Chemical Quantities

Subatomic Particles Subatomic particles include the proton,

neutron, and electron

Which of the following does not exist in the nucleus?

Proto

n

Neutro

n

Electr

on

0% 0%0%

1. Proton2. Neutron3. Electron

Which of the following has a mass much less than the other two particles?

Proto

n

Neutro

n

Electr

on

0% 0%0%

1. Proton2. Neutron3. Electron

Which of the following has an electric charge of zero?

Proto

n

Neutro

n

Electr

on

0% 0%0%

1. Proton2. Neutron3. Electron

Key terms of atomic structure Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons

Each element has its own unique atomic number

Mass number = sum of protons and neutrons = mass of the nucleus

Isotope Notation Isotopes are forms of the same element

(same number of protons) with differing numbers of neutrons

How many protons are in the following isotope?

19 9 10

0% 0%0%

1. 192. 93. 10

How many neutrons are in the following isotope?

19 9 10

0% 0%0%

1. 192. 93. 10

Atomic Mass The weighted average of all natural

occurring isotopes of that element

Example: Lithium = 6.941 amu Atomic number closest to 7, therefore

most isotopes of lithium have a mass number of 7

Rubidium has two common isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. If the abundance of

85Rb is 72.2% and the abundance of 87Rb is 27.8%, what is the average

atomic mass of rubidium?

.722 x 85(%) times (mass number)+.278 x 87(%) times (mass number)=85.55

Chemical Quantities Chemical formulas give essential

information about the exact ratio of atoms that form a substance.

Ex. CO2 - carbon dioxide contains a 1:2 ratio of carbon to oxygen atoms.

The subscript (smaller number) represents the number of atoms in a molecule.

How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of NaC2H3O2?

1 2 3 4 6 12

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 66. 12

How many nonmetal atoms are in one molecule of NaC2H3O2?

1 2 3 5 7 8

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 55. 76. 8

How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of Co(NO3)2 ?

1 2 3 4 6 12

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 66. 12

How many nitrogen atoms are in one molecule of Co(NO3)2 ?

1 2 3 4 6 12

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 66. 12

How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of Fe3(PO4)2 ?

1 2 3 4 6 8 12

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 66. 87. 12

Chemical Formulas If there are more than one molecule, a

coefficient is used to show how many molecules are present.

3H2O represents 3 water molecules. 3 is the coefficient.

2 is the subscript for hydrogen, showing there are two hydrogen atoms in each molecule

How many sodium atoms are in 3NaC2H3O2?

1 2 3 5 7 8

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 55. 76. 8

How many hydrogen atoms are in 3NaC2H3O2?

1 2 3 6 7 8 9

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 65. 76. 87. 9

How many nitrogen atoms are 2Co(NO3)2 ?

1 2 3 4 6 12

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 66. 12

How many oxygen atoms are 2Co(NO3)2 ?

1 2 3 4 6 12

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 66. 12

How thick is a page of your textbook? Here … take a ruler and start measuring.

Okay, now what about a container of paperclips, how can we tell “how many” without counting all of them?

Now how many are in this other package of paperclips – same size package?

Why are the amounts of paper clips different even though the size of the package is the same?

They’re Different Substances!!

A little review … What is average atomic mass? Atomic mass is based on the weighted

average of all of an atom’s isotopes.

So one nitrogen atom has a mass of 14.01 a.m.u. (atomic mass units)

Now apply this to compounds …For molecules compounds, we must add the

individual atomic masses of each atom.

Molecular mass – sum of the atomic masses in a molecular (covalent) compound.

Formula mass – sum of all the masses in the formula of an ionic compound

Let’s try to find:- the molecular mass of C2H5OH

- the formula mass of (NH4)3SO4

But we can’t count individual atoms easily, so what should we use instead?

The Mole (not the blind rat thing…) vs. Formula and Molecular MassMole – SI unit for amount

-think of a mole like you think of a dozen eggs.

