.1 879 134 Transect 2 70 0-5 880 46100 15.1 21600 329 0.73 799 84.3 Transect 2 71 5-20 880 44700 15.4 19500 278 0.80 3040 40.1 Transect 2 72 20-35 880 45900 10.9 20800 251 1.0 2660 53.3 Transect 2 73 0-5 860 63400 53.0 45300 577 1.1 2660 279 Transect 2 74-75 5-35 860 66000 32.8 40000 503 1.2 962 102 Transect 2 76 0-5 860 57400 25.0 30900 417 1.1 1340 118 Transect 2 77-78 5-45 860 64400 41.1 44800 540 2.3 5440 243 Transect 3 19 0-5 90 60300 46.4 10200 432 1.3 9460 290 Transect 3 20 5-20 90 64700 42.4 9570 482 3.7 13400 264 Transect 3 21 20-50 90 56400 27.4 9440 518 3.0 17900 166 Transect 3 22 0-5 210 43800 11.4 6800 187 0.76 1190 71.1 Transect 3 23 5-20 210 83100 51.6 9620 579 1.6 989 157 Transect 3 24 20-50 210 84200 56.4 9740 644 2.0 605 162 Transect 3 25 0-5 160 61600 44.1 10100 429 1.4 7150 273 Transect 3 26 5-20 160 65200 46.8 9690 401 3.6 13000 275 Transect 3 27 20-50 160 60700 33.5 9440 450 3.2 10400 193 Transect 3 28 0-5 120 60300 43.3 10000 394 1.1 8090 288 Transect 3 29 5-20 120 64800 29.8 9840 411 3.8 14400 300 Transect 3 30 20-30 120 67200 25.0 9880 459 2.6 11700 213 Transect 3 31 0-5 110 60300 24.8 10900 406 1.2 9360 288 Transect 3 32 5-20 110 63600 27.6 9970 429 2.9 14700 293 Transect 3 33 20-50 110 64800 34.9 9780 483 2.8 13500 241 Transect 3 34 0-5 90 61600 27.5 11100 485 0.88 9660 297 Transect 3 35 5-20 90 63200 24.9 10100 410 2.2 13300 280 Transect 3 36 20-40 90 66300 28.7 9940 470 2.8 13000 239 Transect 3 37 0-5 90 62400 29.1 10200 442 1.1 13300 316 Transect 3 38 5-20 90 65400 27.4 9480 591 4.2 17600 291 Transect 3 39 20-40 90 59000 8.6 9780 463 2.7 14000 165 Transect 3 40 0-5 90 63200 31.0 9700 455 1.4 15100 331 Transect 3 41 5-20 90 63700 43.0 9020 557 4.5 19600 316 Transect 3 42 20-35 90 57000 28.6 9210 477 2.9 19400 184 Transect 3 43 0-5 90 62500 45.0 9410 477 1.9 17600 325 Transect 3 44 5-20 90 57500 28.4 9190 486 3.4 20100 185 Transect 3 45 20-45 90 55400 10.0 9420 471 3.4 18600 112 Transect 3 46 0-5 70 58700 16.6 9410 480 2.7 20700 236 Transect 3 47 5-20 70 56900 13.9 9200 472 3.3 20700 150 Transect 3 48 20-35 70 51900 11.1 9170 344 2.8 11200 95.1 Transect 3 49 0-5 110 60800 24.5 10400 383 1.6 10900 270 Transect 3 50 5-20 110 61800 24.6 9800 420 3.1 15300 218 Transect 3 51 20-50 110 61700 16.7 9640 486 2.6 9870 194

129

APPENDIX 15 (cont´d). The Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

Al g/kg

Cu mg/kg

Fe g/kg

Mn mg7kg

Mo mg/kg

S mg/kg

Zn mg/kg

Transect 4 142 0-5 120 64300 59.6 44800 597 1.2 2460 283 Transect 4 143 5-20 120 65400 51.4 45400 621 2.5 7780 303 Transect 4 144 20-50 120 62800 34.6 46600 762 2.3 12600 178 Transect 4 145-147 0-30 180 63800 44.3 45800 679 2.7 10300 238 Transect 4 148 0-5 200 64500 53.9 44500 590 1.3 2660 281 Transect 4 149 5-20 200 66500 52.6 46700 699 2.7 8530 309 Transect 4 150 20-50 200 63200 40.2 46200 719 2.3 11600 173 Transect 4 151-152 0-20 220 49000 29.7 35100 369 2.2 11900 85.5 Transect 4 154-155 0-20 270 52800 29.4 38800 416 2.3 13200 97.7 Transect 4 157 0-5 300 57800 33.7 47100 542 2.7 18600 109 Transect 4 158 5-20 300 56400 33.4 42500 448 2.2 15600 101 Transect 4 159 20-30 300 48700 28.5 37900 346 2.5 14100 110 Transect 4 160-161 0-20 320 58600 30.7 46700 540 2.8 18500 108 Transect 4 162 0-50 320 51400 30.3 38700 373 2.2 10900 116 Transect 4 163 0-5 340 60200 31.3 47600 501 3.1 16700 115 Transect 4 165 20-30 340 50300 29.0 35000 373 1.9 8840 101 Transect 4 166 0-5 360 53600 28.6 40700 429 2.4 15900 86.4 Transect 4 169 0-5 320 46800 22.5 30600 348 1.2 5600 99.2 Transect 5a 1-2 20-30 40 43700 13.7 20900 242 1.3 4590 41.4 Transect 5a 3 20-45 40 47000 21.9 29600 323 0.84 4430 101 Transect 5a 7-8 0-20 40 43500 11.0 20100 230 1.3 4490 37.9 Transect 5a 9 20-50 40 49900 30.1 31700 341 1.1 4710 123 Transect 5a 13 0-5 50 42200 10.5 17700 216 1.1 3380 33.6 Transect 5a 15 20-50 50 49800 34.1 32700 361 0.84 4320 128 Transect 5a 16 0-5 50 48100 23.9 29000 324 0.91 3520 99.1 Transect 5b 114 0-20 80 41900 6.6 14800 207 0.78 1870 27.7 Transect 5b 117 0-20 80 40500 8.0 14300 190 2.3 1510 28.9 Transect 5b 118-119 0-20 80 42200 8.7 15400 195 1.2 1960 30.9 Transect 5b 126 0-25 260 44400 13.8 16600 227 0.67 1790 38.4 Transect 5b 129 0-30 280 41900 8.0 15200 219 0.60 1910 32.2 Transect 5b 130 0-5 290 44700 28.4 26700 298 0.84 5490 92.4 Transect 5b 131 5-20 290 55100 25.2 39100 390 2.2 13300 89.0 Transect 5b 132 20-40 290 44100 9.7 17200 219 1.0 2680 37.4 Transect 5b 133 0-5 330 48100 22.4 29600 313 0.92 5380 98.9 Transect 5b 134 5-20 330 51500 19.4 33300 327 1.9 9930 70.8 Transect 5b 135 20-40 330 42600 8.8 15600 236 0.85 1800 32.4 Transect 5b 136-138 0-35 350 42900 11.5 18600 271 1.2 2990 39.9 Transect 5b 139-140 0-35 380 44200 11.3 19700 244 1.0 3260 40.7

