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ff.ti/:.r*ffi;:i:

INSECT-BORNS AIiTIPEBSONNEL BI'J (U)

i

i

:

Insect-Borne Antipersonnel Bi{ (U)

rt).S) Puroose.

To furnish broad research and developnent guidance as an aid to theachievenent of an insect-borne antipersoanel Bitl capability for use in supporiof nilitary operations.

tu)Itr. I,S) qels$iqr

' The enploynent of insect-vectors will be a definite asset to El{operations provided additional needed infornation conceraing iasect control,casualty effectiveness, environmental conditions, and logistics substantiatesthis conclusion.

(U)n. This report be accepted as long range research and developnentguidance for the achievenent of an operational capability with insect-borneBWo

IU) C" A logistics plan be forrnulated for insect-borne Bi,i whichincludes insect and agent production, insect infection, storage, nunitionfilling, procurenent, shipnent, and dissenination. r

(U) O. That additional support be given to the entomological researchand developnent progran in order to achieve an operational capability rvithinsect-borne BW in the shortest possible tirne following tbe deterninationof the degree of nilitary operational feasibility.

r.

I

r. pl ,"ror:::"ct-Borne

Antipersonnel Br{ (u)-'

To furnish broad research and developrcnt guidance as an aid to the

achievenent of an insect-borne antipersonnel Bli capability for use in suppori

of military operations.

rr. (B] scopeo

(Ut)A" This report contains a prelirninary evaluation of possible appli-

cations of insect-bcrne antipersonnel Bltl in support of military o.oerations.

Suggested concppts of use and enployrent considerations including types and

areas of operations, types and sizes of targets, general types of desirable

agent-yector conrbinations, and delivery systeu needs will be indicated. In

addition, an attenpt is nade to indicate general subject areas, together with

specific questions, where knotuledge requirements existo

t rr) B. The approach taken in this report is to assur!-6 favorable charac-v'r

ieristics, such as control, effectiveness, logistics, and cost for the ulti-

nats insect-borne BII systetro Accordingly, the concepts involved will incluie

an extensive spectrum of types and sizes of targets. It is important to en-

phasize that the justification for using insect-borne BiV in practice in the

various situations depicted rvill depend upon the factual ultimate character-

istics of this systen"

rrI\A. Advantasesn An insect-borne Bi'I capability is being considered\"for addition to the biological weapon because of the follorving three najor

advantages which have been postulated.

I5ItIiIt?

i

It,

I

T

I

rt

,L) T<aiik,^qr

(U) 3. Diversification of Bill in terms of methods of eqployr€ntr

agents selectedr ?tld diseases produced, with all the conconittant defensive

and diagnostic problens inposed upon the enetryo

r r i B. Technical Feasibility.\"'

Successful development of nass rearing and mass infecting tech-

nique$, together with nass transmission studies with anj.nals and insect

survival tests, have shown that insect-borne Bli is technically feasible.I"2'3''l

Co Bioloqical Feasibilitv.

TnlP'*{htr.V {

" -

ry,r lo,^\t-€'to \o

E. Lesea!q[ and Delrelgprent Guidance Needo

{f,r.) An urgency presently exists for research and\v

concerned with insect-borne Bif needs to support nilitary

development guidance

operations.

at the present tiineoF. No formal insect-borne Biii requirenent exists

il

f i?le-.i $ U'.tJ i't L'!., ,'i', . ".

f rl)rv. t/ Assunprions.

D'T

is

An Definitions.

That the following definitio's are acceptable:

(U)r. rnsect vector is the arthropod carrier used to transnitagents to the hunan host. (Arthough technicarly incorrect, ,insect,,used synonynously with rtartbropod',.)

tu,) 2. J

B. Control Feasibility.

tui That reasonable control lleasures, in terns of tine of persistenceand subsequent indication rvithin a target arear and in terns of prevention ofpossible spread of disease outside the primary target areat can be exerciseclover insect-borne tslf in order to make it acceptabre for consideration in theB:ii systemc .

C. ifeaoon Feasibilitv.

{t\) fi'"t insect-borne Bli r';i11 be an effective rr,eapon in terms ofL''input effort casualty-area coverage return when erployed where applicableto support a military operation.

