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Chemistry notes of 7th

chapter

Historical back ground of organic chemistry;

It was believe that billions years ago there was a huge jungle on theearth crust. The climate was favorable for growth, suddenly change occur in

weather i.e. temperature rise up and cutting and erosion started in the earth.

After cutting of earth all the huge trunks of the trees buried beneath the earth

crust. Where bacteria started action on them, slowly and gradually all the trunks

of the trees are converted into organic compounds such as coal, petroleum and

refinery gases.

VITAL FORCE THEORY;

The following are the main postulates of berzilouse theory

i) According to this theory it is impossible to prepare organic compound inthe laboratory.

ii) It is very difficult to prepare organic compound in the laboratory.iii) All the organic compound must contain a supreme force called vital

force.

Rejection of the theory;

Before 1828 vital force theory spread on the whole Europe. in 1828 revolution

occur when Fredrick Wohler prepare first organic compound in the laboratory

called UREA from inorganic compound ammonium synate.

REACTION;

After the discovery of UREA in the laboratory, the peoples of Europe discarded

the theory and billions of organic compounds where prepare synthetically in the

laboratory.

TECHNIQUES FOR THE NAMING OF ORGANIC COMPOUND;


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The following techniques can be used for the studying of organic compounds

i) METH;The greek meth means that having one carbon atom in the chain of

organic compound.Examples are;

Methane=CH4

Ethyle=CH3

ii) Eth;.the greek word eth means having two carbone atoms in the chain

of organic compound.Examples are;

Ethane=C2H3-CH3,C2H6

Ethyle = C2H5,CH3-CH2

Ethene = C2H4, CH2=CH2

Ethyne=C2H2,

iii) PROP;the greek word prop means having three carbone atoms in the

chain of organic compound.Examples are;

propane=C3H8,CH3-CH2-CH3

propene=C3H6,CH2=CH-CH3

iv) BUT;


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The greek word BUT means having FOUR carbone atoms in the

chain of organic compound.Examples are;

Butane=C4H10,CH3-CH2-CH3

Butene= C4H8, CH2=CH2-CH3

v) PENT;The greek word prop means having five carbon atoms in the

chain of organic compound.Example are;

pentane=C5H12,CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

pentene= C5H10,CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3

vi) Hex;The greek word Hex means having six carbon atoms in the chain

of organic compound. Examples are;

HEPTANE=C6H14,CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

vii) HEPT;The greek word Hept means having seven carbon atoms in

the chain of organic compound. Examples are;

HEPTANE=C7H16,CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

viii) OCT;The greek word Hex means having six carbon atoms in the chain



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OCTANE=C8H18,CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-

CH3

ix) NON;The greek word Non means having nine carbon atoms in the chain


Nonane=C9H20

Nonene=C9H18

x) DEC;The greek word DEC means having ten carbon atoms in the

chain of organic compound. Examples are;

Decane=C10H12

Functional group;

A single atom or a group of atom which is responsible to change the

characteristic properties of the organic compound is called functional

group.Every organic compound has own functional group. The

following are the list of different functional group.

1)Functional group of Alkane;

The functional group of alkane is single covelent between

carbone-carbone atom or carbone hydrogen atom.


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Every alkane produce ane voice at the end,which is the indication of

saturated hydrocarbon.the general representation of Alkane is R-

R,where R ststes for alkyle or methyl radical.while its general formula is

CnH2n+2.where n indicates the number of carbon atoms in the given

organic compound.

For Example;

Meth= having one carbone

C1H2*1+2=CH4 methane

2)ALKYL RADICAL;If we remove one hydrogen from the respective

alkane ,the alkane is converted into a new organic

compound called alkyle radical.which is generally

represented by R.the general formula of alkyle radical is

CnH2n+1.NOTE;If the ane of alkane is replaced with yl then alkane is convertedinto alkyl which is a radical.

Alkane >Alkyl (R)(1)Methane..>methyl

CH4-H>CH3 (methyl)

(2)Ethane..>Ethyl


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CH3-Ch3-H>CH3-CH2

Types of alkyle Radical;

Generally we divide Alkyl radical into three groups.

(1)Primary Alkyl Radical(2) Secondary Alkyl radical(3)Tertiary Alkyl Radical

1)when a carbone attached with only one carbonatom in a chain is called primary carbon.when

Hydrogen atom is removed from primary

carbon,then the radical is called primary alkyl

radical.For Example.

CH4-H.>CH3

2)Secondary carbon;such type of carbon atom in which the carbon atom

is linked with two carbon atoms in the chain is called

secondary carbon atom.Example

CH3-CH2-CH3

if we remove hydrogen from secondary carbon atom the

the radical is called secondary Alkyl radical.


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Ethane.Ethyne

CH3-CH3-4H..>CH=-CH

Propane>propyne

CH3-CH2-CH3-4H.>CH3-C=-CH

Functional group of ALcohal;

The functional group of Alcohal is OH called hydroxyl

group.the general representation of Alcohal is R-OH,where R stand for

ALKYLE radical and OH is the functional group of alcohol.while thegeneral formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH.

Note;if the e of alkane is replaced with ol,then Alkane is converted into

ALKANOL.Every organic compound which produce nol voice at the end

,must be a alcohol.Examples are;

1)Methanol>MethanolCH3-OH

2)Ethaneol..>EthanolCH3-CH2-OH

3)Propaneol..>propanolCH3-CH-oH-CH3


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