130

APPENDIX 16. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

As mg/kg

Cd mg/kg

Co mg/kg

Cr mg/kg

Ni mg/kg

Pb mg/kg

V mg/kg

Transect 1 80 0-25 200 4.60 1.06 18.2 69.1 43.0 25.0 71.9 Transect 1 85 0-5 700 4.47 1.04 16.0 65.6 39.7 24.0 71.9 Transect 1 86 5-20 700 1.29 <0.1 5.89 34.9 13.5 12.4 69.5 Transect 1 87 20-50 700 5.53 1.46 17.1 64.5 43.6 27.4 36.3 Transect 1 90 20-25 700 5.66 1.46 16.8 66.3 42.9 27.2 68.3 Transect 1 103 0-5 820 2.22 0.19 5.57 29.9 13.6 14.8 69.2 Transect 1 104-105 20-50 820 1.51 0.21 5.35 27.2 11.4 13.7 36.0 Transect 1 111 20-50 860 0.80 <0.1 3.58 23.1 9.41 13.6 28.9 Transect 2 53 0-10 250 3.96 0.31 10.4 37.2 17.8 17.5 27.2 Transect 2 55 0-5 670 6.85 0.48 14.1 63.4 25.9 20.9 38.5 Transect 2 57 20-50 670 3.94 0.33 9.29 37.0 15.8 21.0 56.7 Transect 2 60 20-50 720 6.99 0.29 20.5 81.5 39.7 24.3 39.6 Transect 2 66 0-5 670 7.88 0.25 23.7 111 53.2 30.2 99.5 Transect 2 67-68 0-20 770 9.33 0.19 20.5 100 48.2 28.2 137 Transect 2 70 0-5 880 5.30 0.27 10.6 41.3 16.7 19.6 128 Transect 2 71 5-20 880 3.09 0.25 6.46 30.1 13.3 15.0 42.5 Transect 2 72 20-35 880 4.58 0.26 7.94 30.8 14.3 17.0 42.4 Transect 2 73 0-5 860 16.5 0.77 31.6 96.2 50.1 38.5 35.5 Transect 2 74-75 5-35 860 7.11 0.34 19.4 76.1 38.1 24.2 93.2 Transect 2 76 0-5 860 7.67 0.34 15.7 59.8 27.7 21.4 92.1 Transect 2 77-78 5-45 860 16.1 0.66 31.7 109 46.8 34.8 69.1 Transect 3 19 0-5 90 10.6 1.23 36.2 118 59.5 28.4 98.2 Transect 3 20 5-20 90 15.0 0.90 41.0 178 57.0 32.8 74.6 Transect 3 21 20-50 90 8.42 0.40 19.3 76.1 33.7 25.8 82.1 Transect 3 22 0-5 210 4.14 0.17 9.79 35.0 17.0 17.7 81.9 Transect 3 23 5-20 210 11.3 0.24 26.1 124 59.0 32.3 31.5 Transect 3 24 20-50 210 13.1 0.21 25.0 126 57.8 32.7 138 Transect 3 25 0-5 160 11.3 1.05 31.9 112 52.8 28.0 147 Transect 3 26 5-20 160 17.8 1.00 33.6 165 52.8 32.5 78.2 Transect 3 27 20-50 160 12.5 0.75 27.5 126 43.3 27.5 81.7 Transect 3 28 0-5 120 10.6 0.99 32.4 95.0 52.9 27.3 82.8 Transect 3 29 5-20 120 15.9 1.14 36.8 136 55.9 32.2 73.1 Transect 3 30 20-30 120 13.5 0.69 29.1 169 50.0 30.7 83.1 Transect 3 31 0-5 110 9.88 1.16 33.1 95.6 53.4 26.8 89.9 Transect 3 32 5-20 110 13.2 1.10 34.8 111 55.2 30.7 73.7 Transect 3 33 20-50 110 14.8 0.78 32.0 158 48.5 31.5 80.5 Transect 3 34 0-5 90 9.53 1.16 32.5 92.2 55.4 25.9 87.0 Transect 3 35 5-20 90 10.3 0.99 29.5 97.1 51.2 27.5 75.0 Transect 3 36 20-40 90 12.8 0.79 30.7 161 52.7 29.3 78.8 Transect 3 37 0-5 90 10.2 1.20 34.9 99.1 59.5 28.1 76.9 Transect 3 38 5-20 90 15.5 1.16 41.8 168 58.7 32.1 84.1 Transect 3 39 20-40 90 9.13 0.52 21.5 79.7 36.0 27.5 86.5 Transect 3 40 0-5 90 10.7 1.27 38.2 115 60.9 27.9 77.4 Transect 3 41 5-20 90 14.6 1.41 43.8 147 62.6 30.3 79.6 Transect 3 42 20-35 90 10.2 0.89 24.4 78.8 36.8 28.9 83.2 Transect 3 43 0-5 90 11.5 1.49 39.7 109 61.9 27.3 78.5 Transect 3 44 5-20 90 10.3 0.68 24.8 90.5 42.6 25.2 81.2 Transect 3 45 20-45 90 9.82 0.17 14.5 73.0 31.3 20.9 82.5 Transect 3 46 0-5 70 8.61 0.89 29.8 90.2 51.7 24.5 79.7 Transect 3 47 5-20 70 8.92 0.53 21.1 84.7 38.6 26.1 85.6 Transect 3 48 20-35 70 7.85 0.15 12.2 61.8 24.7 19.7 70.4 Transect 3 49 0-5 110 9.47 1.25 30.3 92.5 51.3 25.5 73.6 Transect 3 50 5-20 110 11.5 0.83 25.1 104 45.0 25.1 79.1 Transect 3 51 20-50 110 11.5 0.62 27.4 110 42.9 27.2 81.8

131

APPENDIX 16 (cont´d). The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

As mg/kg

Cd mg/kg

Co mg/kg

Cr mg/kg

Ni mg/kg

Pb mg/kg

V mg/kg

Transect 4 142 0-5 120 14.7 0.85 30.1 99.8 50.2 35.6 91.4 Transect 4 143 5-20 120 18.8 0.80 35.6 151 50.9 38.6 98.2 Transect 4 144 20-50 120 10.4 0.73 23.5 77.2 39.0 32.6 97.2 Transect 4 145-147 0-30 180 15.3 0.76 30.7 124 45.2 35.7 97.3 Transect 4 148 0-5 200 15.3 0.82 30.0 102 49.6 35.1 96.2 Transect 4 149 5-20 200 22.2 0.94 39.1 175 54.3 40.4 101 Transect 4 150 20-50 200 10.4 0.56 24.3 83.5 42.4 38.5 99.7 Transect 4 151-152 0-20 220 6.14 0.52 11.7 55.8 28.1 20.2 65.5 Transect 4 154-155 0-20 270 6.37 0.29 12.9 55.4 28.4 17.0 69.4 Transect 4 157 0-5 300 8.26 0.31 14.6 62.3 30.7 21.0 83.6 Transect 4 158 5-20 300 6.87 0.29 12.9 63.8 30.9 20.6 82.3 Transect 4 159 20-30 300 11.6 0.56 13.1 44.7 23.6 19.2 55.5 Transect 4 160-161 0-20 320 8.58 0.32 15.2 67.2 33.2 21.1 87.0 Transect 4 162 0-50 320 8.16 0.49 15.4 53.2 27.4 20.5 64.7 Transect 4 163 0-5 340 9.63 0.24 19.3 70.2 35.7 21.1 92.1 Transect 4 165 20-30 340 6.93 0.38 13.4 55.4 31.5 20.1 60.7 Transect 4 166 0-5 360 7.53 0.33 11.9 59.0 29.2 18.2 71.5 Transect 4 169 0-5 320 5.43 0.56 11.5 43.0 21.0 19.7 54.1 Transect 5a 1-2 20-30 40 2.79 0.14 6.67 31.2 14.2 13.3 39.9 Transect 5a 3 20-45 40 5.64 0.48 11.1 40.1 20.3 17.5 51.5 Transect 5a 7-8 0-20 40 2.84 0.13 5.49 28.7 13.4 13.0 33.6 Transect 5a 9 20-50 40 7.71 0.64 13.9 48.3 25.5 21.9 58.0 Transect 5a 13 0-5 50 2.42 0.17 5.21 26.9 12.0 13.6 31.5 Transect 5a 15 20-50 50 6.95 0.71 13.6 47.7 25.3 21.7 59.7 Transect 5a 16 0-5 50 6.91 0.52 13.0 43.5 23.0 19.4 53.9 Transect 5b 114 0-20 80 1.02 <0.1 4.33 22.7 8.63 11.4 28.3 Transect 5b 117 0-20 80 1.39 <0.1 6.26 23.0 10.1 11.8 30.9 Transect 5b 118-119 0-20 80 1.54 0.16 6.40 24.0 10.4 12.6 32.3 Transect 5b 126 0-25 260 1.27 0.24 4.83 29.7 11.4 13.3 35.7 Transect 5b 129 0-30 280 1.46 0.24 4.75 25.3 9.85 12.1 33.0 Transect 5b 130 0-5 290 4.76 0.64 9.98 42.6 18.4 18.8 47.3 Transect 5b 131 5-20 290 7.44 0.31 11.5 52.9 27.2 19.1 70.2 Transect 5b 132 20-40 290 1.80 0.13 5.44 30.4 12.3 12.7 34.6 Transect 5b 133 0-5 330 5.33 0.54 11.1 44.1 20.4 18.2 53.8 Transect 5b 134 5-20 330 6.12 0.21 10.5 46.1 21.6 16.2 58.4 Transect 5b 135 20-40 330 1.30 0.22 4.51 27.2 9.50 12.2 31.8 Transect 5b 136-138 0-35 350 2.36 0.28 5.55 30.0 12.0 14.2 37.0 Transect 5b 139-140 0-35 380 2.58 0.25 6.48 31.0 12.6 14.4 37.1

