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Lr103
No102
Md101
Fm100
Es99
Cf98
Bk97
Cm96
Am95
Pu94
Np93
U92
Pa91
Th90
Lu71
Tm69
Yb70
Er68
Ho67
Dy66
Tb65
Gd64
Eu63
Sm62
Pm61
Nd60
Pr59
Ce58
He2
Ne10
Ar18
Kr36
Xe54
Rn86
At85
I53
Br35
Cl17
F9
Po84
Te52
Se34
O8
Bi83
Sb51
As33
N7
Pb82
Tc43
Ta73
Hg80
Mt109
Hs108
Bh107
Sg106
Db105
Rf104
Ac89
La57
Hf72
W74
Re75
Os76
Ir77
Rh45
Ru44
Mo42
Nb41
V23
Li3
Fr87
Cs55
H 1
Na11
K19
Rb37
Mn25
Co27
Pd46
Au79
Cd48
Zn30
Cu29
C6
B5
Al13
S16
P15
Si14
Ge32
Sn50
Ag47
Pt78
= Internet link( )
Fe26
Ni28
Cr24
Ti22
Sc21
Zr41
Y39
Ga31
In49
Tl81
Mg12
Ca20
Sr38
Ba56
Ra88
Be4
Select an element
Other Physical DATA
Printable Periodic Tables
All of the following tables are in Acrobat PDF format. To view and print these files, you will need to install the free Adobe Acrobat Reader program on your computer. The program can be downloaded from the Adobe Website.
Click on the element symbol to download the PDF file.
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ClickHere
Groups of Elements
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
W
*
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1A
2A
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Inner transition metals
Boron group
Carbon group
Nitrogen group
Oxygen group
Halogens
Noble gases
Hydrogen
3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
4B
Rn
86
Xe
54
Kr
36
Ar
18
Ne
10
He
2
Mt
109
Hs
108
Bh
107
Sg
106
Rf
104
Db
105
Hg
80
Au
79
Pt
78
Ir
77
Os
76
Re
75
W
74
Ta
73
Hf
72
Cd
48
Ag
47
Pd
46
Rh
45
Ru
44
Tc
43
Mo
42
Nb
41
B
5
Zr
40
Y
39
Zn
30
Cu
29
Co
27
Ni
28
Fe
26
Mn
25
Cr
24
V
23
Ti
22
Sc
21
Ac
89
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
O
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
52
As
33
P
15
N
7
Sb
51
Bi
83
Po
84
Groups of Elements1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
W
*
Li
3
C
6
F
9
Na
11
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
Cl
17
K
19
Ca
20
Ga
31
Ge
32
Br
35
Rb
37
Sr
38
In
49
Sn
50
I
53
Cs
55
Ba
56
Tl
81
Pb
82
At
85
Fr
87
Ra
88
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
La
57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Other metals
Lanthanides
HalogensOther non-metals
Noble gases Actinides
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
18
Wikipedia
ActiniumAluminumAmericiumAntimonyArgonArsenicAstatineBariumBerkeliumBerylliumBismuthBohriumBoronBromineCadmiumCesiumCalciumCaliforniumCarbonCerium
ChlorineChromiumCobaltCopperCuriumDarmstadtiumDysprosiumDubniumEinsteiniumErbiumEuropiumFermiumFluorineFranciumGadoliniumGalliumGermaniumGoldHafniumHassium
HeliumHolmium HydrogenIndiumIodineIridiumIronKryptonLanthanumLawrenciumLeadLithiumLutetiumMagnesiumManganeseMeitneriumMendeleviumMercuryMolybdenumNeodymium
Neon NeptuniumNickelNiobiumNitrogenNobeliumOsmiumOxygenPalladiumPhosphorusPlatinumPlutoniumPoloniumPotassiumPraseodymiumPromethiumProtactiniumRadiumRadonRhenium
RhodiumRoentgeniumRubidiumRutherfordiumRutheniumSamariumScandiumSeaborgiumSeleniumSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulfurTantalumTechnetiumTelluriumTerbiumThalliumThorium
Thulium Tin TitaniumTungstenUnnilhexiumUnniloctiumUnnilpentiumUnnilquadiumUnnilseptiumUraniumVanadiumXenonYtterbiumYttriumZincZirconium
Elements listed Alphabetically
Printable Periodic
Table
Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Li
3
He
2C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1A
2A
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Boron group
Nonmetals
Noble gases
3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
4B
Lanthanoid Series
6
7Actinoid Series
C SolidBr LiquidH Gas
Dutch Periodic Table
106107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115116
117 118
Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743
Chinese Periodic Table
http://www.limestone.on.ca/ibuild/davies/chinesept.html
Stowe’s Periodic Table
Benfrey’s Periodic Table
developed by Mohd Abubakr, Hyderabad, India
How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs
P
Zn As
Sb
Pt Bi
Midd. -1700
Cr Mn
Li
K
N O F
Na
BBe
H
Al Si Cl
Ca Ti V Co Ni Se Br
Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Rh Pd Cd Te I
Ba Ta W Os Ir
Mg
Ce Tb Er
Th U
1735-1843
Discovering the Periodic Table
C
S
Fe Cu
Ag Sn
Au Hg Pb
Ancient Times
He
Sc Ga Ge
Rb Ru In
Cs Tl
Pr Nd Sm Gd Dy Ho Tm Yb
La
1843-1886 Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Po Rn
Ra
Eu Lu
Pa
Ac
1894-1918
Tc
Hf Re At
Fr
Pm
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
1923-1961
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
1965-
Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
Metals and Nonmetals
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
METALS
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
hydrogen
alkali metals
alkaline earth metals
transition metals
poor metals
nonmetals
noble gases
rare earth metals
http://www.elementsdatabase.com/
The Periodic Table
Li
3
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56*
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88Y
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3 4 5 6 7
* Lanthanides
Y Actinides
Noblegases
Halogens
Transition metals
Alkalineearth metals
Alk
ali m
etal
s
8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18
Uun
110
Uuu
111
Uub
112
Uuq
113
Uuh
116
Uuo
118
Orbitals Being Filled
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
3d
4d
5d
6d
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
1s
La
Ac
1
3 4 5 6 7
4f
5f
Lanthanide series
