chemical reactions section 7-1 chemical changes in matter
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemical Reactions
Section 7-1
Chemical Changes in Matter
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Describing Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction: A well defined example of a
chemical change in which one or more substances are changed to new substances.
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Chemical Reaction
Reactants ProductsYields
Reactants: The substances that are about to react.
Products: The new substances that are produced.
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Conservation of Mass
The mass of the reactants
EQUALSThe mass of the products.
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Conservation of Mass
Mercury(II) Oxide Oxygen + Mercury
2HgO O2 + 2Hg
10.0g 0.7g + 9.3g 10.0g
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Reactants
AndCarbonOxygen
Gas
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C
Reactants
+ O2
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Yields
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Products
Carbon Dioxide
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Chemical Equation
C O2+ CO2
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Chemical Equation
H2O2+ H2O22
Coefficients
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A number which represents the number of units of each substance taking part in a
reaction.
Coefficients
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Chemical Equations
Balanced Chemical EquationThe number of atoms of
each element is the same on both sides of the equation.
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Example
Ag + H2S Ag2S+ H21 22 21 1
22
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Writing Balanced Equations
Step 1: Write the equation in words.
Magnesium plus Oxygen produces
Magnesium Oxide
Step 2: Write the chemical equation using formulas and symbols.
Mg + O2 MgO
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Step 3: Check the equation for atom balance.
Mg + O2 MgO1 12 1
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Mg + O2 MgO1 12 1
2
Step 4: Choose coefficients that balance the equation.
222
2
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MINOH Method
• M - Metals • I – Polyatomic Ions (SO4)
• Page 173 in the book.
• N – Non-Metals• O – Oxygen• H - Hydrogen
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MINOH Example
Na2SO4+ BaCl2 → NaCl+ BaSO4
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The Mole
• The atom is too small a unit for chemist to count with, so the mole is used.
• Bakers use a dozen.
• 1 mole = 6.02X1023 atoms.
• Avogadro’s number
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The Mole
• The mass of a mole is different for each element.
• Use the atomic mass for that element.
• Use the periodic table.
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The Mole
• 1 mole of C
• 1mole of Na
• 1mole of O2
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The Mole
H20 H2O2+2 2
2 moles 2 moles 1 mole
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Homework: #7-1
Section 7-1 Worksheet
Due: 01/09/09
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Synthesis Reaction
Two or more substances combine to form
another substance.
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Synthesis Reaction
A + B AB
2H2 +O2 2H2O
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Decomposition Reaction
One substance breaks down, or decomposes, into two or
more simpler substances.
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Decomposition Reaction
AB A + B
elec.
2H2O 2H2 + O2
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Single Replacement Reaction
One element replaces another element in a
compound.
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Replacement Reaction
A + BC AC + B
D + BC BD + C
Cu + 2AgNO3 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2
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Double Replacement Reaction
Two elements replace each other in two compound.
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Double-replacement Reaction
AB + CD AD + CB
AgNO3+NaCl AgCl+NaNO3
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Double-Replacement Reaction
Takes place if a precipitate, water, or a gas forms when two compounds in solution
are combined.
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Precipitate
An insoluble compound formed during a
displacement reaction.
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Combustion Reaction
A substance reacts rapidly with oxygen.
CH4+ 2O2 CO2 + 2H20
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Electron TransferReactions
Electrons are transferred from one reactant to another.
2Ca + O2 2CaO
Oxidation-Reduction
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OxidationThe atom that loses electrons
undergoes oxidation.
Ca Ca2+ + 2e-
Oxidation
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ReductionThe atom that gains electrons undergoes
reduction.0 + 2e- 02-
Oxidation
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Homework #7-2
Section 7-2
Work sheet
Due: 01/09/08
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Energy Changes in Reactions
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O3 45
+ Heat
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Breaking Bonds
C-C-CHH H H
HH H H
O O O2
C3H8
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CO2
H2O
Forming Bonds
H O
CO O
H
Heat
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Energy and Chemical Reactions
Exothermic Reaction
A chemical reaction in which
energy is released.FireExplosions
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Mg +2H2O ----> Mg(OH)2+H2+Heat
MR
E
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Energy and Chemical Reactions
Endothermic Reaction
A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed.
2Al203 4Al + 302
elec.
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Ice Pack
NH4N03 + H2O NH4OH + HN03Heat
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Reaction Rates
Reaction rates tell you how fast the reaction is going.
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Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
•Temperature•Surface Area•Stirring•Concentration•Catalyst
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Energy and Chemical Reactions
Catalyst A substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed.
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Catalyst
ProteinsEnzymes that act as catalysts in a living
organism.
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Energy and Chemical Reactions
InhibitorsSubstance used to combine
with one of the reactants that will keeps it from reacting.
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Inhibitors
BHT and BHA Food preservatives.
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Catalytic Converter
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CO NO2
Hydro-carbons
Catalytic Converter
CO2
N2
CO2 + H2O
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Worksheets
7-3 and 7-4
Due: 1/13/09
Test: 1/15/09
Homework: #7-3
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Mid Year Exam
Tuesday - Jan 20th
8 - 9:30am
C Period – Room 291
G Period – Room 289
Full Sheet of Notes
Pencil
Review Sheet (1 Point per Sheet)
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Section 7-5
Equilibrium
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Equilibrium
Forward and Reverse paths of a physical or chemical
change take place at the same rate.
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Physical Equilibrium
A state in which the forward and reverse paths of a
physical or chemical change take place at the same rate.
H20(l) H20(g)
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Chemical Equilibrium
Forward and Reverse paths of a chemical change take place at the same rate.
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Reversible Reaction
Conversion of Reactants into Products and the conversion of
Products into Reactants happens at the same time .
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2SO2+02 2SO3
Reversible Reaction
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At the completion of a chemical reaction, a chemical equilibrium is
reached
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Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Concentration
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N2+ 2NH3+Heat3H2
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Le ChatelierPrinciple
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Sect: 7-5Word Wise
Math
Due: 1/15/09
Test: 1/16/09
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Section 7-5
Worksheet
Due: 1/10/08
Test: 1/14/08