D. Environnent Feasibilitv.

,rL,0 That environxnent will not sufficientlylocation of insect-borne Br,l e.nproyment so as to oarre

use in nilitary operations a najor percentage of the

E. Loqistic Feasibilitv.

to tralrsnit nicroorganisms which infect and cause

$f.) fn"t insect-borne BiI can

of capability of production, storage,parable to that estin:ated for aerosol

liitt Ci 11 r:: :

t,he use of insect carriers

disease or death in nan.

limit the tinre and

it ulacceptable for

time.

be supported logistically in terms

atid transportation with a cost com_

f i'.-''"{.-l i, i'.-' -

Utilization and DeIiverv.

That insect-borne ts!{ will be utilized, and

and Air Force systelns presently available or

F.

QTvYr

will be delivered by

progranuneti for theArmy, Na

fut ure.

Gn General Concepts o

lUit That proposed general concepts of use for

valid and lv,iil apply, where applicable, to the insect-fc)vo \5) Discussion

?J

ipersonnel tslf are

e type of Bl1.

A. Generalo

f f t) I. This discussion will be concerned with needs for producing\L/\ I

an operational capability utilizing insect-borne Blfr and not a discussion of

the characteristics of tbe systemr or with postulations of what could be

done technologically. Consequently, in order to indicate yrhere and horv this

systen can fiest be utilizedt it is necessary to assuroe that knol'lledge require:rcnts

already havc been fulfilleCr ?rd that the discussion r.rilI attempt to visualize

situations tlhere the military conunander would select insect-borne Bij as his

weacon of choice if the answers to the knorvledge requirenents indicateci a

favorable operational utilityo and if it were operationally availableo Itis believed that ttris technique will serve to enrphasize areas r,lhere knorvledge

requirer:ents actually exist, and wilI result in the redefinition of those

assunptions concerned tlith technical int'oroation as actual knoivledge require-

n3nts "

includes the 19o0-i970 tine franeo Since(Lt) z.

technical

antnvborn

rap id

This discussion

advancenent ca.l be eleected in the field of insect-borne BlI

4

Ut,lCL.r.

.)

throughout this period, the ciiscussion is not'tied'to specific agents,

vectors, or otber lreapon system colaponents. Only general types of systens

and conponents are indicated, Conversely, it is believed that basic general

operational concepts will not changer Therefore, an attenpt is

indicate specific types of operations, targetsl anci geographical

nade to

areas which

might be suitable for insect-borne Bl{, and where a need for this neapon woulC

e.tist.

{\t) S. The characteristics of insect-borne B'i'f wil.l present sorer \''

variation from the concepts of use and employment considrrations of aerosol

B';'.4'5'7/ Horever, many similarities exist with both methods of Bil enploy-

"nent. Therefore only those concepts and considerations peculiar to the

ilsect-borne B;'f systen are discussed.

B. rDse Conceots and Emolovnent Considerations"

O Yal[1ws

t-

PAGES TO

WERE CLASSIFItrD NTFItrIR EI{TIRETY.

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TFIESE PAGES WEREREMOVED.

uo n\7. Agent-vector corpbinatians. Ir

{ U-) .. General. An effort should be nade, fron a long range\viewpoint, to provide a spectrun of agent-Tector conbinations which willyield a naxinum conbination of effects, naximize the probability of success

of any given operationl and keep eneny sedical and intelligence personnel

off balance. The developnents of nultiple agent-single vector..sr_nglg

agent-nultiple vectorr and a nu&ber of single agent-vector conbinations are

of equal irnportance. Again it is realized that the above requirerent is the

ultinate long range goal. Consequently it is necessary to indicate specificcharacteristics and general types of agent-?ector conbinations which@y be

needed to acconplish operational taskso/^\

(ir)tu Tine tc reach useful casuatry level - This tine4delay should be reduced as nuch as practicable, ideally to-l dal,; however,

situations will exist, such as in lol grade linited wats or in attacks on

certain strategic targets where a delay of one or two weeks may be acceptable.