132

APPENDIX 17. The concentrations of selenium, iodine and chloride in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth, cm

Se mg/kg

I mg/kg

Cl mg/kg

Transect 1 80 0-25 200 0.51 18.5 2950 Transect 1 85 0-5 700 0.50 19.7 4100 Transect 1 86 5-20 700 NA NA NA Transect 1 87 20-50 700 NA NA NA Transect 1 90 20-25 700 NA NA NA Transect 1 103 0-5 820 0.10 5.1 1480 Transect 1 104-105 20-50 820 0.05 2.4 2000 Transect 1 111 20-50 860 NA NA NA Transect 2 53 0-10 250 NA NA NA Transect 2 55 0-5 670 0.16 8.2 1510 Transect 2 57 20-50 670 NA NA NA Transect 2 60 20-50 720 NA NA NA Transect 2 66 0-5 670 0.17 0.79 2070 Transect 2 67-68 0-20 770 0.02 2.4 614 Transect 2 70 0-5 880 0.12 8.2 960 Transect 2 71 5-20 880 0.05 13.9 938 Transect 2 72 20-35 880 0.05 13.9 938 Transect 2 73 0-5 860 NA NA NA Transect 2 74-75 5-35 860 NA NA NA Transect 2 76 0-5 860 0.20 13.9 886 Transect 2 77-78 5-45 860 0.50 37.9 2830 Transect 3 19 0-5 90 0.49 27.9 NA Transect 3 20 5-20 90 0.52 22.9 NA Transect 3 21 20-50 90 0.35 25.2 NA Transect 3 22 0-5 210 0.13 5.1 NA Transect 3 23 5-20 210 0.29 0.79 NA Transect 3 24 20-50 210 0.25 0.68 NA Transect 3 25 0-5 160 0.49 34.9 NA Transect 3 26 5-20 160 0.71 31.8 NA Transect 3 27 20-50 160 0.47 33.8 NA Transect 3 28 0-5 120 0.47 34.0 NA Transect 3 29 5-20 120 0.54 30.4 NA Transect 3 30 20-30 120 0.57 27.8 NA Transect 3 31 0-5 110 0.52 32.2 NA Transect 3 32 5-20 110 0.51 28.3 NA Transect 3 33 20-50 110 0.47 26.7 NA Transect 3 34 0-5 90 0.54 34.7 NA Transect 3 35 5-20 90 0.53 24.7 NA Transect 3 36 20-40 90 0.52 23.8 NA Transect 3 37 0-5 90 0.53 26.8 NA Transect 3 38 5-20 90 0.55 22.0 NA Transect 3 39 20-40 90 0.40 27.5 NA Transect 3 40 0-5 90 0.55 25.2 NA Transect 3 41 5-20 90 0.56 21.9 NA Transect 3 42 20-35 90 0.41 22.0 NA Transect 3 43 0-5 90 0.53 23.7 NA Transect 3 44 5-20 90 0.47 22.3 NA Transect 3 45 20-45 90 0.36 28.5 NA Transect 3 46 0-5 70 0.46 22.9 NA Transect 3 47 5-20 70 0.41 23.6 NA Transect 3 48 20-35 70 0.22 14.1 NA Transect 3 49 0-5 110 0.46 24.5 NA Transect 3 50 5-20 110 0.50 26.6 NA Transect 3 51 20-50 110 0.45 26.5 NA

133

APPENDIX 17 (cont´d). The concentrations of selenium, iodine and chloride in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.

Transect

Sample number

Sampling depth, cm

Core depth cm

Se mg/kg

I mg/kg

Cl mg/kg

Transect 4 142 0-5 120 NA NA NA Transect 4 143 5-20 120 0.63 34.4 4130 Transect 4 144 20-50 120 0.42 28.2 2540 Transect 4 145-147 0-30 180 NA NA NA Transect 4 148 0-5 200 0.53 45.2 3550 Transect 4 149 5-20 200 NA NA NA Transect 4 150 20-50 200 NA NA NA Transect 4 151-152 0-20 220 0.20 14.1 2720 Transect 4 154-155 0-20 270 0.35 28.9 3190 Transect 4 157 0-5 300 0.39 22.2 2310 Transect 4 158 5-20 300 NA NA NA Transect 4 159 20-30 300 NA NA NA Transect 4 160-161 0-20 320 0.30 23.6 2330 Transect 4 162 0-50 320 NA NA NA Transect 4 163 0-5 340 NA NA NA Transect 4 165 20-30 340 NA NA NA Transect 4 166 0-5 360 0.29 27.8 5100 Transect 4 169 0-5 320 NA NA NA Transect 5a 1-2 20-30 40 0.39 36.2 3300 Transect 5a 3 20-45 40 NA NA NA Transect 5a 7-8 0-20 40 0.06 6.1 1010 Transect 5a 9 20-50 40 NA NA NA Transect 5a 13 0-5 50 0.06 7.3 963 Transect 5a 15 20-50 50 NA NA NA Transect 5a 16 0-5 50 0.2 16.0 2720 Transect 5b 114 0-20 80 0.02 1.3 733 Transect 5b 117 0-20 80 NA NA NA Transect 5b 118-119 0-20 80 0.08 4.7 1100 Transect 5b 126 0-25 260 NA NA NA Transect 5b 129 0-30 280 0.03 2.0 616 Transect 5b 130 0-5 290 NA NA NA Transect 5b 131 5-20 290 NA NA NA Transect 5b 132 20-40 290 NA NA NA Transect 5b 133 0-5 330 NA NA NA Transect 5b 134 5-20 330 NA NA NA Transect 5b 135 20-40 330 NA NA NA Transect 5b 136-138 0-35 350 0.20 17.7 1800

NA= Not analysed

A

PPE

ND

IX 1

8. T

he g

rain

size

dis

trib

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n of

the

SEA7

6…SE

A88

sea

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134

AP

PEN

DIX

18

(con

t´d).

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grai

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of th

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m %

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%

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mm

%

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86

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135

APPE

ND

IX 1

8 (c

ont´d

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136

APPE

ND

IX 1

8 (c

ont´d

). Th

e gr

ain

size

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trib

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n of

the

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6…SE

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mm

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0006

m

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86

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88

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1 1.

7 5.

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137

APP

EN

DIX

19.

The

cum

ulat

ive

wei

ght p

erce

nt o

f diff

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t gra

in si

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f the

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%

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%

< 2m

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%

< 0.

63 m

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%

< 0.

2 m

m

%

< 0.

063

mm

%

<

0.06

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%

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<

0.02

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%

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76

1-9

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100

100

99.7

98

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SEA

82

5-9

6.2

10

0 10

0 99

.9

99.8

99

.3

97.5

SEA

82

9-22

6.

2

100

99.5

99

.4

99.4

98

.8

96.0

SEA

82

22-4

5 6.

2

100

100

100

99.7

99

.0

96.8

SEA

83

1-5

7.7

10

0 10

0 99

.7

99.6

99

.4

97.8

SEA

83

5-49

7.

7

100

99.6

99

.5

99.3

99

.1

97.4

SEA

85

1-3

8.6

100

100

100

100

99.4

76

.2

75.2

74

.9

73.7

71

.8

69.0

SEA

85

3-15

8.

6 10

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.3

76.2

75

.2

75.0

74

.2

72.2

69

.0

138

AP

PEN

DIX

19

(con

t´d).