Actinide series
Groups 8
Per
iods
1 2
2
3
4
5
6
7
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 345
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Metallic Characteristicmetallic character increases
nonmetallic character increases
met
allic
cha
ract
er in
crea
ses
nonm
etal
lic c
hara
cter
incr
ease
s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
Periodic Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
Li180.5
He
-269.7
C
4100
N
-210.1
O
-218.8
F
-219.6
Ne
-248.6
Na
98
B
2027
Be
1283
H
-259.2
Al
660
Si
1423
P
44.2
S
119
Cl
-101
Ar
-189.6
K
63.2
Ca
850
Sc
1423
Ti
1677
V
1917
Cr
1900
Mn
1244
Fe
1539
Co
1495
Ni
1455
Cu
1083
Zn
420
Ga
29.78
Ge
960
As
817
Se
217.4
Br
-7.2
Kr
-157.2
Rb
38.8
Sr
770
Y
1500
Zr
1852
Nb
2487
Mo
2610
Tc
2127
Ru
2427
Rh
1966
Pd
1550
Ag
961
Cd
321
In
156.2
Sn
231.9
Sb
630.5
Te
450
I
113.6
Xe
-111.9
Cs
28.6
Ba
710
Hf
2222
Ta
2997
W
3380
Re
3180
Os
2727
Ir
2454
Pt
1769
Au
1063
Hg
-38.9
Tl
303.6
Pb
327.4
Bi
271.3
Po
254
At Rn
-71
Mg
650
Mg
650
1
2
3
4
5
6
Melting PointsSymbolMelting point oC
> 3000 oC 2000 - 3000 oC
La
920
Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999
1
2
3
4
5
6
W
Li
0.53
He
0.126
C
2.26
N
0.81
O
1.14
F
1.11
Ne
1.204
Na
0.97
B
2.5
Be
1.8
H
0.071
Al
2.70
Si
2.4
P
1.82w
S
2.07
Cl
1.557
Ar
1.402
K
0.86
Ca
1.55
Sc
(2.5)
Ti
4.5
V
5.96
Cr
7.1
Mn
7.4
Fe
7.86
Co
8.9
Ni
8.90
Cu
8.92
Zn
7.14
Ga
5.91
Ge
5.36
As
5,7
Se
4.7
Br
3.119
Kr
2.6
Rb
1.53
Sr
2.6
Y
5.51
Zr
6.4
Nb
8.4
Mo
10.2
Tc
11.5
Ru
12.5
Rh
12.5
Pd
12.0
Ag
10.5
Cd
8.6
In
7.3
Sn
7.3
Sb
6.7
Te
6.1
I
4.93
Xe
3.06
Cs
1.90
Ba
3.5
Hf
13.1
Ta
16.6
W
19.3
Re
21.4
Os
22.48
Ir
22.4
Pt
21.45
Au
19.3
Hg
13.55
Tl
11.85
Pb
11.34
Bi
9.8
Po
9.4
At
---
Rn
4.4
Mg
1.74
1
2
3
4
5
6
Densities of Elements
Mg
1.74SymbolDensity in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L
8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3 12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3 > 18.0 g/cm3
La
6.7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Electronegativities
7
Be
1.5
Al
1.5
Si
1.8
Ti
1.5
V
1.6
Cr
1.6
Mn
1.5
Fe
1.8
Co
1.8
Ni
1.8
Cu
1.9
Zn
1.7
Ga
1.6
Ge
1.8
Nb
1.6
Mo
1.8
Tc
1.9
Ag
1.9
Cd
1.7
In
1.7
Sn
1.8
Sb
1.9
Ta
1.5
W
1.7
Re
1.9
Hg
1.9
Tl
1.8
Pb
1.8
Bi
1.9
1.5 - 1.9
N
3.0
O
3.5
F
4.0
Cl
3.0
3.0 - 4.0
C
2.5
S
2.5
Br
2.8
I
2.5
2.5 - 2.9
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Ba
0.9
Fr
0.7
Ra
0.9
Below 1.0
H
2.1
B
2.0
P
2.1
As
2.0
Se
2.4
Ru
2.2
Rh
2.2
Pd
2.2
Te
2.1
Os
2.2
Ir
2.2
Pt
2.2
Au
2.4
Po
2.0
At
2.2
2.0 - 2.4
Per
iod
Actinides: 1.3 - 1.5
Li
1.0
Ca
1.0
Sc
1.3
Sr
1.0
Y
1.2
Zr
1.4
Hf
1.3
Mg
1.2
La
1.1
Ac
1.1
1.0 - 1.4
Lanthanides: 1.1 - 1.3
*
*y
y
1A
2A
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
8A
Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373
8B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
Li
2s1
H
1s1
He
1s2
C
2p2
N
2p3
O
2p4
F
2p5
Ne
2p6
Na
3s1
B
2p1
Be
2s2
H
1s1
Al
3p1
Si
3p2
P
3p3
S
3p4
Cl
3p5
Ar
3p6
K
4s1
Ca
4s2
Sc
3d1
Ti
3d2
V
3d3
Cr
3d5
Mn
3d5
Fe
3d6
Co
3d7
Ni
3d8
Cu
3d10
Zn
3d10
Ga
4p1
Ge
4p2
As
4p3
Se
4p4
Br
4p5
Kr
4p6
Rb
5s1
Sr
5s2
Y
4d1
Zr
4d2
Nb
4d4
Mo
4d5
Tc
4d6
Ru
4d7
Rh
4d8
Pd
4d10
Ag
4d10
Cd
4p1
In
5p1
Sn
5p2
Sb
5p3
Te
5p4
I
5p5
Xe
5p6
Cs
6s1
Ba
6s2
Hf
5d2
Ta
5d3
W
5d4
Re
5d5
Os
5d6
Ir
5d7
Pt
5d9
Au
5d10
Hg
5d10
Tl
6p1
Pb
6p2
Bi
6p3
Po
6p4
At
6p5
Rn
6p6
Fr
7s1
Ra
7s2
Rf
6d2
Db
6d3
Sg
6d4
Bh
6d5
Hs
6d6
Mt
6d7
Mg
3s2
Ce
4f2
Pr
4f3
Nd
4f4
Pm
4f5
Sm
4f6
Eu
4f7
Gd
4f7
Tb
4f9
Dy
4f10
Ho
4f11
Er
4f12
Tm
4f13
Yb
4f14
Lu
4f114
Th
6d2
Pa
5f2
U
5f3
Np
5f4
Pu
5f6
Am
5f7
Cm
5f7
Bk
5f8
Cf
5f10
Es
5f11
Fm
5f14
Md
5f13
No
5f14
Lr
5f14
La
5d1
Ac
6d1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
d
p
s
f
*
W
W
*
Atomic Radii
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
ClSPSiAl
BrSeAsGeGa
ITeSbSnIn
Tl Pb Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be FONCB1.52 1.11
1.86 1.60
2.31 1.97
2.44 2.15
2.62 2.17
0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99
1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14
1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33
1.71 1.75 1.46
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
= 1 Angstrom
Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm)
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
ClSPSiAl
BrSeAsGeGa
ITeSbSnIn
Tl Pb Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be FONCB
0.1.52 0.111
0.186 0.160
0.231 0.197
0.244 0.215
0.262 0.217
0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064
0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099
0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114
0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133
0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
AtPo
Atomic Radii
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
ClSPSiAl
BrSeAsGeGa
ITeSbSnIn
Tl Pb Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be FONCB1.52 1.11
1.86 1.60
2.31 1.97
2.44 2.15
2.62 2.17
0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99
1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14
1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33
1.71 1.75 1.46
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
= 1 Angstrom
0.60 0.31
0.95 0.65
1.33 0.99
1.48 1.13
1.69 1.35
1.71 1.40 1.36
0.50 1.84 1.81
0.62 1.98 1.85
0.81 2.21 2.16
0.95
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
= 1 Angstrom
Li1+ Be2+
Na1+ Mg2+
Ba2+
Sr2+
Ca2+K1+
Rb1+
Cs1+
Cl1-
N3- O2- F1-
S2-
Se2- Br1-
Te2- I1-
Al3+
Ga3+
In3+
Tl3+
Ionic Radii