Thereforer an agant should not be

basis of its lengthy tine required

eliniuated fron selection ner€ly on the

to cause useful casualties"

'r i tur) rel rnfectivity - It is desirable to select the nost

highly infectious strains of agents for euploynent in insect-borne Bi'l to

insura a high rate of return in ternrs of nurnbers of infections anong the

populatoion of the target arear liowever, infectious strains of high and low

virulence rnay be equally desirable, highly virulent_infectious organisns

tning utilized for general war and linited war, strains of lower virulence

agraph

target

be said

a range

tion of

(2), a5oveo,.\[Ll]r. Vectors. The vector needs will vary with the tyPe

and geograpbical location of tbe target arear Therefore, it nay

that a series of vectors should be available for enployment over

of conditions. The follorving characteristics r,lill apply in selec-

the appropriate vectoro

@

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nfPAGE # I>

$i ft) Priority 1. - An incapacitating agent capability

utilizing the sarF type of vector presently under cievelopment to cover

\\C

!m

aPpropriate targets in Iinited war situations, with a capability for €xpar-sion of use to general war if requirecl. fn this instance, use of tbe satetype of vector nay preclude sore additional logistical problems associate,lwith a change in the type of-vectoro

util izing

paragraph

d

2

both vector and agent

linited war to general

A highly lethal agent

than nentioned in

war capability,

capability for

(U) frl Friority ? - An incapacirating agent capabilitydifferent conbination of

above, but with the same

(tt) ttt Priority 3 -purpose of deterrence to general warr or for use along with an,rarl out,' L--''nuclear attacko

1L\) cal Priority 4 * A spectrun of agent-vector combinationswhich can be ury\ov"o .n;;;;;pes of targets suitabre for insectiborneBilI in linited and general war situations, and thus nost effectively fulflrlthe requirenent for a capability to support all roilitary operationso

fn developing a capability

speclfic characteristics of

believed can be practicably

based on the priority indicated above, the desired

the agent-rector combinations which it isachieved are indicated by the follorving table;

the types

points to

following

$) U. lfeapons svsten!. The utilization of insect-borne Bil against

of targets locatdC in the geographical areas previously indicated

a neeci for a diversified nunition-cielivery system capabil.ity. The

general types of systems are visualized for fulfillment of this need,

THIS PAGE V/ASCLASSIFIED N ITSENITIRETY.

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PAGE # \,1

$ (s) Cargo aircraft should be considered for attack of

large diffuse targets several thousand square niles in area in situations where

air superiority is naintained by friendl_v forces. The possibility for achiev-

rblt of adequate coverage over these areas utilizing a large insect nunition

carrying capacity of these aircraft should be investigated. .

LU\ O. Missiles. Delivery of insect-borne Bi'i by ballistic

and level flight rnissiles should also be considered.

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PAGE # 2-I

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l.

, clj

:..,

'.'i...,1

.,3

': J;

- j'.'i)

'i i/

.,. : t.)

.-; "7,.!9

,

tU\. Surnmary. An attenpt has been nade to indicate areas

irhere needs might exist for developnent of munition and deliver,'' systen

capabilities for inseci-borne BlJo Tbe foltotving is a suggesteci priority

for neapon systen development which is believed would be necessary to satisfy

the insect-borne Bi'J needs.

,!

UT{C

folbw or take place simultaneously with insect-borne

covert rnunitions should

B!'J clustered nunitions.

tur) rt1 Priority 3 - Developnent of a self dispersing bonblet

capability, iflarge areas.

feas ible, for release fron bornber aircraft for coveraqe of

LU) Cnl ttf"rt? 4 - Future adaptation of ctusters or

self d"ispersing bo!"rblets to programed flight rnissiles and cargo type aircraftldevelopnrent of rotaly wing insect-borne BiI capability; design and prociuction

of insect-borne BiY warhead for ballistic nissiles; design, for long range

planning purposes, of components which will reduce volurne and increase insect

payload vleight of presently existing systems or of systeins prograruaed for

future, including possible developnent of delivery systen designed specifically.,

if feagible, for insect-borne Bif.

(U) 9o Loqistical considerations. The logistical effort in,.,olvei

in the produciionr storager procurement, transportation and dissemination of.

insect-borne Bi'l nust be sufficiently sinple to allow a coiiuaander to consider

this tleapons systen as an integral part of his fireplan agains.t the targets

located in the areas of operations previously described. ff logistically

insect-borne Bl'l can not satisfy this desire it then will be relegated to a

special situation type weapon tvhose use nust be plann-ed for r,lelI in advance,

Consequentlyt nuch of its eraployment value r^lill be lost. Thus, it must be

stated that in the logistic plan for tbis systen consideration should be

given to development of a nethod of supply which will give the cor,manCer

[,i\.eqr.I r*lEF ED

#--J --r . r:rrIf?Ff

Ui{CL455iil'iilD

an innediate capability, certainly

the decision to enploy insect-borne

available.

no longer th-an 49 to 72 horirs foffd

Bltl when the systen is operatdonally

Co Iftrorvledqe Requirements.

