chemicals for consumers spm

7/26/2019 Chemicals for Consumers SPM

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CHEMICALSFOR

CONSUMERS

CHAPTERCHAPTER

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SOAPS

Example: CH3(CH2)14COO-NaNa++

Palmitic Acid + NaOH Sodium Palmitate + H2O

Soaps are sodium or potassiumsalts of long-chain fatty acids

General Formula:

R-COO-NaNa++ oror R-COO-KK++

otassium soap are softer! milder than sodium soap and areusually used for "athing


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OVERALL SAPONIFICATION PROCESS

R-C-O-CH2

O=

R-C-O-CH

O=

R-C-O-CH2

O=

+ 3NaOH

HO CH2

HO CH2

HO CH + RCOONa+ RCOONa+ RCOONa

Oil or !a" # Con$en"ra"e% Gl&$erol

# Soap 'ESTER( Al)ali

[SALT]

PREPARATION OF SOAP

Soap is made through heating oils#fats ($ster)%ith an al&ali, 'aOH

SAPONIFICATIONPROCESS


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*+ H,-ROL,SE- OF OILS.ESTERS

/+ NEUTRALI0ATION OF FATT,ACI-S

R-C-O-CH2

O=

R-C-O-CH

O

=

R-C-O-CH2

O=

+ 3H2O

HO CH2

HO CH2

HO CH + RCOOH+ RCOOH+ RCOOH

RCOOH+ RCOOH+ RCOOH + 3NaOH RCOONa+ RCOONa+ RCOONa + 3H2O

Oil or !a" Gl&$erol !a""& a$i%

Fa""& a$i% Soap

Oil or !a" # Con$en"ra"e% Gl&$erol# Soap

ESTER Al)ali


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Prepara"i

on o!Soap


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-ETERGENT

etergent is a synthetic cleansing agentmadefrom hydrocarbon

Ra% materials o"tained frompetroleum

SULPHONATIONPROCESS

*+ Al)&lulp6a"e

/+ Al)&l3en?ene

ulp6ona"e

PREPARATION

T7o $ommon

%e"er8en" are:CH2@CH/nCH/ Na

CH2@CH/nCH/ Na


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PREPARATION OF -ETERGENT

S"ep IO"tain a lon8 $6ain 6&%ro$ar3on from petroleumfractions

S"ep IIReacts long chain alcohol %ith $on$en"ra"e%ulp6uri$ a$i% to form laur&l 6&%ro8en a$i%

S"ep III

Neu"ralielauryl hydrogen acid %ith o%ium6&%roxi%e olu"ionand produce o%ium laur&lulp6a"e @%e"er8en"


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CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AN- -ETERGENT

SOAP -ETERGENT


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1 irty cloth

2 Soap or detergent dissol*esin %ater

a Reduce the surfacetension of %ater

" +etting the cloth

3 ,he hydropho"ic part ofthe anion dissol*ed ingrease and thehydrophilic part dissol*ed

in %ater


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4 rease loosened and lifted o. thesurface Heat! ru""ing andscru""ing can help this process

/ ,he grease is lifted o. thesurface and suspended in %ater

0 ,he grease is dispersed intosmaller drops

Rinsing a%aythe dirty%aterremo*es the

greasedro let

C$' CO,H


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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEANSING ACTION

,he e.ecti*eness of soap is reduced %hen used inHar% ;a"er

Soap anions form salts %ith Ca/# an% M8/#+

,hese salts is insolu"le salt $um

Soap cannot lather %ell in hard %ater "utdetergent anions form solu"le salts

,herefore!detergent of cleaning po%er is not a.ected"y hard %ater

%ater that contains Ca2

and 5g2 ions


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SOAP :Hard %ater contains of Ca2 and

5g2ions

+hen soap reacts %ith hard %ater!