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ionization Energies
7
Be
900
Al
578
Si
787
Ti
659
V
651
Cr
653
Mn
717
Fe
762
Co
760
Ni
737
Cu
746
Zn
906
Ga
579
Ge
762
Nb
652
Mo
684
Tc
702
Ag
731
Cd
868
In
558
Sn
709
Sb
834
Ta
761
W
770
Re
760
Hg
1007
Tl
589
Pb
716
Bi
703
N
1402
O
1314
F
1681
Cl
1251
C
1086
S
1000
Br
1140
I
1008
Na
496
K
419
Rb
403
Cs
376
Ba
503
Fr
--
Ra
509
H
1312
B
801
P
1012
As
947
Se
941
Ru
710
Rh
720
Pd
804
Te
869
Os
839
Ir
878
Pt
868
Au
890
Po
812
At
--
Per
iod
Actinide series
Li
520
Ca
590
Sc
633
Sr
550
Y
600
Zr
640
Hf
659
Mg
738
La
538
Ac
490
Lanthanide series
*
*
y
y
Group 1
2
3 4 5 6 7 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18
9
Ne
2081
Ar
1521
Kr
1351
Xe
1170
Rn
1038
He
2372
Rf
--
Db
--
Sg
--
Bh
--
Hs
--
Mt
--
Ce
534
Pr
527
Nd
533
Pm
536
Sm
545
Eu
547
Gd
592
Tb
566
Dy
573
Ho
581
Er
589
Tm
597
Yb
603
Lu
523
Th
587
Pa
570
U
598
Np
600
Pu
585
Am
578
Cm
581
Bk
601
Cf
608
Es
619
Fm
627
Md
635
No
642
Lr
--
Ds
--
Uub
--
Uut
--
Uuq
--
Uup
--
Uuu
--
Uuo
--
Mg
738
Symbol
First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)
8 10
First Ionization Energies(in kilojoules per mole)
H1312.1
Li520.3
Na495.9
K418.9
Be899.5
Mg737.8
Ca589.9
B800.7
Al577.6
Ga578.6
C1086.5
Si786.5
Ge761.2
N1402.4
P1011.8
As946.5
O1314.0
S999.7
Se940.7
F1681.1
Cl1251.2
Br1142.7
Ne2080.8
Ar1520.6
Kr1350.8
He2372.5
Rb402.9
Sr549.2
In558.2
Sn708.4
Sb833.8
Te869.0
I1008.7
Xe1170.3
Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
First Ionization Energies(kJ/mol)
H1312.1
Li520.3
Na495.9
K418.9
Be899.5
Mg737.8
Ca589.9
B800.7
Al577.6
Ga578.6
C1086.5
Si786.5
Ge761.2
N1402.4
P1011.8
As946.5
O1314.0
S999.7
Se940.7
F1681.1
Cl1251.2
Br1142.7
Ne2080.8
Ar1520.6
Kr1350.8
He2372.5
Rb402.9
Sr549.2
In558.2
Sn708.4
Sb833.8
Te869.0
I1008.7
Xe1170.3
Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
s p
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
ArHerron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page
1st
498
736
577
787
1063
1000
1255
1519
2nd
4560
1445
1815
1575
1890
2260
2295
2665
3rd
6910
7730
2740
3220
2905
3375
3850
3945
4th
9540
10,600
11,600
4350
4950
4565
5160
5770
5th
13,400
13,600
15,000
16,100
6270
6950
6560
7320
6th
16,600
18,000
18,310
19,800
21,200
8490
9360
8780Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
ArHerron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page
1st
498
736
577
787
1063
1000
1255
1519
2nd
4560
1445
1815
1575
1890
2260
2295
2665
3rd
6910
7730
2740
3220
2905
3375
3850
3945
4th
9540
10,600
11,600
4350
4950
4565
5160
5770
5th
13,400
13,600
15,000
16,100
6270
6950
6560
7320
6th
16,600
18,000
18,310
19,800
21,200
8490
9360
8780Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
Essential Elements
Li3
He2
C6
N7
O8
F9
Ne10
Na11
B5
Be4
H1
Al13
Si14
P15
S16
Cl17
Ar18
K
19
Ca20
Sc21
Ti22
V23
Cr24
Mn25
Fe26
Co27
Ni28
Cu29
Zn30
Ga31
Ge32
As33
Se34
Br35
Kr36
Rb37
Sr38
Y
39
Zr40
Nb41
Mo42
Tc43
Ru44
Rh45
Pd46
Ag47
Cd48
In49
Sn50
Sb51
Te52
I53
Xe54
Cs55
Ba56
Hf72
Ta72
W74
Re75
Os76
Ir77
Pt78
Au79
Hg80
Tl81
Pb82
Bi83
Po84
At85
Rn86
Mg12
La57
Elements in organic matter
Major minerals
Trace elements
Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748
Oxidation State of Elements
Se2-
Te2-
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Al3+
Zn2+
Ag1+
N3- O2- F1-
Cl1-S2-
Br1-
I1-
Per
iod
Be2+
Na+
K+
Rb+
Cs+ Ba2+
H+
Li+
Ca2+
Sr2+
Mg2+
Group 1
2 13 14 15 16 17
18
NOBLE
GASES
Transition metals
Orbitals Being Filled1
3 4 5 6 7
Groups 8
2
F1-
Br1-
I1-
Cl1-
Transition metals form cationswith various charges.
O2-
S2-
Se2-
Te2-
Be2+
Te2-
Te2-
Te2-
Te2-
Li1+
Na1+
K1+
Rb1+
Cs1+
Al3+
Ga3+
In3+
Zn2+
Ag1+
Summary of Periodic Trends
Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions)decreases decreases
Shielding is constantAtomic radius decreasesIonization energy increasesElectronegativity increasesNuclear charge increases
Nuc
lear
cha
rge
incr
ease
sSh
ield
ing
incr
ease
sA
tom
ic ra
dius
incr
ease
sIo
nic
size
incr
ease
sIo
niza
tion
ener
gy d
ecre
ases
Elec
tron
egat
ivity
dec
reas
es
1A
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
0
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
1
HHydrogen
Name: Hydrogen Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amu Melting Point: -259.14 °C (14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F) Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005 °K, -423.166 °F)
Electron Configuration
N
H = 1s1
Hydrogen
What is Hydrogen?Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
pslawinski, metal-halide.net Name: Helium Symbol: He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Mass: 4.002602 amu Melting Point: -272.0 °C (1.15 °K, -457.6 °F) Boiling Point: -268.6 °C (4.549994 °K, -451.48 °F)
N
Helium
Electron Configuration
He = 1s2
2
HeHelium
What is Helium?Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
3
LiLithium
Name: Lithium Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Mass: 6.941 amu Melting Point: 180.54 °C (453.69 °K, 356.972 °F) Boiling Point: 1347.0 °C (1620.15 °K, 2456.6 °F)
N
Lithium
Electron Configuration
Li = 1s22s1
What is Lithium?Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
4
BeBeryllium
Name: Beryllium Symbol: Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Mass: 9.012182 amu Melting Point: 1278.0 °C (1551.15 °K, 2332.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2970.0 °C (3243.15 °K, 5378.0 °F)
N
Beryllium
Electron Configuration
Be = 1s22s2
What is Beryllium?Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.