( tl) The preceding discussion has indicated the use concepts and

enployr:ent consiC.erations which are visualized for insect-bcrne BiiI. Itnust be remerabered that the order of rnagnitude of utilization which was

proposed was based on the assulptions that problerns associated with effective

control, effec'five casualty-area covetages, tine of use, and logistids had

already been solved. Iftrowing that all problens in these roajor areas have

not been answeredr one can now go back, using the previous discussion as a

guide for priorities of effort to produce an insect-borne Bltl capability, and

transposetlhe assurptions into actual knorvledge requirenrents which must be

ansruered to justify the priorities, A nu!$er of specific questions relating

to each of the four major areas are indicated.

X (U) t. &!tror. The first general question that must be asked is

whether or not insect-borne Bll tuy-!" used? If the probabilityoof effecting

sufficient control over persistence and possible spread of an infected insect

population follor,ling their dissenination is low then insect-horne Ei'l may not

be considered asapplicable to military operations. A nuraber of qualitative

control r'rethods have been suggested both in classified documents and in

unclassified scicntific literature. However, this type of infornation is

unsatisfactory from an ofrerational standpoint in that it gives the military

cornmander no quantitative idea as to degree of control or as to the duration

tine of persistence. Thus the folloaing specific questions must be asked.

,d*d_.

'.t- >JQ\t-N"'0 ..r$'" \ (u)..

fiuriF$e natural.-fY31.-.,.

DF';A', [u) o.

effeotive?

iihat specific control methods could be utitized topersistence of an infected vector within the target area?

lfhat is tlie tine required for each method to become

4ting,

{f,f F. I{ow effective are these rneasures in terns of elinina-

within a desired t,ime range, of the entire infected insect population

rvas in!.tiaIIy disseminated?which

*t'(

Ss,W

" (U) o. ifhgt stringert contror

elirqinate an infected insect population in

methods could be utilized to

a short period of tine -(hours or__.-___also be considered if the situation

arose tthere it suddenly becane necessary to elininate a poputation which

initially had been nade fesistant to sone control rneasures in order to

nainta!n persistencyo

{U) ec lilith what degree of assurance could a military comnander

assune that any hazard fron infecte.i insects has been eliminated from a

target area following the application of stringent control rneasures?

(Lt) t. In orCer to estinate safety distance, what are the

estimated distances (miles) that the disseminated infected insect population

might travel outside the confines of the primary target area?

(1.0 go An urgent need exists for the preparation of

by research and development personnel uhich presents a detail.ed

control of insect .oooulations as applied to nnilitary operatiorS.

a docurnent

study of the

fs sufficient

information available at this time to prepare such a docunent?

K (U) a" Effectivenesso A second question rthich arises is whether\--'r

or not the military effectiveness, in terrns of casualty-area coverage, wiII

UIIC

justify consideration rif insect-boroe Bll for support of military operations?

Although technical and biological feasibility studies have been conducted,

only linited information is available concerning dissenination, spread, area

coverage, and biting effectiveness in terns of production of infection under

field conciitionso The follorving specific information is required in this

area.

*{"N{ t'l"ro"s

oter

,,,$.r*flto nan under

,O:ir\""-

(Lt) ", Horv effectively will insect vectors distribute thep.

target areas using the type attacks and weapons systens proposed?

(U) b. i'ihat, is the efficiency of vector transmission of disease

field conditions?

(Lt) r. A method for estimation of casualty area effectiveness

of insect-borne Bl{ is required. Can such a nethod based on a nathenatical

model be described in a forn which could be incorporated into a "Bi'l Calculaticn

.A,id or hlar Gaming Handbook" along i,lith aerosol Bi{?

XotP.,.*d (U) O. Iiorv rvill the naturally or artifically acquired imnunity

rrd Y' of populations residing in the geographical areas of the world where insect-

borne tsi'I might be employed influence the effectiveness of this system in

.terqs*q.of per cent of useful casualties produced? ia

.rf *fil"n',/ ^{o\,LL\'

(U) ". l,ihat effect will s-cecif ic prot,ective neasures have in6\ v

" reducing the expected useful casualty levels in terms of estimated per cent

reduction in the production of casualties?