76i"e pre$ipi"a"e is formed &no%n asSCUM


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6ormation of soap scum reduces

the amount of soap anion a*aila"lefor cleaning

,herefore! soaps are only suita"lefor use in soft %ater

,he cleansing e.ecti*eness isa.ected "y hard %ater


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-ETERGENT:

1etergent %o no" !orm $um %henrea$"%ith hard %ater

2etergent form a solu"le su"stances%ith calcium or magnesium ions

3etergent can still perform its

cleansing action in hard %ater4etergent is more eBe$"i>e thansoap in hard %ater


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A--ITIVES IN -ETERGENT


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FOO- A--ITIVES


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HO+ ,H$7 +OR8 9Sugar or salt dra%s the

%ater out of the cell ofmicroorganisms and retards

the gro%th ofmicroorganisms

SALT SUGAR

HO+ ,H$7 +OR8 9:inegar pro*ides an

acidic condition thatinhi"its the gro%thof microorganisms

VINEGAR


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HO+ ,H$7 +OR8 9,hese preser*ati*es slo% do%n the gro%th of

microorganisms

Sodium

nitrite or

sodiumnitrate

Benzoic acid

or sodium

benzoate

Sulphur

dioxide


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Preservatives Functions Example Side effect

Salt

Draws the water out of the

cells of microorganisms.

Retards the growth of

microorganisms.

Salted

vegetables

Increase the risk

of cardiovascular

diseases

Sugar Fruit jam Tooth decay,

diabetes and

obesity

Vinegar Inhibits the growth of

microorganisms.

Pickled

cucumber

Sodium nitrite /

sodium nitrate

Slows down the growth of

microorganisms. Stabilise

red colour in meats.

Sausage Carcinogenic

Benzoic acid /

sodium benzoate Slows down the growth of

microorganisms.

Tomato sauce

Sulphur dioxide Grape juice Asthma and

allergies


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1+ An"ioxi%an" 1 6ood containing fats and oils can turn rancid! fats

and oils are o;idised to unpleasant-smelling acidson e;posure to the air

2 Fun$"ion: Prevent oxidation (causes rancid fats and brown fruits)


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Antioxidant Functions Example Side effect

Vitamin E Prevent oils from turnsrancid

Palm oil &sunflower oil

No

Vitamin C Preserve the colour of

fruit juice and the

formation of

nitrosamines

Fruit juice &

cured meat

No

Sodium citrate Stop rancidity in fats Ice-cream -

BHA (Butylated

hydroxyanisole)

BHT (Butylated

hydroxytoluene)

Retard rancidity in

fats, oils and oil-

containing foods

Margarine &

cereal

Carcinogenic


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HO+ ,H$7

+OR8 9,o retard

rancidity in oils

BHA/BHT

in

Margarine

HO+ ,H$7

+OR8 9,o preser*e the

colour of fruit


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Flavouring Functions Example Side effect

MSG

(monosodiumglutamate)

Bring out the flavor Salad dressing &

canned soup

Headache,

thirsty, nausea &chest pain.

Aspartame

(non-sugar

sweetener)

Sweeten food (about

180 200 times than

sugar)

Soft drinks & diet

drinks

Increase the risk

of leukemia,

cancer and

neurologicalproblemsSynthetic

essences

(esters)

Produce artificial

flavours = natural

flavour. Cheaper to

use than the realfruits

Methyl butanoate

(apple flavour) &

octyl ethanoate

(orange flavour)

-

C. Flavouring6unctions9

! im"rove t#e taste 2! im"rove t#e smell

3! restore taste loss due to food "rocess


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Stabilisers Functions ExampleMonoglycerides

of fatty acids

Mix oil and water Ice-cream, chewing gum,

beverages, whipped topping

and margarineAcacia gum Mix two liquids that do not mix

together. Forms an emulsion.

Marshmallow, gumdrop, edible

glitter, carbonated drink syrup

& gummy candiesLecithin Reduces viscosity. Replaces more

expensive ingredients. Controls

sugar crystallisation and the flow

properties of chocolate. Helps inthe homogeneous mixing of

ingredients. Uses as a coating.

