chemistry of life g.burgess 2012. in a nut shell all matter is made of atoms; cells are matter;...

25
Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012

Upload: samson-luke-chambers

Post on 18-Jan-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Lipids  composed of C,H,and O (ie. C 57 H 110 O 6 )  Produced by both plants and animals as cell membranes, fats, oils, waxes and steriods.  Used for prompting chemical reactions of homeostasis, protection from environment, and storing excess energy.  Lipids are hydrophobic; they repell water

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Chemistry of Life

G.Burgess2012

Page 2: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

In a nut shell All matter is made of atoms; cells are

matter; cells are made of atoms Atoms have shape Atoms interact chemically and physically

making compounds The interaction of compounds shapes life three major compounds found in cells are;

proteins, lipids and carbohydrates Each type differes in composition and shape.

Page 3: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Lipids composed of C,H,and O

(ie. C57H110O6) Produced by both plants and animals as cell

membranes, fats, oils, waxes and steriods. Used for prompting chemical reactions of

homeostasis, protection from environment, and storing excess energy.

Lipids are hydrophobic; they repell water

Page 4: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Saturated, Unsaturated and Transfats Note, both

saturated fats and transfats are linear and unsaturated have a bend

Saturated and transfats are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

Page 5: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Cell Membrane Keeps the cell separate from the external environment and

regulates materials that are able to enter and leave the cell. Fluid mosaic model:

Composed of lipids held together by cholesterols, and proteins Lipids: act as barrier to water Cholesterols: add strength to lipid membrane Proteins: enable ions and water soluble materials to

enter the cell, give the cell identity and may act as attachment sites for other cells or macromolecules.

Page 6: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Phospholipid Note the

polar head and fatty acid tails are connecdted by a glycerol

Page 7: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Cell Membrane

https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTD_hYpUl6E5TneNniP9ixk_zYQs_6ioHOB4-auF44dx4ZO6_GZrg, accessed Sept.6 2013.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQkZmwhsfzPah80ov8CA9T9laWv3UlpMZk2eQbr1NZ_lNA-aL9P, accessed September 6 2013.

Page 8: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Carbohydrates composed of C,H, and O (ratio of 2H to 1O)

Sugars are made of keytones or aldehydes combined with carboxyl groups.

primary source of molecular energy. produced by plants in the form of simple sugars

and polysaccharides. Simple sugars C6H12O6 are called

monosaccharides Simple sugars; gluose, galactose, fructose

Two simple sugars form a disaccharide more than two molecules joined make a polysaccharide.

Page 9: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose Note the

chemical formula is the same, but the shapes and structures are different

Glucose Galactose Fructose

Page 10: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Proteins composed of C, H, O and N

(nitrogen is a necessary element for forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins)

a single protein may be formed from 100’s of amino acids two amino acids make a dipeptide; more make up a

polypeptide RNA, DNA and hormones are examples of polypeptides. The type of polypeptide formed depends on the number and

sequence of the amino acids that make it. there are 20 different amino acid groups.

These acids form the code that controls an organisms basic behavior and appearance.

Page 11: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Amino Acid Groups

These are just a few.

Each has a different composition and shape.

http://www.healthknot.com/body_protein.html, accessed August 2012

Page 12: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

RNA, DNA Structure Note both

are made of nitrogen bases

RNA has ribose sugar

DNA has deoxyribose sugar

http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=exam-5-review, accessed August 2012

Page 13: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Transport Mechanisms Materials need to be transported through out an

organism or cell. Hemoglobin is an example of a transport molecule. It

transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues in the body. Cells use transport molecules to allow materials to cross

through the cell membrane. Either by passive or active transport.

Page 14: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Passive transport Molecules enter a cell without the need for ATP. Always from area of high concentration to area of low

concentration1. Diffusion: transport of lipid soluble materials across the

cell membrane (ie. Vitamin A, K, alcohols, some metal compounds)

2. Facilitated transport: transport of water soluble materials with the help of transport proteins.

Page 15: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Diffusion The passing of materials from the fluid environment

across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm Does not require ATP Materials cross the membrane with out the need of

transport proteins

Page 16: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Facilitated Transport Passive transport that moves water soluble materials

across the cell membrane ie. water molecules, glucose, cations, and anions

Why transport Proteins? Enable the cell to maintain and regain needed chemical

components for metabolism and cell function. Help cell to maintain concentrations of chemicals and water To get rid of excess materials without interfering with continual cell

processes.

Page 17: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Channel Protein

Channel Proteins: form a hole through which materials may pass.

Page 18: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Carrier Protein

Carrier proteins: capture molecules and ions, change shape and release materials into cytoplasm

Page 19: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Gate Protein

Gate proteins: open when signal molecule attaches ‘opening the gate’ to allow materials to pass into the cytoplasm.

Page 20: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Cellular Homeostasis and water concentrations Three basic types of cellular environments;

1. Isotonic solutions: these solutions have the same or similar amounts of dissolved materials as the cytoplasm of a cell

2. Hypotonic solutions: have a greater concentration of water than what is present in the cell

3. Hypertonic solutions: have greater amounts of dissolved materials than what is present inside the cell.

Each of the solutions describe have an effect on the cell’s ability to survive.

Page 21: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Cellular Homeostasis and water concentrations Isotonic Solutions: do not have an effect on a cell, as

they mimic the cell’s inner solution. Ie. saline solution for eyes.

Hypotonic Solutions: will cause a cell to enlarge or break. Since the concentration of water is greater outside the cell, the water will flow into the cell until equilibrium is found.

Hypertonic Solutions: will cause a cell to shrink or collapse. Since the environment has a greater concentration of dissolved materials, water from the cell will move to the environment until the environment has the same concentration of water as the cell.

Page 22: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

These proteins, called pumps, move molecules and ions against concentration gradients.

They move materials from areas of low concentration to high concentration.

To do this they require ATP. The Na-K pump (sodium potassium pump) is an example

of an active transport protein.

Active Transport Proteins

Page 23: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Digestion and Synthesis of organic molecules Digestion refers to the breakdown of organic molecules into

smaller/ simpler pieces. Synthesis refers to the formation or joining of simple organic pieces

into larger more complex ones. These processes are completed by condensation reactions and

hydrolysis reactions. Condensation reaction: dehydration reactions occur when a

hydroxyl is removed from one molecule and a hydronium is removed from another as the two molecules form a larger molecule. The combining of hydroxyl and hydronium forms water

Hydrolysis: water is added to a reaction separating the hydronium and hydroxyl forming two smaller molecules.

**Hydroxyl and hydronium groups serve to complete the molecular charges of the smaller molecules.

Page 24: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Digestion and Synthesis ProcessesCondensation Reaction

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Hydrolysis ReactionC12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

The body uses these reactions to form needed structural and chemical components.

Page 25: Chemistry of Life G.Burgess 2012. In a nut shell  All matter is made of atoms; cells are matter; cells are made of atoms  Atoms have shape  Atoms interact

Interesting Links Robert Horvitz's Work on Cell Death,

http://www.dnalc.org/nobel2002.html, Horvitz, B. and M.Hengartner, Gene accessed Feb.2, 2007.