M /tt) 3. Tine of use. liJill environnental conditions in the geographi-4\ \'^',

cal areas proposed for the use of insect-borne Bl'l preclude use of this system

for other than highly specialized military operations? For exampler insects

'o

.J

Ul{CLI\SSIFiH,ij

which can survive in cold clinates but do not bite effectively at temperatures_

aQ^*ow temperatures. Therefore, the following infornation is requiredo,ffi

..t-'sU..tsqJP,.,N' (U) Qr itlhat are the estiinated lirnits of climatic and environ-r \ "-t, nental"conditions within which various vectors could be expected to survive

as appJiejl*go various geographical areas of the world?

,.,F;$F;tt""' (u) t. !'Ihat are the estinated timits of

!lr

the various vectors can be expected to cause the level

for a nilitary operationl

conditions within which

of casualties acceptable

$*r4OA\a' I Lf) ". lllhat is the probability of deveroping vectors which

can overcome these limitations and not only survive luf rrrr also can be

militarily useful? +a\.

uq,?[ri;i'#]Y[f\fi:'^;,il' severety ruould acrverse climaric and environnentar

conditions Limit the use of insect-borne Biit in the geographical areas of the

world which are being considered for this systen in terns of percent, of total

tine of a year?

4 (Lt)a. Loqistics. The final general question to be asked is con-

cerned with whether or not the logistical effort requfred to produce and

sustain an operational capability is acceptable? The type of specific

questions concerned with the logistical aspects of insect-borne Biir are the

f ollolingr __-.-.y

n

tlhich are significantly lower than the temperate or tropical variety of tlesane speciest although they pose as a persistent threat because of their

abiffty to survive, iof practical purposes may not be acceptable from ur

t

ffu ; ;'L* i, ..i l;,5 i F r ilil

CtAS,SIilIIiD

agent -vector

investment?

tLt) ". Iriirat is the approxinate cost of production of the various

including net capitalconbinations under consideration,

Co <Jzf

tL\) U. lfhat is the estinated lead tire thatrould be necessary to

initiate full scale production assuning production facilities tuere on

standbv readiness? l6uj l'y -t-D o;11y{h?'v"'- (uuoL'Ldn;-

\ty't ", Hhat is the estinated ratio between production

nucinun attainable stockpile of each vector-?gent conbination?

rate andProd oit*^,{tah,lela stucK|t

lU) O. l{hat special facilities or conditions, if an1'r r.r"- -) }5v>requirecl for the storage and transportation of nunitions? U^f[YniC*

(U) "" Where in relation to the conbat zone would storage

facilities be located? Piah^tt 5ta'^^ of5

(U) f. $Ioutd infected insects be stored loaded in nunltions, and

if loaded, what is the na:rimum,frii+rT"y could be stored without serious

creterioration? 4 to ra' b'1tl G

\U') n. Eow nuch tine woulci be requireci from the time of clecision

to incorporate insect-borne Bi'i into a connanders fireplan to have infected

insect munitions read,, for employnent? &76't''J /eo{' 1'1a'

vr. f,gl conctusions.

The employrnent of insect-vectors will be a def inite asset to 6yl

concerning insect control,operations provided additional needed information

casualty effectiveness i environnental conditions t anct logistics substantiaies

R*JR

this conclusion.

THIS PAGE WASCLASSIFIED N ITSENTIRETY.

NIO RELEASABLEINFORMATION WITH[I{.

THIS PAGE V/ASREMOVED.

PAGE # 21

2, Biological Warfare Laboratories, Technical Study 7Br SECREf,3 "Eeviewand Analysis of Selected Aspects of Entomological Warfarefr @)t JulyI95Br [EABlilL, Ft. Detrickr (t.)

4. CCB Staff Study, TOP SEffim, tConcepts for Enploynent of AntipersonnelBl'I in Support of Arny Operations" (U)r April 1958, U. S. Army Chenical

. Corps Board.

5. CCB Infornation Report Nunber 1r SEG,EI, "Concepts for Eryloynent ofAntipersonnel Biological lilarfare" (U), April 1958r U.S. Arny ChenicalOorps Board. ( .

6. Engineering Connand Beport Nuuber 24, SEBEI, t'Engineering ConceptEeport, Project XTOlt' (U), fSSS, U. S. Arrny Chernicat Corps EngineeringConnand.

7. OBG Study Nunber 2lr TOP SEBEIT "Operational Effectiveness of Biologi-ca1 lUarflre " (U), i Augus'u 1958r U: S. Arrry Chenical Corps OperationsBesearch Group.

,:

.:rt;:,

tI

II

'l-,U