One mole has 6.02*1023 atoms/molecules/formula units/ions/ leprechauns/ cowbells/ Bengal fans

Moles in a Conversion Factor 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 of anything

Conversion factor (for moles to atoms):

1 mole atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 mole atoms

Write the given information 1st and then choose which conversion factor to use.

Rarely, though, do we deal in terms of individual atoms or molecules.

Moles deal in grams- How can we go from moles to grams?

Molar MassMolar mass – has same value as molecular

mass or formula mass, but instead of measuring at atomic level, measures at the molar level- units in grams per mole, not amu- calculated same way, uses atomic masses

Let’s try to calculate the molar mass of C6H6.

Now let’s convert 11.5 g of ethanol, C2H5OH into moles.

Okay, good, now let’s convert 1.20*1025

molecules of NH3 to moles, then to grams.

What is the mass in a.m.u. of 100 atoms of nitrogen?

How many atoms of potassium are there if a sample has a mass of 7.82 x 1010 a.m.u.?

Percentage CompositionHow can we find what percentage by mass

of the Cleveland Browns starting offense is from the offensive linemen?

1 quarterback – 220 lb / each2 running backs - 200 lb / each2 wide receivers – 190 lb / each1 tight end - 235 lb5 offensive linemen 340 lb / each1 coach 400 lb

Let’s try to find out what percentage by mass of water is made up of hydrogen and what percentage is oxygen…

Percentage composition – statement of the relative mass each element contributes to the mass of the compound as a whole.

Steps:1. find total molar mass of compound2. find the total mass of the element present in the compound3. put the mass of the element over the mass of the compound, divide and multiply by 100%.

Find the percent mass of carbon in C2H5OH.

Empirical and Molecular Formulas Empirical Formula – the simplest whole

number ratio of atoms in a compound (ex. C6H12O6 becomes C H2O)

Molecular Formula – the actual whole number ratio of atoms in a compound (sometimes it is the same as the empirical formula) (ex. C6H12O6)

Determining Empirical FormulasWhen we form a compound, the atoms

combine in whole number ratios- if we have information on the masses of certain elements present, we can determine empirical formulas

Steps to Calculate the Empirical Formula:1. Turn everything into moles – do not round.

2. Change into simple ratios by dividing all amounts by the value with the lowest number of moles.

3. If the ratio is not close to a whole number, multiply by a number which will make it so

- for example, if you have a 1.47, this is close to neither 1 nor 2, so we would need to double 1.47 and any other values.

4. Round off when you are finally close to a whole number.

Example: Say we have a compound w/ .900 g of Ca and 1.60 g of Cl. Find the empirical formula.

It is important to remember that if you are given percent composition, it is referring to mass.- treat as if they were 100 g samples- 12.3 % Cl becomes 12.3 g of Cl

Ex: What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 66.0% Ca and 34.0% P?

Determining Molecular FormulaIn order to determine a molecular formula,

we need a couple of things:- molar mass- empirical formula

Divide the molar mass of the molecular formula by the molar mass of the empirical formula to get a whole number.- multiply through empirical formula by this whole number

Ex: Find the molecular formula of a substance w/ an empirical formula of AgCO2 and a molar mass, of the true molecular formula, of 304 g.

Find the molecular Formula Testosterone has a molecular weight of

282.42 g. C 79.12%, H 9.79%, O 11.09%

HydratesSome compounds, when formed actually

contain water as part of their formula- not a solution- think of a button in a pocket, and a button sewn onto a pocket- crystallize out of water and just happen to take some of the water molecules with them

Hydrates – ionic compounds or molecules chemically bonded to water

(ex: CuSO4.5H20)

copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

This tells us that there are five water molecules bonded to every one of the copper (II) sulfates

Much like in finding an empirical formula, we can find the formula of a hydrate given information about the masses of water and compound.

Steps:1. find the mass of the compound and the mass of the H2O

2. change both to moles

3. divide both by lowest number of moles

4. use results as coefficients

Special note, if a hydrate is heated, the difference between the mass before and the mass after is equal to the mass of the water.