The

cum

ulat

ive

wei

ght p

erce

nt o

f diff

eren

t gra

in si

zes o

f the

SEA

76…

SEA8

8 se

a se

dim

ent s

ampl

es.

Posi

va ID

D

epth

, cm

Wat

er

dept

h, m

<

20 m

m

%

< 6.

3 m

m

%

< 2m

m

%

< 0.

63 m

m

%

< 0.

2 m

m

%

< 0.

063

mm

%

<

0.06

mm

%

<0

.05

mm

%

<0

.04

mm

%

<0

.03

mm

%

<

0.02

mm

%

SEA

86

0-2

20.7

10

0 95

.6

74.8

7.

4 2.

4 0

0 0

0 0

0

SEA

87

0-2

52.7

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.9

93.4

47

.8

47.3

46

.8

45.2

42

.0

37.9

SEA

88

0-2

48.9

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.8

96.2

27

.7

27.2

26

.7

25.4

23

.4

21.1

139

APPE

ND

IX 1

9 (c

ont´d

). Th

e cu

mul

ativ

e w

eigh

t per

cent

of d

iffer

ent g

rain

size

s of t

he S

EA76

…SE

A88

sea

sedi

men

t sam

ples

.

Posi

va ID

D

epth

, cm

Wat

er

dept

h, m

<

0.01

6 m

m

%

< 0.

01 m

m

%

< 0.

006

mm

%

< 0.

004

mm

%

<

0.00

2 m

m

%

< 0.

001

mm

%

<

0.00

06 m

m

%

SEA

76

1-9

10.2

93

.7

88.2

81

73

.1

57.8

42

.9

33.9

SEA

76

9-22

10

.2

94.5

91

83

.9

77.2

62

.3

46.7

36

.8

SEA

76

23-4

8 10

.2

93.8

88

.3

81.3

74

.5

59.4

44

.1

33.8

SEA

77

1-4

11.0

90

83

.8

75.6

68

.4

53.8

39

.5

31.2

SEA

77

4-23

11

.0

94.0

89

.8

83.3

77

.2

61.9

46

.3

36.5

SEA

77

23-5

0 1.

01

93.2

87

.9

81

74.3

59

.5

44.7

34

.2

SEA

78

1-7

9.2

96.5

92

.6

85.9

79

.0

63.1

47

.7

38.1

SEA

78

7-12

9.

2 96

.1

91.7

85

.4

79.0

64

.3

48.9

38

.4

SEA

78

12-4

9 9.

2 96

.4

91.8

85

.4

78.9

63

.8

48.2

37

.3

SEA

79

1-4

4.4

82.1

74

.0

65.4

58

.8

46.7

35

.4

28.7

SEA

79

4-9

4.4

82.3

74

.3

65.8

58

.9

47.0

35

.8

28.4

SEA

79

9-43

4.

4 91

.8

85.2

77

.1

70

56.6

42

.6

32.1

SEA

80

1-7

8.1

92.5

86

.8

78.7

71

.7

57.1

42

.9

33.9

SEA

80

7-26

8.

1 93

.2

88.5

81

.5

74.8

60

44

.9

34.9

SEA

80

26-4

2 8.

1 93

.2

87.7

80

73

.5

58.9

44

.2

34.7

SEA

81

1-4

5.5

96.0

89

.9

78.7

67

.5

51.0

39

.2

32.4

SEA

81

4-14

5.

5 96

.0

90

78.8

67

.4

51

38.6

31

.8

SEA

81

14-4

2 5.

5 91

84

.1

74.0

64

.7

49.8

37

.9

31.5

SEA

82

1-5

6.2

95.4

89

.7

79.1

68

.5

52.6

41

33

.2

SEA

82

5-9

6.2

96.4

91

.8

82.0

71

53

.4

41

32.4

SEA

82

9-22

6.

2 93

.9

87.7

78

.3

68.5

53

.1

41

32.4

SEA

82

22-4

5 6.

2 95

.0

88.9

79

.3

69.0

51

.0

36.7

27

.9

SEA

83

1-5

7.7

96.1

91

81

.3

72.0

56

.2

43.8

36

.0

SEA

83

5-49

7.

7 95

.9

91.8

83

.0

73.5

56

.7

43.3

35

.3

SEA

85

1-3

8.6

67.2

63

.0

56.2

49

.8

39.0

29

.8

23.4

SEA

85

3-15

8.

6 67

.6

63.4

57

.2

51.3

40

31

.0

25.3

140

APPE

ND

IX 1

9 (c

ont´d

). Th

e cu

mul

ativ

e w

eigh

t per

cent

of d

iffer

ent g

rain

size

s of t

he S

EA76

…SE

A88

sea

sedi

men

t sam

ples

.

Posi

va ID

D

epth

, cm

Wat

er

dept

h, m

<

0.01

6 m

m

%

< 0.

01 m

m

%

< 0.

006

mm

%

< 0.

004

mm

%

<

0.00

2 m

m

%

< 0.

001

mm

%

<

0.00

06 m

m

%

SEA

86

0-2

20.7

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

SEA

87

0-2

52.7

36

.0

32.7

29

.6

26.8

21

.2

15.0

11

.4

SEA

88

0-2

48.9

20

18

.1

15.8

13

.9

10

7.3

5.6

141

A

PPE

ND

IX 2

0. T

he g

rain

-siz

e di

stri

butio

n of

the

sub-

sam

ples

in T

rans

ects

1…

5b.

Tra

nsec

t

Sam

ple

No.

Dep

th, c

m

C

oars

e fr

actio

n %

20

.0-6

.3

mm

%

6.3-

2.0

mm

%

2.0-

0.63

m

m %

0.

63-0

.2

mm

%

0.2-

0.06

3 m

m %

0.

063-

0.06

m

m %

0.

06-0

.05

mm

%

0.05

-0.0

4 m

m %

0.

04-0

.03

mm

%

Tran

sect

1

80

0-25

-

1.

0 1.

9 Tr

anse

ct 1

85

0-

5 -

1.

1 0.

20

0.80

1.

0 Tr

anse

ct 1

86

5-

20

-

2.9

6.9

11.5

49

.8

0.60

1.

2 3.

5 6.

4 Tr

anse

ct 1

87

20

-50

-

0

0.30

2.

1 Tr

anse

ct 1

10

3, 1

05

0-5.

20-

50

0.3

3.

9 14

.0

22.4

31

.1

1.2

1.1

2.7

4.1

Tran

sect

1

111

20-5

0 -

15.8

8.

8 35

.8

29.6

9.

3 0.

74

0 0

0 Tr

anse

ct 2

55

0-

5 9.

2

3.5

10.4

14

.2

44.9

0.

40

0.40

1.

0 1.

2 Tr

anse

ct 2

57

20

-50

-

0.30

2.

0 24

.2

55.4

0.

40

0.10

0.

40

0.80

Tr

anse

ct 2

60

20

-50

-

0.

20

0.30

0.

40

Tran

sect

2

66

0-5

-

0.

20

Tran

sect

2

67-6

8 0-

20

3.5

4.

5 5.

6 5.

7 5.

5 0

0 0.

10

0.50

Tr

anse

ct 2

70

0-

5 29

.7

3.

8 3.

9 11

.9

54.9

0.

5 0.

10

0.10

0.

80

Tran

sect

2

71-7

2 5-

35

10.2

1.7

2.6

10.7

24

.5

1.30

0.

60

2.3

5.1

Tran

sect

3

19

0-5

0 1.

3 0.

70

1.3

Tran

sect

3

20

5-20

0 0.

60

1.1

Tran

sect

3

21

20-5

0

0.

30

5.7

0.90

0.

50

1.0

1.4

Tran

sect

3

22

0-5

0.

80

72.1

7.

6 0.

40

0.10

0.

10

0.50

Tr

anse

ct 3

23

5-

20

7.0

3.0

0 0.

20

0.20

0.

10

Tran

sect

3

24

20-5

0

0.

10

0.30

Tr

anse

ct 3

25

0-

5

1.

2 4.

3 0.

90

0.10

1.

2 3.

0 Tr

anse

ct 3

26

5-

20

0.20

2.