Margarine, dough, candy bar

& cocoa powder

Gelatin Mixture of peptides and proteins

of collagen extracted from the

boiled bones, connective tissues,

organs and some intestines ofanimals

Fruit jam, jelly babies, shells

of pharmaceutical capsules,

margarine & yogurt

D. Sa!ili"#r"$unctions%&"revent an emulsion from se"aratin' out


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Dyes (colouring agents)-chemicals added tofoods to give them colour to improve their

appearance.

Some foods are naturally coloured, butlost

during food processing. The foods industry usessynthetic food colours to :

a)Restorethe colour of food lost

b)Enhancenatural colours,c) Give colourto foods that do not have

colour.

D'#" ( Colouring


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)*A,L) OF D)S

Ao and tri"#en*l com"ounds! ot# t#esecom"ounds are or'anic com"ounds!

#e rilliant blue - tri"#en*l com"ound!

artraine and sunset *ellow - ao com"ounds!Ao com"ounds - *ellow , red, brown, blac in

colour!

ri"#en*l com"ounds . 'reen, blue or "ur"le

in colour!


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MO-ERN ME-ICINE


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1 Stimulants =>ncrease the le*el of acti*ity! arousal and alertness of

the mind

$;ample=mphetamine ! de;troampheteamine and

methylphenidateis prescri"ed to relie*e mild depression and fatigue


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3 ntipsychotic drugs 9Reduce the acti*ity of neurotransmitter in the

$;ample 9Clo?apine is prescri"e to schi?ophrenia patients %ho

tend to hear non e;istent *oices or "elie*es otherpeople are plotting to harm them

2 ntidepressants>ncrease the acti*ity of neutrotransmitter (chemicals

that pass signal "et%een ner*e cells) in the "rain

$;ampletran@uilisers !"ar"iturate or Auo;etine

rescri"e to moderately depressed patients %ho feelsad! hopeless and may ha*ing crying spells


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RO$R 5'$5$',

$,$R$',1+ear glo*es %hen %or&ing %ith strong detergentto protect your hands2Bse "iodegrada"le detergent

3Bse appropriate amounts of detergent


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6OO >,>:$S1e a %ise consumer Read the la"el to &no% %hatyou are eating

2*oid consuming too much salt and sugar3Read up to &no% a"out food additi*es4*oid foodstu. %ith additi*es %hich you aresensiti*e to/*oid re%arding children %ith


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5$>C>'$S1o not store up medicines2'o self medication

3o not ta&e medicine prescri"ed for someoneelse4 chec& for e;piry date/6ollo% your doctor prescription0,a&e the medicine after meals

,a&e the medicine %ith correct dose


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A


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A


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:SO-IUM AL,LSULPHATE

PREPARATION

ong Chain Concentrated D l&yl Sulphonic

+ater lcohol Sulphuric acid cid

l&yl Sulphonic 'aOH D Sodium l&yl +ater

cid Sulphate

*+ FORMATION OF AN ORGANIC ACI-CH2@CH/nCH/OH# CH2@CH/nCH/ #

H/O

/+ NEUTRALISATION

CH2@CH/nCH/ # NaOH CH2@CH/nCH/

Na # H/O

SO-IUM AL,L1EN0ENEPREPARATION


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:SO-IUM AL,L1EN0ENESULPHATE

PREPARATION

ong Chain l&ene en?ene D l&yl "en?ene

l&yl Sulphonic 'aOH D Sodium

*+ FORMATION OF AN ORGANIC ACI-

/+ NEUTRALISATION

CH2@CH/nCHDCH/ # CH2@CH/nCH@CH2

CH2@CH/nCH/ # CH2@CH/nCH/# H/O

l&yl "en?ene concentrated D l&yl "en?ene Sulphonic +ater H2SO4 cid

CH2@CH/nCH/ # NaOH CH2@CH/nCH/ Na

# H/O

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