Chemistry of Food, Health and Drugs

• Professor: G. W. Buchanan

CHEM 1003 Organization/Grades

• Mid term (2 hours) 40%. Weekend of June 12• Final (3 hours) 60% : covers all material: June 30, July

2-4• If absent from midterm for any reason, marks go on final• Problem sets will be assigned, but not marked. Answers

posted on website• Questions on quizzes and Final “similar” to those on

problem sets• Format: Multiple Choice and Short Answer

Materials

• Text: “ The Extraordinary Chemistry of Ordinary Things” 4th ed. Carl H. Snyder

Wiley Publishing.

Problems assigned from this text

Problems from May 12 class

• Chapt 1# 1,2• Chapt 2# 6,8,18• Chapt 3# 3• Chapt 5#26,30• Chapt 9 # 1,14• Chapt 12 # 1,18• May 14 class: Chapt 6 #1,8; Chapt 8#1,21• Keep up to date!!!!!

Aims of the course

• Not to produce Chemists!• To show the relevance of Chemistry in

Food ,Drugs and Health • To promote critical assessment of

information in the media ie. “Intellectual Triage” of Food, Drug and Health concerns, trends, new ideas etc.

• To get student participation!

Class format

• PP presentations• Demonstrations (mostly taped)• What’s in the news? Current topics related to course

material as they appear in media/internet • We will try to do intellectual triage on each: (i) immediate

action (ii) follow it (iii) forget (rubbish?)

Some examples• Vitamin D :link between deficiency and the risk of

developing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) established (Feb 2009) • “Immediate action”• Researchers found that proteins activated by Vitamin D

bind to a segment of DNA near a gene implicated in MS (degenerative neurological condition-destroys nerve cells in brain and spinal cord)

• Most common in northern populations (Low sunlight)• All Canadians should take Vitamin D (it is

added to Milk)

Charlatan Story :Raw food diets (Feb 4 2009)

Statement by Natasha Kyssa (Simply Raw, Ottawa) that people feel “sluggish” when eating cooked foods because enzymes in food are destroyed when heated and the body must use its own enzymes, thus depleting it of energy

• Analysis: rubbish! The enzymes used in digestion are not contained in food!

Lecture topics• Class #1: atoms, elements, isotopes, origin of food, chemical arithmetic, greenhouse

gases, concentrations, states of matter- “MIXED BAG”• Class #2: Overview of Organic Chemistry. Energy and food.• Class #3: Lipids: Fats and oils• Class #4: Carbohydrates• Class #5: Amino acids and proteins• Class #6: Nucleic acids and genes; minerals

• --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Midterm covers 1st 6 classes material : Friday June 12 from 5-7 PM• ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Class #7:

Vitamins; Food additives• Class #8: Poisons, Toxins, Hazards, risks• Class #9: Acids and bases: Medicines and Drugs (part I)• Class#10: Meds and Drugs part II. Lifestyle Drugs: Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol• Class#11: Fitness; Food production; Agricultural Chemistry• Class#12: Herbal Supplements, Weight loss; Diet fads,review

The units (website PP postings)!

• May 12: Units 1-5• May 14: Units 6&7• May 19: Units 8&9• May 21: Unit 10• June 2: Units 11 & 12.1• June 4: Units 12.1 & 12.2• *** all covered on quiz #1 June 12

2nd half of course

• June 9 : Units 12.3 &13• June 11: Units 14 &15• June 16: Units 16 &17• June 18: Units 18 &19• June 23: Units 20 &21• June 25: Final review : Q’s &A’s• NB. This is approximate!!!

An Introduction to Chemistry:

let’s keep it simple (and fun)

chapter 1

What in the world isn’t Chemistry??

Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the composition and properties of matter and the changes that

matter undergoes

Elements are the fundamental substances of chemistry and are composed of atoms.

~115 different elements have been identified, eg. hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, helium, carbon, calcium,

iron, sodium, chlorine.

Elements cannot be decomposed or converted to simpler substances or other elements by any common form of energy, eg. heat, light, electricity,

sound, magnetism.

Only neutron bombardment can induce fission of some nuclei (ie 236U) causing decay to other elements and release of energy.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can be identified as that element.

Atoms, once thought to be the ultimate indivisible particles that make up all matter, are among the

fundamental particles of the science of chemistry

John Dalton (1776-1844) (UK) proposed that all matter was composed of atoms-he was correct!

A compound is a pure substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements

in a specific ratio.

Molecules are groups of two or more atoms held together by the forces of chemical bonds. H2 and O2 are

molecules but not compounds.

An ion is an atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge.

An anion is a negatively charged ion.

A cation is a positively charged ion.

Electrolytes are substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water, or when melted if they don’t dissolve. Those that don’t are nonelectrolytes.

Electrolytes in Human Cells

What are we made of?

• On average, about 60% Water by weight, hence O and H are major components

• Muscles and fat also contain C and N • Thus H, O, C and N make up over 95% of our

weight!• In terms of # of atoms, much higher % H• As we age, we lose water

Other Elements in the Human BodyElement ~gms/ 70kg Where Dietary Source

Calcium Chlorine Cobalt Copper Iodine Iron MagnesiumPhosphorus Potassium Sodium Zinc

1500 105

trace

trace

trace 2 22 800

220 70

trace

bones & teeth all cells& stomach vitamin B12 in many enzymes thyroid hemoglobin in all cells + bones in ATP & bones intracellular cation extracellular cation many enzymes

milk products table salt meat, fish, milk nuts, shellfish seafood beef, fruits green veggies meat, eggs ‘everywhere’ table salt seafood, meat

Nature of these elements

• Many present as ions or in combination with others.• Chlorine is present as Cl- (chloride ion).• Phosphorus is in phosphate ion (PO4) -3.• Sodium & Potassium present as Na+ and K+.• 2009 “sodium kills” campaign- NaCl and blood pressure• Iodine present as I- (iodide ion).• Calcium present as Ca+2, often in Ca3(PO4)2. Calcium

phosphate in teeth and bones.

Trace Elements in the Body (a few of many)

• Selenium : Se-in selenoproteins, acts as a peroxide scavenger. Hence “anti-aging” effects (at the proper level). Toxic at higher levels

• Manganese: Mn-in metalloenzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase

• Molybdenum: Mo-in xanthine oxidase, also a metalloenzyme

• “ase” suffix denotes an enzyme-physiological catalyst

So we are full of Chemicals!!

• The 10 most abundant elements in our body in terms of weight %• Oxygen 65• Carbon 18• Hydrogen 10• Nitrogen 3• Calcium 1.5• Phosphorus 1.0• Potassium .25• Sulfur .25• Chlorine .15• Sodium .15 • and 37 others (of known function)