6 Tr

anse

ct 3

27

20

-50

1.

0 4.

8 4.

7 0.

90

0.10

0.

20

0.80

Tr

anse

ct 3

28

0-

5

1.6

0.40

2.

3 Tr

anse

ct 3

29

5-

20

1.1

2.8

Tran

sect

3

30

20-3

0

0 0.

50

1.8

Tran

sect

3

31

0-5

1.

2 0.

60

2.2

Tran

sect

3

32

5-20

0.

9 0.

20

0.50

1.

9 Tr

anse

ct 3

33

20

-50

0.30

0.

90

Tran

sect

3

34

0-5

0.60

0.

30

0.70

1.

6 Tr

anse

ct 3

35

5-

20

0.80

0.

60

0.40

1.

5

36

20

-40

0.50

0.

80

142

AP

PEN

DIX

20

(con

t´d).

The

grai

n-si

ze d

istr

ibut

ion

of th

e su

b-sa

mpl

es in

Tra

nsec

ts 1

…5b

. T

rans

ect

Sa

mpl

e N

o.

D

epth

, cm

Coa

rse

frac

tion

%

20.0

-6.3

m

m %

6.

3-2.

0 m

m %

2.

0-0.

63

mm

%

0.63

-0.2

m

m %

0.

2-0.

063

mm

%

0.06

3-0.

06

mm

%

0.06

-0.0

5 m

m%

0.

05-0

.04

mm

%

0.04

-0.0

3 m

m %

Tran

sect

3

37

0-5

0.40

1.

0 Tr

anse

ct 3

38

5-

20

0.70

0.

10

0 0.

70

Tran

sect

3

38

20-4

0

0.90

0.

40

1.1

Tran

sect

3

40

0-5

0

0.60

0.

40

Tran

sect

3

41

5-20

0.60

Tr

anse

ct 3

42

20

-35

0.70

1.

6 Tr

anse

ct 3

43

0-

5

0.

90

0.30

Tr

anse

ct 3

44

5-

20

5.

0 1.

0 0.

50

1.3

2.0

Tran

sect

3

45

20-4

5

0.

70

0.40

1.

3 2.

0 Tr

anse

ct 3

46

0-

5

0.

80

0.10

1.

1 2.

3 Tr

anse

ct 3

47

5-

20

0.

40

0.90

0.

80

Tran

sect

3

48

20-3

5

0.30

1.

3 2.

3 Tr

anse

ct 3

49

0-

5

0.

90

0.50

1.

6 3.

1 Tr

anse

ct 3

50

5-

20

1.

0 1.

8 3.

2 Tr

anse

ct 3

51

20

-50

0.60

1.

8 Tr

anse

ct 4

14

2-14

4 0-

50

-

0.70

0.

10

0.20

0.

20

Tran

sect

4

145-

147

0-30

-

0.

50

0.70

Tr

anse

ct 4

14

8-15

0 0-

50

-

0.10

0.

20

0.20

0.

70

Tran

sect

4

151-

152

0-20

-

0.10

0.

60

5.9

0.10

1.

0 2.

1 4.

3 Tr

anse

ct 4

15

7-15

8 0-

20

-

0.40

0.

30

1.1

2.5

Tran

sect

4

165

20-3

0 -

0.

40

16.3

1.

0 1.

5 3.

9 6.

7 Tr

anse

ct 4

16

9 0-

5 -

0.

30

17.3

1.

1 2.

1 5.

5 9.

5 Tr

anse

ct 5

a 1-

2 0-

20

-

0.

10

25.5

18

.5

1.2

1.3

3.4

6.0

Tran

sect

5a

7-8

0-20

-

1.0

32.2

21

.2

1.5

1.6

4.0

6.6

Tran

sect

5a

13

0-5

-

0.40

0.

50

42.0

22

.6

1.5

0.90

2.

5 5.

0 Tr

anse

ct 5

a 16

0-

5 -

0.

80

0.30

6.

9 24

.2

1.7

1.8

4.6

7.8

Tran

sect

5b

114

0-20

0.

7

4.2

2.8

26.8

44

.0

1.2

1.1

3.0

5.4

Tran

sect

5b

117

0-20

2.

1

2.8

2.2

19.8

48

.2

1.3

1.5

3.6

6.1

Tran

sect

5b

126

0-25

0.

4

4.6

7.3

8.6

37.6

1.

0 1.

4 4.

4 9.

4 Tr

anse

ct 5

b 12

9 0-

30

0.8

3.

1 9.

4 9.

4 33

.1

1.5

1.4

4.8

10.4

Tr

anse

ct 5

b 13

0-13

2 0-

40

0.5

2.

5 4.

1 13

.7

32.5

1.

1 1.

7 4.

9 8.

7 Tr

anse

ct 5

b 13

3-13

5 0-

40

-

1.1

2.2

7.1

38.2

1.

3 2.

3 6.

2 10

.5

143

APPE

ND

IX 2

0 (c

ont´d

). Th

e gr

ain-

size

dis

trib

utio

n of

the

sub-

sam

ples

in T

rans

ects

1…

5b.

Tra

nsec

t

Sam

ple

No.

Dep

th, c

m

0.

03-0

.02

mm

%

0.02

-0.0

16

mm

%

0.01

6-0.

01

mm

%

0.01

-0.0

06

mm

%

0.00

6-0.

004

mm

%

0.00

4-0.

002

mm

%

0.00

2-0.

001

mm

%

0.00

1-0.

0006

m

m %

<

0.00

06

mm

%

Tran

sect

1

80

0-25

2.

2 1.

3 4.

3 4.

8 5.

3 14

.2

16.0

12

.1

36.9

Tr

anse

ct 1

85

0-

5 1.

7 1.

4 3.

5 5.

0 5.

1 14

.5

16.2

11

.0

38.5

Tr

anse

ct 1

86

5-

20

7.4

2.1

2.1

1.2

0.55

0.

78

0.49

0.

76

1.8

Tran

sect

1

87

20-5

0 1.

6 1.

2 3.

2 4.

3 5.

5 14

.5

16.3

11

.6

39.4

Tr

anse

ct 1

10

3, 1

05

0-5.

20-

50

4.4

1.3

1.5

1.1

0.80

2.

0 1.

8 2.

1 4.

5 Tr

anse

ct 1

11

1 20

-50

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Tr

anse

ct 2

55

0-

5 1.

7 0.

70

1.5

1.9

1.6

3.1

3.2

2.2

8.1

Tran

sect

2

57

20-5

0 1.

0 0.

70

1.5

2.2

1.8

2.8

2.0

1.1

3.4

Tran

sect

2

60

20-5

0 0.

40

0.50

1.

9 5.

6 7.

6 18

.0

17.3

10

.9

36.9

Tr

anse

ct 2

66

0-

5 0.

40

0.20

0.

30

1.3

1.9

8.8

18.3

14

.7

53.9

Tr

anse

ct 2

67

-68

0-20

0.

70

0.70

1.

2 1.

0 1.

1 3.

4 9.

3 10

.4

50.3

Tr

anse

ct 2

70

0-

5 1.

0 0.

80

1.5

2.0

1.9

3.3

3.4

1.0

9.3

Tran

sect

2

71-7

2 5-

35

7.7

3.8

7.5

6.6

4.3

6.4

5.1

3.0

6.7

Tran

sect

3

19

0-5

3.1

2.6

7.0

9.8

10.7

14

.5

12.0

7.

3 29

.7

Tran

sect

3

20

5-20

2.

7 1.

6 4.

9 8.

8 10

.7

17.6

12

.9

6.9

32.2

Tr

anse

ct 3

21

20

-50

3.2

2.0

4.8

8.0

8.3

13.2

12

.6

8.8

29.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

22

0-

5 0.

80

0.40

1.

3 2.

2 1.

9 2.

9 2.

5 2.

2 4.

2 Tr

anse

ct 3

23

5-

20

0.90

0.

20

0.70

1.

9 1.

3 4.

8 10

.6

12.1

57

.0

Tran

sect

3

24

20-5

0 0.

50

0.40

1.

2 1.

5 1.

9 6.

