Chemistry of Biology

What is Matter?Anything that has mass and volume.

An Atom!

What is the smallest unit of matter?

An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) from the periodic table.

Other Examples:Carbon – all organic molecules have thisHydrogenOxygenNitrogenPhosphorous

Electrons (-)

Protons (+) and Neutrons (0)

What 2 larger particles are in the nucleus of the atom and make up

the MASS of the atom?

What are their charges?

What are the smallest particles in the space outside

of the nucleus and do not add to its mass?

What is its charge?

Represents the

# of Protons (+)

Represents the # Protons + # Neutrons

Also indicates# of electrons (-)

AN ION IS WHEN AN ATOM HAS GAINED OR LOST ELECTRONS

Sodium loses an electron

Becomes (+)

Chloride gains an electron

Becomes (-)

Na + CL → Na⁺CL⁻

“I”onic Bond: When electrons are lost or gained (NO SHARING) between atoms.

NaCl

Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take but do not share!

Covalent bond: When two atoms are sharing an electron pair in a compound.

Hint:Co-captains share their

position

ISOTOPES are different numbers of NEUTRONS in same type of atom!

Isotopes of Carbon

•Molecule •Compound

Same Definition:2 or more elements chemically

combined

Chemical and Physical

What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Know which numbers are acidic and basic

Strong Acid Weak AcidpH= 1,2,3 pH=4,5,6

Weak Base Strong BasepH= 8,9,10 pH=11, 12, 13, 14

NeutralpH = 7

A weak acid or weak base that can react with strong acids or bases to make small pH changes and maintain pH balance

HOMEOSTASIS

Buffer

Solvent : What does the dissolvingEx: WATER (Best Solvent)

Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT

Solution: When a solute is dissolved into a solvent Ex: Salt + Water

What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

SuspensionExamples:Sand + WaterOil + Vinegar

What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

Same molecules sticking togetherWater + Water

COHESION

2 different molecules that stick together

Ex: Water and glass

ADHESION

What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?

HYRDOGEN BONDS

H(+)

O(-)

H(+)

Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons (H₂O)

EXAMPLE: WATER IS POLARcausing (+) on one side and (-) on the other

MACROMOLECULES

Polymerization process of joining

monomers to make polymers

What is this process called that removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers? DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Carbohydrates – Quick Energy & Structure

Lipids – Long-term Energy Storage, membranes, chemical messengers

Proteins – movement, pigments, skin, hair, enzymes, immune system, carrying oxygen

Nucleic Acids – Heredity, DNA, RNA, ATP

They all contain CARBON (organic molecules)

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

Monosaccharides (sugars)linked together make Polysaccharides

What are the basic building blocks (monomers)of carbohydrates (sugars)?

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

What 3 elements make up all carbohydrates?

What type of carbohydrates do animals and plants store?

Glycogen (Sugar) Starch (Sugar)

What is cellulose?

What is chitin?

Carbohydrate of plant cell walls known to us as fiber. MOST ABUNDANT MACROMOLECULE!!!

Carbohydrate of insect exoskeletons

A Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chain(s) is a lipid. Waxes, Oils, Fats

Cell membranes are made up of

phospholipids

What is the building block (monomer) of lipids?

AMINO ACIDS

What is the basic building block (monomer)

of proteins?

What are the 4 elements that are found in proteins?

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?

PROTEINS

Nitrogen Base

5 Carbon Sugar

Phosphate groupNUCLEOTIDE

Nucleic AcidsWhat is the monomer of nucleic acids and

name the 3 parts?

Nucleic Acids:What are 3 types of nucleic acids?

DNA (genetic information)RNAATP

What are 5 the elements?C, H, O, N, P

What are Enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions.

Must know the 3 parts

Reactant that

needs the help of

an enzyme is

called a substrate

Lock & Key

What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?

Temperature & pH

What part is the area of catalytic activity?

Chemical ReactionsWhat are the reactants and products of this

reaction?

A + B → CReactants Products

Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started)

Energy Released

Energy Absorbed

Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of………

Heat, Light, and or Sound

A

B

An enzyme was added to reaction B to lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to take

place.

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