5
BBoron
Name: Boron Symbol: B Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu Melting Point: 2300.0 °C (2573.15 °K, 4172.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2550.0 °C (2823.15 °K, 4622.0 °F)
N
Boron
Electron Configuration
B = 1s22s22p1
What is Boron?
An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.
6
CCarbon
Name: Carbon Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Mass: 12.0107 amu Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 °K, 6332.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4827.0 °C (5100.15 °K, 8720.6 °F)
N
Carbon
Electron Configuration
C = 1s22s22p2
What is Carbon?Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.
7
NNitrogen
Name: Nitrogen Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Mass: 14.00674 amu Melting Point: -209.9 °C (63.250008 °K, -345.81998 °F) Boiling Point: -195.8 °C (77.35 °K, -320.44 °F)
N
Nitrogen
Electron Configuration
N = 1s22s22p3
Link
What is Nitrogen?Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
8
OOxygen
Name: Oxygen Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Mass: 15.9994 amu Melting Point: -218.4 °C (54.75 °K, -361.12 °F) Boiling Point: -183.0 °C (90.15 °K, -297.4 °F)
N
Oxygen
Electron Configuration
O = 1s22s22p4
What is Oxygen?A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.
9
FFluorine
Name: Fluorine Symbol: F Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Mass: 18.998404 amu Melting Point: -219.62 °C (53.53 °K, -363.316 °F) Boiling Point: -188.14 °C (85.01 °K, -306.652 °F)
N
Fluorine
Electron Configuration
F = 1s22s22p5
What is Fluorine?A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
pslawinski, wikipedia.org Name: Neon Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Mass: 20.1797 amu Melting Point: -248.6 °C (24.549994 °K, -415.48 °F)
Boiling Point: -246.1 °C (27.049994 °K, -410.98 °F)
N
Neon
Electron Configuration
Ne = 1s22s22p6
10
NeNeon
What is Neon?Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
Name: Sodium Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu Melting Point: 97.8 °C (370.95 °K, 208.04001 °F) Boiling Point: 552.9 °C (826.05005 °K, 1027.2201 °F)
N
Sodium
Electron Configuration
Na = 1s22s22p63s1
11
NaSodium
What is Sodium?Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
Name: Magnesium Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Mass: 24.305 amu Melting Point: 650.0 °C (923.15 °K, 1202.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1107.0 °C (1380.15 °K, 2024.6 °F)
N
Magnesium
Electron Configuration
Mg = 1s22s22p63s2
Link
12
MgMagnesium
What is Magnesium?Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
Name: Aluminum Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu Melting Point: 660.37 °C (933.52 °K, 1220.666 °F)
Boiling Point: 2467.0 °C (2740.15 °K, 4472.6 °F)
N
Aluminum
Electron Configuration
Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
13
AlAluminum
What is Aluminum?
Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.
Name: Silicon Symbol: Si Atomic Number: 14 Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 °K, 2570.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 °K, 4271.0 °F)
N
Silicon
Electron Configuration
Si = 1s22s22p63s23p2
Link
14
SiSilicon
What is Silicon?Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.
Name: Phosphorus Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Mass: 30.97376 amu Melting Point: 44.1 °C (317.25 °K, 111.38 °F) Boiling Point: 280.0 °C (553.15 °K, 536.0 °F)
N
Phosphorus
Electron Configuration
P = 1s22s22p63s23p3
15
PPhosphorus
What is Phosphorus?Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
Name: Sulfur Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Mass: 32.066 amu Melting Point: 112.8 °C (385.95 °K, 235.04001 °F)
Boiling Point: 444.6 °C (717.75 °K, 832.28 °F)
N
Sulfur
Electron Configuration
S = 1s22s22p63s23p4
16
SSulfur
What is Sulfur?
Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion.
Name: Chlorine Symbol: Cl Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Mass: 35.4527 amu Melting Point: -100.98 °C (172.17 °K, -149.764 °F) Boiling Point: -34.6 °C (238.55 °K, -30.279997 °F)
N
Chlorine
Electron Configuration
Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5
17
ClChlorine
What is Chlorine?Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.
Name: Argon Symbol: Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Mass: 39.948 amu Melting Point: -189.3 °C (83.85 °K, -308.74 °F) Boiling Point: -186.0 °C (87.15 °K, -302.8 °F)
N
Argon
Electron Configuration
Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6
18
ArArgon
What is Argon?Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
pslawinski, wikipedia.org
Name: Potassium Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu Melting Point: 63.65 °C (336.8 °K, 146.57 °F) Boiling Point: 774.0 °C (1047.15 °K, 1425.2 °F)
N
Potassium
Electron Configuration
K = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s1
Link
19
KPotassium
What is Potassium?Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
Name: Calcium Symbol: Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Mass: 40.078 amu Melting Point: 839.0 °C (1112.15 °K, 1542.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1484.0 °C (1757.15 °K, 2703.2 °F)
N
Calcium
Electron Configuration
Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s2
20
CaCalcium
What is Calcium?Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
21
ScScandium
Name: Scandium Symbol: Sc Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Mass: 44.95591 amu Melting Point: 1539.0 °C (1812.15 °K, 2802.2 °F) Boiling Point: 2832.0 °C (3105.15 °K, 5129.6 °F)
N
Scandium
Electron Configuration
Sc = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d1
What is Scandium?Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879.
Name: Titanium Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 22 Atomic Mass: 47.867 amu Melting Point: 1660.0 °C (1933.15 °K, 3020.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3287.0 °C (3560.15 °K, 5948.6 °F)
N
Titanium
Electron Configuration
Ti = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d2
22
TiTitanium
What is Titanium?White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.
Name: Vanadium Symbol: V Atomic Number: 23 Atomic Mass: 50.9415 amu Melting Point: 1890.0 °C (2163.15 °K, 3434.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3380.0 °C (3653.15 °K, 6116.0 °F)
N
Vanadium
Electron Configuration
V = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d3
23
VVanadium
What is Vanadium?Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.
Name: Chromium Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Mass: 51.9961 amu Melting Point: 1857.0 °C (2130.15 °K, 3374.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2672.0 °C (2945.15 °K, 4841.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Cr = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s13d5
N
24
CrChromium
Link
What is Chromium?Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
Chromium
Name: Manganese Symbol: Mn Atomic Number: 25 Atomic Mass: 54.93805 amu Melting Point: 1245.0 °C (1518.15 °K, 2273.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1962.0 °C (2235.15 °K, 3563.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Mn = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d5
N
25
MnManganese
What is Manganese?Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
Manganese
Name: Iron Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Mass: 55.845 amu Melting Point: 1535.0 °C (1808.15 °K, 2795.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2750.0 °C (3023.15 °K, 4982.0 °F)
Electron Configuration
Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d6
N
26
FeIron
What is Iron?Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
Iron
Name: Cobalt Symbol: Co Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Mass: 58.9332 amu Melting Point: 1495.0 °C (1768.15 °K, 2723.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2870.0 °C (3143.15 °K, 5198.0 °F)
Electron Configuration
Co = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d7
N
27
CoCobalt
What is Cobalt?Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
Cobalt
Name: Nickel Symbol: Ni Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Mass: 58.6934 amu Melting Point: 1453.0 °C (1726.15 °K, 2647.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2732.0 °C (3005.15 °K, 4949.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Ni = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d8
N
28
NiNickel
Link
What is Nickel?Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
Nickel
Name: Copper Symbol: Cu Atomic Number: 29 Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu Melting Point: 1083.0 °C (1356.15 °K, 1981.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C (2840.15 °K, 4652.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Cu = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s13d10
N
29
CuCopper
Link
What is Copper?
Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
Copper
Name: Zinc Symbol: Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Mass: 65.39 amu Melting Point: 419.58 °C (692.73 °K, 787.24396 °F) Boiling Point: 907.0 °C (1180.15 °K, 1664.6 °F)
Electron Configuration
Zn = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d10
N
30
ZnZinc
What is Zinc?Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
Zinc
Foobar, wikipedia.org Name: Gallium Symbol: Ga Atomic Number: 31 Atomic Mass: 69.723 amu Melting Point: 29.78 °C (302.93 °K, 85.604004 °F)
Boiling Point: 2403.0 °C (2676.15 °K, 4357.4 °F)
N
Electron Configuration
Ga = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p1
31
GaGallium
What is Gallium?Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.
Gallium
Name: Germanium Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu Melting Point: 937.4 °C (1210.55 °K, 1719.3201 °F) Boiling Point: 2830.0 °C (3103.15 °K, 5126.0 °F)
N
Electron Configuration
Ge = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p2
32
GeGermanium
What is Germanium?Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.
Germanium
Name: Arsenic Symbol: As Atomic Number: 33 Atomic Mass: 74.9216 amu Melting Point: 817.0 °C (1090.15 °K, 1502.6 °F) Boiling Point: 613.0 °C (886.15 °K, 1135.4 °F)
Electron Configuration
As = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p3
N
33
AsArsenic
What is Arsenic?Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250.
Arsenic
Name: Selenium Symbol: Se Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Mass: 78.96 amu Melting Point: 217.0 °C (490.15 °K, 422.6 °F) Boiling Point: 684.9 °C (958.05005 °K, 1264.8201 °F)
Electron Configuration
Se = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p4
N
34
SeSelenium
What is Selenium?Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulfur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
Selenium
Name: Bromine Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Mass: 79.904 amu Melting Point: -7.2 °C (265.95 °K, 19.04 °F) Boiling Point: 58.78 °C (331.93 °K, 137.804 °F)
Electron Configuration
Br = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p5
N
35
BrBromine
What is Bromine?Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapor irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
Bromine
RTC, wikipedia.org
Name: Krypton Symbol: Kr Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Mass: 83.8 amu Melting Point: -157.2 °C (115.950005 °K, -250.95999 °F)
Boiling Point: -153.4 °C (119.75001 °K, -244.12 °F)
Electron Configuration
Kr = 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p6
N
36
KrKrypton
What is Krypton?Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001% by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with fluorine.
Krypton
Name: Rubidium Symbol: Rb Atomic Number: 37 Atomic Mass: 85.4678 amu Melting Point: 38.89 °C (312.04 °K, 102.002 °F) Boiling Point: 688.0 °C (961.15 °K, 1270.4 °F)
N
37
RbRubidium
What is Rubidium?Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
Rb = [Kr]5s1
Rubidium
Name: Strontium Symbol: Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Mass: 87.62 amu Melting Point: 769.0 °C (1042.15 °K, 1416.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1384.0 °C (1657.15 °K, 2523.2 °F)
N
38
SrStrontium
What is Strontium?Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Sr = [Kr]5s2
Strontium
Name: Yttrium Symbol: Y Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Mass: 88.90585 amu Melting Point: 1523.0 °C (1796.15 °K, 2773.4 °F)
Boiling Point: 3337.0 °C (3610.15 °K, 6038.6 °F)
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39
YYttrium
What is Yttrium?Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, Celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
Y = [Kr]5s24d1
Yttrium
Name: Zirconium Symbol: Zr Atomic Number: 40 Atomic Mass: 91.224 amu Melting Point: 1852.0 °C (2125.15 °K, 3365.6 °F)
Boiling Point: 4377.0 °C (4650.15 °K, 7910.6 °F)
N
40
ZrZirconium
What is Zirconium?Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a neutron absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius. Zr = [Kr]5s24d2
Zirconium
Name: Niobium Symbol: Nb Atomic Number: 41 Atomic Mass: 92.90638 amu Melting Point: 2468.0 °C (2741.15 °K, 4474.4 °F) Boiling Point: 4927.0 °C (5200.15 °K, 8900.6 °F)
N
41
NbNiobium
What is Niobium?Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees Celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in 1864. Called columbium originally. Nb = [Kr]5s14d5
Niobium
Name: Molybdenum Symbol: Mo Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Mass: 95.94 amu Melting Point: 2617.0 °C (2890.15 °K, 4742.6 °F) Boiling Point: 4612.0 °C (4885.15 °K, 8333.6 °F)
N
42
MoMolybdenum
What is Molybdenum?Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.
Mo = [Kr]5s14d5
Molybdenum
Name: Technetium Symbol: Tc Atomic Number: 43 Atomic Mass: (98.0) amu Melting Point: 2200.0 °C (2473.15 °K, 3992.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4877.0 °C (5150.15 °K, 8810.6 °F)
N
43
TcTechnetium
What is Technetium?Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6x106 years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Tc = [Kr]5s24d5
Technetium
Name: Ruthenium Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Mass: 101.07 amu Melting Point: 2250.0 °C (2523.15 °K, 4082.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3900.0 °C (4173.15 °K, 7052.0 °F)
N
44
RuRuthenium
What is Ruthenium?Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus. Ru = [Kr]5s14d7
Ruthenium
Name: Rhodium Symbol: Rh Atomic Number: 45 Atomic Mass: 102.9055 amu Melting Point: 1966.0 °C (2239.15 °K, 3570.8 °F) Boiling Point: 3727.0 °C (4000.15 °K, 6740.6 °F)
N
45
RhRhodium
What is Rhodium?Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Rh = [Kr]5s14d8
Rhodium
Name: Palladium Symbol: Pd Atomic Number: 46 Atomic Mass: 106.42 amu Melting Point: 1552.0 °C (1825.15 °K, 2825.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2927.0 °C (3200.15 °K, 5300.6 °F)
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46
PdPalladium
What is Palladium?Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Pd = [Kr]4d10
Palladium
Name: Silver Symbol: Ag Atomic Number: 47 Atomic Mass: 107.8682 amu Melting Point: 961.93 °C (1235.08 °K, 1763.474 °F) Boiling Point: 2212.0 °C (2485.15 °K, 4013.6 °F)
N
47
AgSilver
What is Silver?
