Chemical pollution Chemical pollution of atmospheric airof atmospheric air

OSIPOVA NINAOSIPOVA NINAThe Lecturer of Geoecology and The Lecturer of Geoecology and

Geochemistry Department,Geochemistry Department,Ph.D in Ph.D in ССhemistry;hemistry;

MATVEENKO IRINAMATVEENKO IRINAThe lecturer of English Language The lecturer of English Language

Department,Department,PhD in PhilologyPhD in Philology

CONTENTCONTENT

11. . Chemical pollutionChemical pollution as one of the global as one of the global ecological problemsecological problems

2.The key pollutants – chemical structure,2.The key pollutants – chemical structure, it’s main cources of origin, it’s main cources of origin, effects on human effects on human

healthhealth 3. The content of chemical pollutants in 3. The content of chemical pollutants in

atmospheric air of Tomskatmospheric air of Tomsk

Effects of key pollutants Effects of key pollutants

There are seven key pollutants of There are seven key pollutants of atmospheric air. These are air atmospheric air. These are air pollutants, that are known to have pollutants, that are known to have adverse effects on human health in adverse effects on human health in sufficiently high concentrations and sufficiently high concentrations and occur in all areas of the world. Many occur in all areas of the world. Many of the pollutants can also damage of the pollutants can also damage natural environment and buildings.natural environment and buildings.

Seven key pollutants Seven key pollutants

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide LeadLead Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and

nitric oxide (NO)nitric oxide (NO) Ozone (O3)Ozone (O3) PM 10PM 10 (particulate matter) (particulate matter) Sulphur dioxideSulphur dioxide (SO2) (SO2) Benzene and 1,3 butadien Benzene and 1,3 butadien

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide

Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide inhibits the take inhibits the take up of oxygen in the blood. It is up of oxygen in the blood. It is estimated, that 96% of CO emissions estimated, that 96% of CO emissions originate from road traffic.originate from road traffic.

LeadLead

The dominant source of The dominant source of leadlead is is petrol combustion where it is petrol combustion where it is incorporated as an anti-knock agent. incorporated as an anti-knock agent. In 1986 the permitted lead content in In 1986 the permitted lead content in petrol was reduced from 0.40 to 0.15 petrol was reduced from 0.40 to 0.15 g/l. As a result, lead emissions have g/l. As a result, lead emissions have reduced substantially.reduced substantially.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO)nitric oxide (NO)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are released as the oxide (NO) are released as the results of combustion of fossil results of combustion of fossil fuels. Together NO2 and NO are fuels. Together NO2 and NO are

referred to as total oxides of referred to as total oxides of nitrogen or NOx. Half of the nitrogen or NOx. Half of the

emissions of the oxide of emissions of the oxide of nitrogen originate from road nitrogen originate from road

transport sources.transport sources.

Ozone (O3)Ozone (O3)

Ozone (O3)Ozone (O3)

Ozone (O3)Ozone (O3) at the Earth’s surface can be at the Earth’s surface can be damaging on human health and damaging on human health and vegetation. Ozone is a secondary vegetation. Ozone is a secondary pollutant. It is not directly emitted and is pollutant. It is not directly emitted and is formed in the atmosphere by reaction with formed in the atmosphere by reaction with other gases, particularly on hot sunny other gases, particularly on hot sunny days giving rise to smog. Ozone days giving rise to smog. Ozone concentrations tend to be highest at rural concentrations tend to be highest at rural locations downwind of urban areas.locations downwind of urban areas.

PM 10PM 10 (particulate matter) (particulate matter)

PM 10PM 10 (particulate matter with a (particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 µm) can be diameter less than 10 µm) can be derived from combustion and natural derived from combustion and natural sources. PM may be referred to as sources. PM may be referred to as black smoke.black smoke.

Sulphur dioxideSulphur dioxide (SO2) (SO2)

Sulphur dioxideSulphur dioxide (SO2) (SO2) Sulphur dioxideSulphur dioxide (SO2) causes health (SO2) causes health

problems and can result in acid deposition problems and can result in acid deposition and consequently corrosion of buildings and consequently corrosion of buildings and damage to ecosystems.and damage to ecosystems.

Concentrations have decreased in the last Concentrations have decreased in the last decade. The main sources of SO2decade. The main sources of SO2

are from fossil fuel combustion for energy are from fossil fuel combustion for energy generation and space heating in the generation and space heating in the domestic, commercial and industrial domestic, commercial and industrial sectors.sectors.

Benzene and 1,3 butadien Benzene and 1,3 butadien

Benzene and 1,3 butadien Benzene and 1,3 butadien

Benzene and 1,3 butadien Benzene and 1,3 butadien Other atmospheric pollutants can have Other atmospheric pollutants can have

damaging effects on human health and damaging effects on human health and environment include certain volative environment include certain volative organic compounds, such as organic compounds, such as Benzene Benzene and 1,3 butadien and 1,3 butadien both of which are both of which are considered to be carcinogenic materials. considered to be carcinogenic materials. The dominant sources of The dominant sources of Benzene and Benzene and 1,3 butadien 1,3 butadien are road transport.are road transport.

These pollutants are regularly These pollutants are regularly

controlled by the State Whether controlled by the State Whether

Services (Tomsk Region)in Services (Tomsk Region)in

atmospheric airatmospheric air

Fig.Fig.11. The observation . The observation network for natural network for natural environment state: 1- environment state: 1- atmospheric air; 2-atmospheric air; 2-soil; 3-surface water; soil; 3-surface water; 4- underground water; 4- underground water; 5- intended for 5- intended for building area; 6- building area; 6- industrial estate; 7- industrial estate; 7- edge; 8-number of edge; 8-number of areaarea

Average annual and maximum concentrations of Average annual and maximum concentrations of pollutants in 1991-1995 years at the contamination pollutants in 1991-1995 years at the contamination

control stations in Tomskcontrol stations in Tomsk

pollutant 2 5 7 11 12 13 14

PM 10 0,7/7,0 2,7/44,8 0,7/5,8 0,7/13,4 0,7/13,4 0,7/2,8 0,7/3,6

NOx 0,8/6,6 2,2/7,9 0,5/4,7 0,8/13,5 0,8/13,5 0,2/9,8 1,0/5,1

CH2O 2,0/3,2 1,0/3,2 1,3/3,0 1,7/3,5 1,7/3,5 1,3/2,0 1.3/4,6

CO 0,3/2,6 0,7/7,8 0,3/1,8 0,3/4,0 0,3/4,0 0,3/1,2 0,3/3,4

SO2 0,04/0,1 0,1/0,2 0,04/0,1 0,04/0,1 0,04/0,1 0,02/0,1 0,1/0,4

Ranking of the Tomsk territory in Ranking of the Tomsk territory in accordance to index of air pollutionaccordance to index of air pollution

ConclusionConclusion

The main sources of air pollution are The main sources of air pollution are man-made processes man-made processes such as such as energy energy production, waste incineration, production, waste incineration, transport. During the last 200 years, transport. During the last 200 years, mankind has begun to significantly mankind has begun to significantly alter the composition of the alter the composition of the atmosphere through pollution. atmosphere through pollution. Seven Seven key pollutants of atmospheric air key pollutants of atmospheric air occur in sufficiently high occur in sufficiently high concentrations in all areas of Tomsk. concentrations in all areas of Tomsk.