4 12

.8

14.7

60

.2

Tran

sect

3

25

0-5

4.8

2.3

5.9

8.9

8.8

13.1

10

.7

7.3

27.5

Tr

anse

ct 3

26

5-

20

3.4

2.0

5.8

8.8

9.6

15.6

11

.6

8.0

32.4

Tr

anse

ct 3

27

20

-50

1.8

1.2

4.9

8.4

8.5

14.6

11

.8

7.7

28.6

Tr

anse

ct 3

28

0-

5 5.

6 2.

8 7.

9 9.

6 8.

9 13

.4

11.1

7.

7 28

.7

Tran

sect

3

29

5-20

3.

6 2.

6 6.

5 9.

0 8.

8 15

.0

11.3

7.

8 31

.5

Tran

sect

3

30

20-3

0 4.

2 3.

0 5.

9 8.

4 8.

7 14

.8

11.9

8.

1 32

.7

Tran

sect

3

31

0-5

4.3

2.6

7.6

8.6

8.8

13.4

11

.1

5.3

34.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

32

5-

20

3.0

2.5

5.1

8.2

9.0

15.1

11

.4

7.2

35.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

33

20

-50

3.2

1.8

4.5

8.1

9.2

16.0

12

.5

8.8

34.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

34

0-

5 4.

1 2.

8 6.

6 9.

7 8.

4 13

.5

10.7

9.

0 32

.0

Tran

sect

3

35

5-20

4.

3 2.

4 5.

7 9.

0 8.

5 14

.5

11.9

7.

9 32

.5

Tran

sect

3

36

20-4

0 2.

2 1.

7 4.

5 7.

3 9.

5 16

.0

13.1

9.

6 34

.8

Tran

sect

3

37

0-5

4.4

2.8

6.7

9.4

9.4

13.9

10

.6

8.4

33.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

38

5-

20

1.5

1.4

4.5

8.0

10.1

16

.9

12.6

8.

8 34

.7

144

APPE

ND

IX 2

0 (c

ont´d

). Th

e gr

ain-

size

dis

trib

utio

n of

the

sub-

sam

ples

in T

rans

ects

1…

5b.

Tra

nsec

t

Sam

ple

No.

Dep

th, c

m

0.

03-0

.02

mm

%

0.02

-0.0

16

mm

%

0.01

6-0.

01

mm

%

0.01

-0.0

06

mm

%

0.00

6-0.

004

mm

%

0.00

4-0.

002

mm

%

0.00

2-0.

001

mm

%

0.00

1-0.

0006

m

m %

<

0.00

06

mm

%

Tran

sect

3

38

20-4

0 3.

5 2.

2 5.

7 9.

1 8.

1 13

.8

11.9

8.

2 35

.1

Tran

sect

3

40

0-5

3.0

2.1

6.3

9.6

11.0

14

.4

12.3

7.

4 32

.9

Tran

sect

3

41

5-20

1.

3 0.

80

3.7

7.0

10.4

18

.6

15.4

6.

2 36

.0

Tran

sect

3

42

20-3

5 1.

9 2.

1 4.

4 7.

9 8.

3 13

.7

13.1

10

.0

36.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

43

0-

5 2.

1 1.

9 5.

3 9.

2 10

.3

17.2

15

.2

9.3

28.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

44

5-

20

3.9

2.3

5.9

7.5

8.4

12.5

13

.0

5.8

30.9

Tr

anse

ct 3

45

20

-45

4.0

2.6

6.0

7.8

7.9

14.5

14

.0

8.2

30.6

Tr

anse

ct 3

46

0-

5 2.

2 1.

6 5.

1 7.

9 8.

6 15

.3

13.5

7.

5 34

.0

Tran

sect

3

47

5-20

2.

4 1.

9 5.

3 7.

9 8.

7 15

.9

14.5

11

.5

29.8

Tr

anse

ct 3

48

20

-35

3.8

2.7

5.4

7.7

7.8

14.1

12

.8

8.5

33.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

49

0-

5 5.

4 2.

4 6.

2 7.

9 8.

2 14

.6

12.9

8.

5 27

.8

Tran

sect

3

50

5-20

5.

0 3.

0 5.

7 7.

9 8.

6 15

.6

12.5

8.

7 27

.0

Tran

sect

3

51

20-5

0 3.

2 1.

8 4.

8 8.

1 9.

2 15

.2

12.7

6.

8 35

.8

Tran

sect

4

142-

144

0-50

1.

7 1.

1 5.

4 9.

6 8.

9 15

.4

12.4

8.

1 36

.2

Tran

sect

4

145-

147

0-30

1.

5 1.

5 4.

8 9.

2 8.

9 15

.7

12.7

7.

4 37

.1

Tran

sect

4

148-

150

0-50

1.

6 1.

2 4.

8 9.

1 9.

0 16

.0

12.8

8.

5 35

.8

Tran

sect

4

151-

152

0-20

6.

1 3.

3 6.

8 7.

4 5.

7 12

.0

12.5

5.

9 26

.2

Tran

sect

4

157-

158

0-20

4.

5 2.

6 6.

2 7.

3 6.

6 13

.3

14.8

10

.4

30.0

Tr

anse

ct 4

16

5 20

-30

7.5

3.0

5.7

6.0

4.6

8.5

8.8

4.8

21.3

Tr

anse

ct 4

16

9 0-

5 10

.3

3.7

6.3

5.4

3.6

6.7

6.9

3.7

17.6

Tr

anse

ct 5

a 1-

2 0-

20

7.2

2.8

4.1

3.6

2.3

5.0

5.7

2.9

10.4

Tr

anse

ct 5

a 7-

8 0-

20

7.0

2.4

3.3

2.2

1.9

3.2

3.6

2.2

6.0

Tran

sect

5a

13

0-5

5.9

2.2

3.7

3.2

1.8

2.3

1.6

0.59

3.

3 Tr

anse

ct 5

a 16

0-

5 7.

7 2.

6 4.

5 4.

2 2.

9 5.

6 6.

4 3.

5 14

.5

Tran

sect

5b

114

0-20

6.

1 1.

6 1.

1 0.

60

0.31

0.

17

0.22

0.

09

1.5

Tran

sect

5b

117

0-20

6.

9 1.

8 1.

4 0.

88

0.49

0.

56

0.29

0.

03

2.2

Tran

sect

5b

126

0-25

13

.1

4.0

2.9

1.4

0.70

0.

70

0.53

0.

21

2.2

Tran

sect

5b

129

0-30

13

.8

4.1

3.0

1.4

0.83

0.

82

0.35

0.

35

2.2

Tran

sect

5b

130-

132

0-40

9.

5 2.

6 2.

7 2.

0 1.

3 2.

5 3.

0 1.

8 5.

5 Tr

anse

ct 5

b 13

3-13

5 0-

40

10.5

2.

7 2.

9 2.

0 1.

3 2.

2 3.

0 1.

5 5.

1

145

APP

EN

DIX

21.

The

cum

ulat

ive

wei

ght p

erce

nt o

f diff

eren

t gra

in si

zes o

f the

sub-

sam

ples

in T

rans

ect 1

-5b

sea

sedi

men

t sam

ples

. T

rans

ect

Sa

mpl

e N

o.

D

epth

, cm

< 20

m

m %

<

6.3

m

m %

<

2

mm

%

< 0.

63

mm

%

< 0.

2

mm

%

< 0.