White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewelry, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically. Ag = [Kr]5s14d10
Silver
Name: Cadmium Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Mass: 112.411 amu Melting Point: 320.9 °C (594.05 °K, 609.62 °F) Boiling Point: 765.0 °C (1038.15 °K, 1409.0 °F)
N
48
CdCadmium
What is Cadmium?Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer. Cd = [Kr]5s24d10
Cadmium
Name: Indium Symbol: In Atomic Number: 49 Atomic Mass: 114.818 amu Melting Point: 156.61 °C (429.76 °K, 313.898 °F)
Boiling Point: 2000.0 °C (2273.15 °K, 3632.0 °F)
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49
InIndium
What is Indium?Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6x104 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter. In = [Kr]5s24d105p1
Indium
Name: Tin Symbol: Sn Atomic Number: 50 Atomic Mass: 118.71 amu Melting Point: 231.9 °C (505.05 °K, 449.41998 °F) Boiling Point: 2270.0 °C (2543.15 °K, 4118.0 °F)
N
50
SnTin
What is Tin?Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Sn = [Kr]5s24d105p2
Tin
Name: Antimony Symbol: Sb Atomic Number: 51 Atomic Mass: 121.76 amu Melting Point: 630.0 °C (903.15 °K, 1166.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1750.0 °C (2023.15 °K, 3182.0 °F)
N
51
SbAntimony
What is Antimony?Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in 1450.
Sb = [Kr]5s24d105p3
Antimony
Name: Tellurium Symbol: Te Atomic Number: 52 Atomic Mass: 127.6 amu Melting Point: 449.5 °C (722.65 °K, 841.1 °F) Boiling Point: 989.8 °C (1262.95 °K, 1813.64 °F)
N
52
TeTellurium
What is Tellurium?Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to sulfur. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller. Te = [Kr]5s24d105p4
Tellurium
Name: Iodine Symbol: I Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Mass: 126.90447 amu Melting Point: 113.5 °C (386.65 °K, 236.3 °F) Boiling Point: 184.0 °C (457.15 °K, 363.2 °F)
N
53
IIodine
What is Iodine?Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
I = [Kr]5s24d105p5
Iodine
Name: Xenon Symbol: Xe Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Mass: 131.29 amu Melting Point: -111.9 °C (161.25 °K, -169.42 °F) Boiling Point: -108.1 °C (165.05 °K, -162.58 °F)
54
XeXenon
What is Xenon?Colorless, odorless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
Xe = [Kr]5s24d105p6
Xenon
pslawinski, wikipedia.org
Name: Cesium Symbol: Cs Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Mass: 132.90546 amu Melting Point: 28.5 °C (301.65 °K, 83.3 °F) Boiling Point: 678.4 °C (951.55005 °K, 1253.12 °F)
N
55
CsCesium
What is Cesium?Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 15 K. Cesium hydroxide is the strongest base known.
Cs = [Xe]6s1
Cesium
Name: Barium Symbol: Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Mass: 137.327 amu Melting Point: 725.0 °C (998.15 °K, 1337.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1140.0 °C (1413.15 °K, 2084.0 °F)
N
56
BaBarium
What is Barium?Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Ba = [Xe]6s2
Barium
57
LaLanthanum
Name: Lanthanum Symbol: La Atomic Number: 57 Atomic Mass: 138.9055 amu Melting Point: 920.0 °C (1193.15 °K, 1688.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3469.0 °C (3742.15 °K, 6276.2 °F)
N
What is Lanthanum?(From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life of 1010 to 1015 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
La = [Xe]5d16s2
Lanthanum
Name: Cerium Symbol: Ce Atomic Number: 58 Atomic Mass: 140.116 amu Melting Point: 795.0 °C (1068.15 °K, 1463.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3257.0 °C (3530.15 °K, 5894.6 °F)
N
58
CeCerium
What is Cerium?Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803. Ce = [Xe] 6s24f15d1
Cerium
Name: Praseodymium Symbol: Pr Atomic Number: 59 Atomic Mass: 140.90765 amu Melting Point: 935.0 °C (1208.15 °K, 1715.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F)
N
59
PrPraseodymium
What is Praseodymium?Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach. Pr = [Xe] 6s24f3
Praseodymium
Name: Neodymium Symbol: Nd Atomic Number: 60 Atomic Mass: 144.24 amu Melting Point: 1010.0 °C (1283.15 °K, 1850.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F)
N
60
NdNeodymium
What is Neodymium?Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 1010 to 1015 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental components praseodymium and neodymium.
Nd = [Xe] 6s24f4
Neodymium
Name: Promethium Symbol: Pm Atomic Number: 61 Atomic Mass: (145.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
N
61
PmPromethium
What is Promethium?Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm-147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947.
Pm = [Xe] 6s24f5
Promethium
Name: Samarium Symbol: Sm Atomic Number: 62 Atomic Mass: 150.36 amu Melting Point: 1072.0 °C (1345.15 °K, 1961.6 °F) Boiling Point: 1900.0 °C (2173.15 °K, 3452.0 °F)
N
62
SmSamarium
What is Samarium?
Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of 2.5x1011 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.
Sm = [Xe] 6s24f6
Samarium
Name: Europium Symbol: Eu Atomic Number: 63 Atomic Mass: 151.964 amu Melting Point: 822.0 °C (1095.15 °K, 1511.6 °F) Boiling Point: 1597.0 °C (1870.15 °K, 2906.6 °F)
N
63
EuEuropium
What is Europium?Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are neutron absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes. Eu = [Xe] 6s24f7
Europium
Name: Gadolinium Symbol: Gd Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Mass: 157.25 amu Melting Point: 1311.0 °C (1584.15 °K, 2391.8 °F) Boiling Point: 3233.0 °C (3506.15 °K, 5851.4 °F)
N
64
GdGadolinium
What is Gadolinium?Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
Gd = [Xe] 6s25d14f7
Gadolinium
Name: Terbium Symbol: Tb Atomic Number: 65 Atomic Mass: 158.92534 amu Melting Point: 1360.0 °C (1633.15 °K, 2480.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 3041.0 °C (3314.15 °K, 5505.8 °F)
N
65
TbTerbium
What is Terbium?Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843. Tb = [Xe] 6s24f9
Terbium
Name: Dysprosium Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Mass: 162.5 amu Melting Point: 1412.0 °C (1685.15 °K, 2573.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2562.0 °C (2835.15 °K, 4643.6 °F)
66
DyDysprosium
What is Dysprosium?Metallic with a bright silvery-white luster. Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of 3x106 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
Dy = [Xe] 6s24f10
N
Dysprosium
Name: Holmium Symbol: Ho Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Mass: 164.93031 amu Melting Point: 1470.0 °C (1743.15 °K, 2678.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2720.0 °C (2993.15 °K, 4928.0 °F)
N
67
HoHolmium
What is Holmium?Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural isotope, Ho-165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is a fire hazard.
Holmium
Name: Erbium Symbol: Er Atomic Number: 68 Atomic Mass: 167.26 amu Melting Point: 1522.0 °C (1795.15 °K, 2771.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2510.0 °C (2783.15 °K, 4550.0 °F)
68
ErErbium
What is Erbium?Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843.
Erbium
Name: Thulium Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69 Atomic Mass: 168.9342 amu Melting Point: 1545.0 °C (1818.15 °K, 2813.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1727.0 °C (2000.15 °K, 3140.6 °F)
69
TmThulium
What is Thulium?Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
Thulium
Name: Ytterbium Symbol: Yb Atomic Number: 70 Atomic Mass: 173.04 amu Melting Point: 824.0 °C (1097.15 °K, 1515.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1466.0 °C (1739.15 °K, 2670.8 °F)
70
YbYtterbium
What is Ytterbium?Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
Ytterbium
Name: Lutetium Symbol: Lu Atomic Number: 71 Atomic Mass: 174.967 amu Melting Point: 1656.0 °C (1929.15 °K, 3012.8 °F) Boiling Point: 3315.0 °C (3588.15 °K, 5999.0 °F)
71
LuLutetium
What is Lutetium?Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from ytterbium was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
Lutetium
Name: Hafnium Symbol: Hf Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Mass: 178.49 amu Melting Point: 2150.0 °C (2423.15 °K, 3902.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5400.0 °C (5673.15 °K, 9752.0 °F)
72
HfHafnium
What is Hafnium?Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
Hafnium
Name: Tantalum Symbol: Ta Atomic Number: 73 Atomic Mass: 180.9479 amu Melting Point: 2996.0 °C (3269.15 °K, 5424.8 °F) Boiling Point: 5425.0 °C (5698.15 °K, 9797.0 °F)
73
TaTantalum
What is Tantalum?Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
Tantalum
Name: Tungsten Symbol: W Atomic Number: 74 Atomic Mass: 183.84 amu Melting Point: 3410.0 °C (3683.15 °K, 6170.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5660.0 °C (5933.15 °K, 10220.0 °F)
74
WTungsten
What is Tungsten?White or grey metallic transition element, formerly called wolfram. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783.
Tungsten
Name: Rhenium Symbol: Re Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Mass: 186.207 amu Melting Point: 3180.0 °C (3453.15 °K, 5756.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5627.0 °C (5900.15 °K, 10160.6 °F)
75
ReRhenium
What is Rhenium?Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.
Rhenium
Name: Osmium Symbol: Os Atomic Number: 76 Atomic Mass: 190.23 amu Melting Point: 3045.0 °C (3318.15 °K, 5513.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 5027.0 °C (5300.15 °K, 9080.6 °F)
76
OsOsmium
What is Osmium?Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
Osmium
Name: Iridium Symbol: Ir Atomic Number: 77 Atomic Mass: 192.217 amu Melting Point: 2410.0 °C (2683.15 °K, 4370.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4527.0 °C (4800.15 °K, 8180.6 °F)
77
IrIridium
What is Iridium?Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 decays into platinum, while the other radioisotopes decay into osmium. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.
Iridium
Name: Platinum Symbol: Pt Atomic Number: 78 Atomic Mass: 195.078 amu Melting Point: 1772.0 °C (2045.15 °K, 3221.6 °F) Boiling Point: 3827.0 °C (4100.15 °K, 6920.6 °F)
78
PtPlatinum
What is Platinum?Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. Hydrogen and oxygen react explosively in the presence of platinum. There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly toxic.
Platinum
Name: Gold Symbol: Au Atomic Number: 79 Atomic Mass: 196.96655 amu Melting Point: 1064.43 °C (1337.5801 °K, 1947.9741 °F)
Boiling Point: 2807.0 °C (3080.15 °K, 5084.6 °F)
79
AuGold
What is Gold?Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
Gold
Name: Mercury Symbol: Hg Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Mass: 200.59 amu Melting Point: -38.87 °C (234.28 °K, -37.966 °F) Boiling Point: 356.58 °C (629.73 °K, 673.844 °F)
80
HgMercury
What is Mercury?Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury compounds.
Mercury
Name: Thallium Symbol: Tl Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Mass: 204.3833 amu Melting Point: 303.5 °C (576.65 °K, 578.3 °F) Boiling Point: 1457.0 °C (1730.15 °K, 2654.6 °F)
81
TlThallium
What is Thallium?Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulfate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
Thallium
Name: Lead Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Mass: 207.2 amu Melting Point: 327.5 °C (600.65 °K, 621.5 °F) Boiling Point: 1740.0 °C (2013.15 °K, 3164.0 °F)
82
PbLead
What is Lead?Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.
Lead
Dschwen, wikipedia.org Name: Bismuth Symbol: Bi Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Mass: 208.98038 amu Melting Point: 271.3 °C (544.45 °K, 520.33997 °F) Boiling Point: 1560.0 °C (1833.15 °K, 2840.0 °F)
83
BiBismuth
What is Bismuth?White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from lead.
Bismuth
Name: Polonium Symbol: Po Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Mass: (209.0) amu Melting Point: 254.0 °C (527.15 °K, 489.2 °F) Boiling Point: 962.0 °C (1235.15 °K, 1763.6 °F)
84
PoPolonium
What is Polonium?Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende.
Polonium
Name: Astatine Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Mass: (210.0) amu Melting Point: 302.0 °C (575.15 °K, 575.6 °F) Boiling Point: 337.0 °C (610.15 °K, 638.6 °F)
85
AtAstatine
What is Astatine?Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California.
Astatine
86
RnRadon
Name: Radon Symbol: RnAtomic Number: 86 Atomic Mass: (222.0) amu Melting Point: -71.0 °C (202.15 °K, -95.8 °F) Boiling Point: -61.8 °C (211.35 °K, -79.24 °F)
Link What is Radon?Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of Radium-226. Radon itself decays into polonium. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
Radon
Name: Francium Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 Atomic Mass: (223.0) amu Melting Point: 27.0 °C (300.15 °K, 80.6 °F) Boiling Point: 677.0 °C (950.15 °K, 1250.6 °F)
87
FrFrancium
What is Francium?Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
Francium
Name: Radium Symbol: Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Mass: (226.0) amu Melting Point: 700.0 °C (973.15 °K, 1292.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1737.0 °C (2010.15 °K, 3158.6 °F)
Link
88
RaRadium
What is Radium?Radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half-life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
Radium
89
AcActinium
Name: Actinium Symbol: Ac Atomic Number: 89 Atomic Mass: (227.0) amu Melting Point: 1050.0 °C (1323.15 °K, 1922.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3200.0 °C (3473.15 °K, 5792.0 °F)
What is Actinium?Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac-228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
Actinium
Name: Thorium Symbol: Th Atomic Number: 90 Atomic Mass: 232.0381 amu Melting Point: 1750.0 °C (2023.15 °K, 3182.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4790.0 °C (5063.15 °K, 8654.0 °F)
90
ThThorium
What is Thorium?Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium-232 captures slow neutrons and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
Thorium
Name: Protactinium Symbol: Pa Atomic Number: 91 Atomic Mass: 231.03587 amu Melting Point: 1600.0 °C (1873.15 °K, 2912.0 °F) Boiling Point: Unknown
91
PaProtactinium
What is Protactinium?Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43x104 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.
Protactinium
Name: Uranium Symbol: U Atomic Number: 92 Atomic Mass: 238.0289 amu Melting Point: 1132.0 °C (1405.15 °K, 2069.6 °F) Boiling Point: 3818.0 °C (4091.15 °K, 6904.4 °F)
92
UUranium
What is Uranium?White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
Uranium
Name: Neptunium Symbol: Np Atomic Number: 93 Atomic Mass: (237.0) amu Melting Point: 640.0 °C (913.15 °K, 1184.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3902.0 °C (4175.15 °K, 7055.6 °F)
93
NpNeptunium
What is Neptunium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2x106 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5x103 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
Neptunium
Name: Plutonium Symbol: Pu Atomic Number: 94 Atomic Mass: (244.0) amu Melting Point: 639.5 °C (912.65 °K, 1183.1 °F) Boiling Point: 3235.0 °C (3508.15 °K, 5855.0 °F)
94
PuPlutonium
What is Plutonium?Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu-244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6x107 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940.