063

m

m %

<

0.06

m

m %

<

0.05

m

m %

<

0.04

m

m %

<

0.03

m

m %

Tran

sect

1

80

0-25

100

100

100

99.0

97

.1

Tran

sect

1

85

0-5

10

0 98

.9

98.7

97

.9

96.9

Tr

anse

ct 1

86

5-

20

100

100

97.1

90

.2

78.7

28

.9

28.3

27

.1

23.6

17

.2

Tran

sect

1

87

20-5

0

100

100

100

99.7

97

.6

Tran

sect

1

103,

105

0-

5. 2

0-50

10

0 10

0 96

.1

82.1

59

.7

28.6

27

.4

26.3

23

.6

19.5

Tr

anse

ct 1

11

1 20

-50

100

84.2

75

.4

39.6

10

.0

0.7

Tran

sect

2

55

0-5

100

100

96.5

86

.1

71.9

27

.0

26.6

26

.2

25.2

24

.0

Tran

sect

2

57

20-5

0 10

0 10

0 99

.7

97.7

73

.5

18.1

17

.7

17.6

17

.2

16.4

Tr

anse

ct 2

60

20

-50

10

0 10

0 99

.8

99.5

99

.1

Tran

sect

2

66

0-5

10

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.8

Tran

sect

2

67-6

8 0-

20

100

100

95.5

89

.9

84.2

78

.7

78.7

78

.7

78.6

78

.1

Tran

sect

2

70

0-5

100

100

96.2

92

.3

80.4

25

.5

25.0

25

.1

25.0

24

.2

Tran

sect

2

71-7

2 5-

35

100

100

98.3

95

.7

85.0

60

.5

59.2

58

.6

56.3

51

.2

Tran

sect

3

19

0-5

10

0 10

0 98

.7

98.0

96

.7

Tran

sect

3

20

5-20

100

100

100

99.4

98

.3

Tran

sect

3

21

20-5

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.7

94.0

93

.1

92.6

91

.6

90.2

Tr

anse

ct 3

22

0-

5 10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.2

27.1

19

.5

19.1

19

.0

18.9

18

.4

Tran

sect

3

23

5-20

10

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 93

.0

90.0

90

.0

89.8

89

.6

89.5

Tr

anse

ct 3

24

20

-50

10

0 10

0 99

.8

99.9

99

.6

Tran

sect

3

25

0-5

100

100

100

100

98.8

94

.5

93.6

93

.5

92.3

89

.3

Tran

sect

3

26

5-20

101.

0 10

1.0

101.

0 99

.8

97.2

Tr

anse

ct 3

27

20

-50

100

100

100

99.0

94

.2

89.5

88

.6

88.5

88

.3

87.5

Tr

anse

ct 3

28

0-

5

100

100

98.4

98

.0

95.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

29

5-

20

10

0 10

0 10

0 98

.9

96.1

Tr

anse

ct 3

30

20

-30

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.5

97.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

31

0-

5

100

100

98.8

98

.2

96.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

32

5-

20

10

0 99

.1

98.9

98

.4

96.5

Tr

anse

ct 3

33

20

-50

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.7

98.8

Tr

anse

ct 3

34

0-

5

100

99.4

99

.1

98.4

96

.8

Tran

sect

3

35

5-20

100

99.2

98

.6

98.2

96

.7

Tran

sect

3

36

20-4

0

100

100

100

99.5

98

.7

Tran

sect

3

37

0-5

10

0 98

.8

99.3

99

.6

98.6

Tr

anse

ct 3

38

5-

20

10

0 99

.3

99.2

99

.2

98.5

146

APPE

ND

IX 2

1 (c

ont´d

). Th

e cu

mul

ativ

e w

eigh

t per

cent

of d

iffer

ent g

rain

size

s of t

he su

b-sa

mpl

es in

Tra

nsec

t 1-5

b se

a se

dim

ent s

ampl

es.

Tra

nsec

t

Sam

ple

No.

Dep

th, c

m

<

20

mm

%

< 6.

3

mm

%

< 2

m

m %

<

0.63

m

m %

<

0.2

m

m %

<

0.06

3

mm

%

< 0.

06

mm

%

< 0.

05

mm

%

< 0.

04

mm

%

< 0.

03

mm

%

Tran

sect

3

38

20-4

0

100

100

99.1

98

.7

97.6

Tr

anse

ct 3

40

0-

5

100

100

100

99.4

99

.0

Tran

sect

3

41

5-20

100

100

100

100

99.4

Tr

anse

ct 3

42

20

-35

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.3

97.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

43

0-

5

100

99.0

99

.0

99.1

98

.8

Tran

sect

3

44

5-20

10

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 10

0 95

.0

94.0

93

.5

92.2

90

.2

Tran

sect

3

45

20-4

5

100

99.3

98

.9

97.6

95

.6

Tran

sect

3

46

0-5

10

0 99

.2

99.1

98

.0

95.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

47

5-

20

10

0 10

0 99

.6

98.7

97

.9

Tran

sect

3

48

20-3

5

100

100

99.7

98

.4

96.1

Tr

anse

ct 3

49

0-

5

100

99.1

98

.6

97.0

93

.9

Tran

sect

3

50

5-20

100

100

99.0

97

.2

94.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

51

20

-50

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.4

97.6

Tr

anse

ct 4

14

2-14

4 0-

50

10

0 99

.3

99.2

99

.0

98.8

Tr

anse

ct 4

14

5-14

7 0-

30

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.5

98.8

Tr

anse

ct 4

14

8-15

0 0-

50

10

0 99

.9

99.7

99

.5

98.8

Tr

anse

ct 4

15

1-15

2 0-

20

100

100

100

99.9

99

.3

93.4

93

.3

92.3

90

.2

85.9

Tr

anse

ct 4

15

7-15

8 0-

20

10

0 99

.6

99.3

98

.2

95.7

Tr

anse

ct 4

16

5 20

-30

100

100

100

100

99.6

83

.3

82.3

80

.8

76.9

70

.2

Tran

sect

4

169

0-5

100

100

100

100

99.7

82

.4

81.3

79

.2

73.7

64

.2

Tran

sect

5a

1-2

0-20

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.9

74.4

55

.9

54.7

53

.4

50.0

44

.0

Tran

sect

5a

7-8

0-20

10

0 10

0 10

0 99

.0

66.8

45

.6

44.1

42

.5

38.5

31

.9

Tran

sect

5a

13

0-5

100

100

99.6

99

.1

57.1

34

.5

33.0

32

.1

29.6

24

.6

Tran

sect

5a

16

0-5

100

100

99.2

98

.9

92.0

67

.8

66.1

64

.3

59.7

51

.9

Tran

sect

5b

114

0-20

10

0 10

0 95

.8

93.0

66

.2

22.2

21

.0

19.9

16

.9

11.5

Tr

anse

ct 5

b 11

7 0-

20

100

100

97.2

95

.0

75.2

27

.0

25.7

24

.2

20.6

14

.5

Tran

sect

5b

126

0-25

10

0 10

0 95

.4

88.1

79

.5

41.9

40

.9

39.5

35

.1

25.7

Tr

anse

ct 5

b 12

9 0-

30

100

100

96.9

87

.5

78.1

45

.0

43.5

42

.1

37.3

26

.9

Tran

sect

5b

130-

132

0-40

10

0 10

0 97

.5

93.4

79

.7

47.2

46

.1

44.4

39

.5

30.8

Tr

anse

ct 5

b 13

3-13

5 0-

40

100

100

98.9

96

.7

89.6

51

.4

50.1

47

.8

41.6

31

.1

147

APPE

ND

IX 2

1 (c

ont´d

). Th

e cu

mul

ativ

e w

eigh

t per

cent

of d

iffer

ent g

rain

size

s of t

he su

b-sa

mpl

es in

Tra

nsec

t 1-5

b se

a se

dim

ent s

ampl

es.

Tra

nsec

t

Sam

ple

No.

Dep

th, c

m

<

0.02

m

m %

<

0.01

6

mm

%

< 0.

01

mm

%

< 0.

006

m

m %

<

0.00

4

mm

%

< 0.

002

m

m %

<

0.00

1

mm

%

< 0.

0006

m

m %

Tran

sect

1

80

0-25

94

.9

93.6

89

.3

84.5

79

.2

65.0

49

.0

36.9

Tr

anse

ct 1

85

0-

5 95

.2

93.8

90

.3

85.3

80

.2

65.7

49

.5

38.5

Tr

anse

ct 1

86

5-

20

9.8

7.7

5.6

4.4

3.8

3.0

2.6

1.8

Tran

sect

1

87

20-5

0 96

.0

94.8

91

.6

87.3

81

.8

67.3

51

.0

39.4

Tr

anse

ct 1

10

3, 1

05

0-5.

20-

50

15.1

13

.8

12.3

11

.2

10.4

8.

4 6.

6 4.

5 Tr

anse

ct 1

11

1 20

-50

Tran

sect

2

55

0-5

22.3

21

.6

20.1

18

.2

16.6

13

.5

10.3

8.