Plutonium
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Name: Americium Symbol: Am Atomic Number: 95 Atomic Mass: (243.0) amu Melting Point: 994.0 °C (1267.15 °K, 1821.2 °F) Boiling Point: 2607.0 °C (2880.15 °K, 4724.6 °F)
95
AmAmericium
What is Americium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95x103 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding uranium-238 with alpha particles.
Americium
Name: Curium Symbol: Cm Atomic Number: 96 Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu Melting Point: 1340.0 °C (1613.15 °K, 2444.0 °F)
Boiling Point: Unknown Link
96
CmCurium
What is Curium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64x107 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with neutrons. Named for Marie Curie.
Curium
Name: Berkelium Symbol: Bk Atomic Number: 97 Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
97
BkBerkelium
What is Berkelium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of 1.4x103 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles.
Berkelium
Name: Californium Symbol: Cf Atomic Number: 98 Atomic Mass: (251.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
98
CfCalifornium
What is Californium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Cf-251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known. Cf-252 is an intense neutron source, which makes it an intense neutron source and gives it a use in neutron activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
Californium
Name: Einsteinium Symbol: Es Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Mass: (252.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
99
EsEinsteinium
What is Einsteinium?Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
Einsteinium
Name: Fermium Symbol: Fm Atomic Number: 100 Atomic Mass: (257.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
100
FmFermium
What is Fermium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm-257 with a half-life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952.
Fermium
Name: Mendelevium Symbol: Md Atomic Number: 101 Atomic Mass: (258.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
101
MdMendelevium
What is Mendelevium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name unnilunium has been proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev.
Mendelevium
Name: Nobelium Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102 Atomic Mass: (259.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
Link
102
NoNobelium
What is Nobelium?Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. Unnilbium has been proposed as an alternative name.
Nobelium
Name: Lawrencium Symbol: Lr Atomic Number: 103 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
103
LrLawrencium
What is Lawrencium?Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. The name is temporary IUPAC nomenclature, the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.
Lawrencium
Name: Rutherfordium Symbol: Rf Atomic Number: 104 Atomic Mass: (261.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
104
RfRutherfordium
What is Rutherfordium (Unnilquadium)?Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964.
Rutherfordium
Name: Dubnium Symbol: Db Atomic Number: 105 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
105
DbDubnium
What is Dubnium (Unnilpentium)?Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered.
Dubnium
Name: Seaborgium Symbol: Sg Atomic Number: 106 Atomic Mass: (263.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
Link
106
SgSeaborgium
What is Seaborgium (Unnilhexium)?Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
Seaborgium
Name: Bohrium Symbol: Bh Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
107
BhBohrium
What is Bohrium (Unnilseptium)?Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
Bohrium
Name: Hassium Symbol: Hs Atomic Number: 108 Atomic Mass: (265.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
108
HsHassium
Hassium
Name: Meitnerium Symbol: Mt Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Mass: (266.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown
109
MtMeitnerium
Meitnerium
Einsteinium (Es)
Albert Einstein– Relativity– E = mc2
– Offered Presidency of Israel– Element 99– Photoelectric effect
• Solar calculator
Curium (Cm)• Madame Curie
– Pioneer in radioactivity• (Ra = radium)
– 25 pounds of pitchblende ore yields 1/1000 of a gram of radium
– Emits 2 millions times as much radiation as uranium
• (Rn = radon gas)– Discovered 5 elements– Nobel Prize (5 in Curie family)– Born in Poland
• (Po = polonium)
Marie Curie (1876–1934)
Radium (Ra)
Radium was used as a fluorescent paint on watch dials. It wasapplied with thin brushes that workers would lick to keep a fine tip. Many people died from the exposure to radium.
Radon Gas
Radon gas occurs naturallyfrom the radioactive decayof radium. Radium is found in small amounts in rock.
Ra Rn + radiation
Predicted fraction of homes over 4 picocuries/liter radon
Nobelium (No)Element 102
Alfred Nobel
Nobel PrizeInventor: dynamite (TNT) blasting gelatin
“Merchant of Death”
CH3
NO2
NO2O2N
Trinitrotoluene
Seaborgium (Sg)
Glenn Seaborg– Separated f-block from rest of periodic table– Worked on Manhattan Project (Atomic bomb)– Classified until after WW II– Element 106
• Only living person to have an element named for them
Silicon vs. Silicone• Silicon (Si) element• Silicone (…Si – O – Si…) polymer
– Sealant (caulk) prevents leaks
– Breast augmentationNo cause-and-effect relationship exists between breast enlargement and breast cancer. Only oneresearcher found a causal link.
Magnesium
Atomic Mass 24 amumelting point = silver gray metal
used in flash bulbs, bombs,and flares8th most abundant element (2.2% of Earth’s crust)lack of Mg produces same biological effect as alcoholism (delirium tremens)
Mg24.305
12
Potassium Metal in Water
Newmark, CHEMISTRY, 1993, page 25
Li
3
H
1
He
2
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
B
5
Be
4
H
1
Al
13
Si
14
P
15
S
16
Cl
17
Ar
18
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni
28
Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
Hf
72
Ta
73
W
74
Re
75
Os
76
Ir
77
Pt
78
Au
79
Hg
80
Tl
81
Pb
82
Bi
83
Po
84
At
85
Rn
86
Fr
87
Ra
88
Rf
104
Db
105
Sg
106
Bh
107
Hs
108
Mt
109
Mg
12
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tm
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
Th
90
Pa
91
U
92
Np
93
Pu
94
Am
95
Cm
96
Bk
97
Cf
98
Es
99
Fm
100
Md
101
No
102
Lr
103
La
57
Ac
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
W
N7
C6
H1
S16
Ir77
O8
N7
Mn25
e<
Elements Database
ActiniumAluminumAmericiumAntimonyArgonArsenicAstatineBariumBerkeliumBerylliumBismuthBoronBromineCadmiumCesiumCalciumCaliforniumCarbonCerium
ChlorineChromiumCobaltCopperCuriumDysprosiumEinsteiniumErbiumEuropiumFermiumFluorineFranciumGadoliniumGalliumGermaniumGoldHafniumHeliumHolmium
HydrogenIndiumIodineIridiumIronKryptonLanthanumLawrenciumLeadLithiumLutetiumMagnesiumManganeseMeitneriumMendeleviumMercuryMolybdenumNeodymiumNeon
NeptuniumNickelNiobiumNitrogenNobeliumOsmiumOxygenPalladiumPhosphorusPlatinumPlutoniumPoloniumPotassiumPraseodymiumPromethiumProtactiniumRadiumRadonRhenium
RhodiumRubidiumRutheniumSamariumScandiumSeleniumSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulfurTantalumTechnetiumTelluriumTerbiumThalliumThoriumThuliumTin
TitaniumTungstenUnnilhexiumUnniloctiumUnnilpentiumUnnilquadiumUnnilseptiumUraniumVanadiumXenonYtterbiumYttriumZincZirconium
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Elements listed Alphabetically
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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Periodic Table of the Elements
Written by: Bill Byles - [email protected] & Jeff Christopherson – unit5.org/chemistry
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