1 Tr

anse

ct 2

57

20

-50

15.4

14

.7

13.2

11

.0

9.2

6.4

4.5

3.4

Tran

sect

2

60

20-5

0 98

.7

98.2

96

.3

90.7

83

.1

65.1

47

.8

36.9

Tr

anse

ct 2

66

0-

5 99

.4

99.2

98

.9

97.6

95

.7

86.9

68

.6

53.9

Tr

anse

ct 2

67

-68

0-20

77

.4

76.7

75

.5

74.5

73

.4

70.0

60

.7

50.3

Tr

anse

ct 2

70

0-

5 23

.2

22.4

20

.9

18.9

17

.0

13.7

10

.3

9.3

Tran

sect

2

71-7

2 5-

35

43.5

39

.7

32.2

25

.6

21.3

14

.9

9.8

6.7

Tran

sect

3

19

0-5

93.6

91

.0

84.0

74

.2

63.5

49

.0

37.0

29

.7

Tran

sect

3

20

5-20

95

.6

94.0

89

.1

80.3

69

.6

52.0

39

.1

32.2

Tr

anse

ct 3

21

20

-50

87.0

85

.0

80.2

72

.2

63.9

50

.7

38.1

29

.3

Tran

sect

3

22

0-5

17.6

17

.2

15.9

13

.7

11.8

8.

9 6.

4 4.

2 Tr

anse

ct 3

23

5-

20

88.6

88

.4

87.7

85

.8

84.5

79

.7

69.1

57

.0

Tran

sect

3

24

20-5

0 99

.1

98.7

97

.5

96.0

94

.1

87.7

74

.9

60.2

Tr

anse

ct 3

25

0-

5 84

.5

82.2

76

.3

67.4

58

.6

45.5

34

.8

27.5

Tr

anse

ct 3

26

5-

20

93.8

91

.8

86.0

77

.2

67.6

52

.0

40.4

32

.4

Tran

sect

3

27

20-5

0 85

.7

84.5

79

.6

71.2

62

.7

48.1

36

.3

28.6

Tr

anse

ct 3

28

0-

5 90

.1

87.3

79

.4

69.8

60

.9

47.5

36

.4

28.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

29

5-

20

92.5

89

.9

83.4

74

.4

65.6

50

.6

39.3

31

.5

Tran

sect

3

30

20-3

0 93

.5

90.5

84

.6

76.2

67

.5

52.7

40

.8

32.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

31

0-

5 91

.7

89.1

81

.5

72.9

64

.1

50.7

39

.6

34.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

32

5-

20

93.5

91

.0

85.9

77

.7

68.7

53

.6

42.2

35

.0

Tran

sect

3

33

20-5

0 95

.6

93.8

89

.3

81.2

72

.0

56.0

43

.5

34.7

Tr

anse

ct 3

34

0-

5 92

.7

89.9

83

.3

73.6

65

.2

51.7

41

.0

32.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

35

5-

20

92.4

90

.0

84.3

75

.3

66.8

52

.3

40.4

32

.5

Tran

sect

3

36

20-4

0 96

.5

94.8

90

.3

83.0

73

.5

57.5

44

.4

34.8

Tr

anse

ct 3

37

0-

5 94

.2

91.4

84

.7

75.3

65

.9

52.0

41

.4

33.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

38

5-

20

97.0

95

.6

91.1

83

.1

73.0

56

.1

43.5

34

.7

148

APPE

ND

IX 2

1 (c

ont´d

). Th

e cu

mul

ativ

e w

eigh

t per

cent

of d

iffer

ent g

rain

size

s of t

he su

b-sa

mpl

es in

Tra

nsec

t 1-5

b se

a se

dim

ent s

ampl

es.

Tra

nsec

t

Sam

ple

No.

Dep

th, c

m

<

0.02

m

m %

<

0.01

6

mm

%

< 0.

01

mm

%

< 0.

006

m

m %

<

0.00

4

mm

%

< 0.

002

m

m %

<

0.00

1

mm

%

< 0.

0006

m

m %

Tran

sect

3

38

20-4

0 94

.1

91.9

86

.2

77.1

69

.0

55.2

43

.3

35.1

Tr

anse

ct 3

40

0-

5 96

.0

93.9

87

.6

78.0

67

.0

52.6

40

.3

32.9

Tr

anse

ct 3

41

5-

20

98.1

97

.3

93.6

86

.6

76.2

57

.6

42.2

36

.0

Tran

sect

3

42

20-3

5 95

.8

93.7

89

.3

81.4

73

.1

59.4

46

.3

36.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

43

0-

5 96

.7

94.8

89

.5

80.3

70

.0

52.8

37

.6

28.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

44

5-

20

86.3

84

.0

78.1

70

.6

62.2

49

.7

36.7

30

.9

Tran

sect

3

45

20-4

5 91

.6

89.0

83

.0

75.2

67

.3

52.8

38

.8

30.6

Tr

anse

ct 3

46

0-

5 93

.5

91.9

86

.8

78.9

70

.3

55.0

41

.5

34.0

Tr

anse

ct 3

47

5-

20

95.5

93

.6

88.3

80

.4

71.7

55

.8

41.3

29

.8

Tran

sect

3

48

20-3

5 92

.3

89.6

84

.2

76.5

68

.7

54.6

41

.8

33.3

Tr

anse

ct 3

49

0-

5 88

.5

86.1

79

.9

72.0

63

.8

49.2

36

.3

27.8

Tr

anse

ct 3

50

5-

20

89.0

86

.0

80.3

72

.4

63.8

48

.2

35.7

27

.0

Tran

sect

3

51

20-5

0 94

.4

92.6

87

.8

79.7

70

.5

55.3

42

.6

35.8

Tr

anse

ct 4

14

2-14

4 0-

50

97.1

96

.0

90.6

81

.0

72.1

56

.7

44.3

36

.2

Tran

sect

4

145-

147

0-30

97

.3

95.8

91

.0

81.8

72

.9

57.2

44

.5

37.1

Tr

anse

ct 4

14

8-15

0 0-

50

97.2

96

.0

91.2

82

.1

73.1

57

.1

44.3

35

.8

Tran

sect

4

151-

152

0-20

79

.8

76.5

69

.7

62.3

56

.6

44.6

32

.1

26.2

Tr

anse

ct 4

15

7-15

8 0-

20

91.2

88

.6

82.4

75

.1

68.5

55

.2

40.4

30

.0

Tran

sect

4

165

20-3

0 62

.7

59.7

54

.0

48.0

43

.4

34.9

26

.1

21.3

Tr

anse

ct 4

16

9 0-

5 53

.9

50.2

43

.9

38.5

34

.9

28.2

21

.3

17.6

Tr

anse

ct 5

a 1-

2 0-

20

36.8

34

.0

29.9

26

.3

24.0

19

.0

13.3

10

.4

Tran

sect

5a

7-8

0-20

24

.9

22.5

19

.2

17.0

15

.1

11.9

8.

3 6.

0 Tr

anse

ct 5

a 13

0-

5 18

.7

16.5

12

.8

9.6

7.8

5.5

3.9

3.3

Tran

sect

5a

16

0-5

44.2

41

.6

37.1

32

.9

30.0

24

.4

18.0

14

.5

Tran

sect

5b

114

0-20

5.

4 3.

9 2.

7 2.

1 1.

8 1.

7 1.

4 1.

5 Tr

anse

ct 5

b 11

7 0-

20

7.6

5.7

4.4

3.5

3.0

2.4

2.1

2.2

Tran

sect

5b

126

0-25

12

.6

8.6

5.7

4.3

3.6

2.9

2.4

2.2

Tran

sect

5b

129

0-30

13

.1

9.0

5.9

4.6

3.7

2.9

2.6

2.2

Tran

sect

5b

130-

132

0-40

21

.3

18.7

16

.0

14.0

12

.7

10.2

7.

2 5.

5 Tr

anse

ct 5

b 13

3-13

5 0-

40

20.6

17

.9

15.0

13

.0

11.7

9.

5 6.

5 5.

1

149

chemical and physical properties of the surface sea ... · chemical and biological features of the...

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