chemistry of life. reading the periodic table period – horizontal rows group – vertical columns
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry of Chemistry of LifeLife
![Page 2: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Reading the Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table
Period– Horizontal rows
Group– Vertical columns
![Page 4: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Reading the Periodic TableReading the Periodic Table
Atomic Number– Number of protons and
electron in an atom
Symbol
Atomic Weight– Number of protons plus the
number of neutrons
8
OO16.00
![Page 5: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
4 Most Common Elements in 4 Most Common Elements in Living ThingsLiving Things
CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen
![Page 6: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic vs. Organic MoleculesMolecules
Inorganic Molecules– Molecules that do not contain carbon
Organic Molecules– Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen– Make up living things– Produced by living things
![Page 7: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Matter– Anything that has mass and takes up space
Physical Properties– Physical characteristics of an object
Color, taste, texture, scent, etc.
Chemical Properties– Chemical makeup of an object
![Page 8: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Phases of Matter– Solid– Liquid– Gas
![Page 9: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Physical Changes– Change in physical appearance– Change in phase of matter
Chemical Changes– Change in the chemical makeup– Usually involves a flame or oxidation
![Page 10: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Physical or Chemical Physical or Chemical Change?Change?
Rusting of iron Melting of glass Evaporation of water Combustion of gasoline Freezing of water Cookies burn When sugar is broken down
by your cells for energy Sugar dissolves in
water
Chemical Change Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Chemical Change Physical Change
![Page 11: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Physical or Chemical Physical or Chemical Change?Change?
Melting sugar to make candy
Chopping nuts Plant makes sugar by
photosynthesis Gelatin solidifies to
form Jello Wood is burned in a
campfire
Physical Change
Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change
Chemical Change
![Page 12: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules
Atoms– Only one atom of a particular element– Ex. C, H, O, N, P
Molecules– A combination of 2 or more atoms
– Ex. H2O (water), NaCl (salt), C6H12O6 (glucose), O2
(oxygen gas), CO2 (carbon dioxide)
![Page 13: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Atoms vs. MoleculesAtoms vs. Molecules
CO2
He O2
C6H12O6
Ca Cl2
H2
C12H22O11
Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Atom Molecule Molecule Molecule
![Page 14: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Properties of WaterProperties of Water
Cohesion– The attraction between molecules of the same
substance
Adhesion– The attraction between molecules of different
substances
![Page 15: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Properties of Water Properties of Water
Types of Mixtures– Solution
Mixtures with equally distributed Solute = the substance that is dissolved Solvent = the substance in which the solute is
dissolved
– Suspension Mixtures of water and nondissolved substances
![Page 16: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Element vs. CompoundElement vs. Compound
Element– Pure– Only one type of atom
Compound– Molecule with more than one type of atom
![Page 17: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Element vs. CompoundElement vs. Compound
CO2
O2
NH3
C12H22O11
N2
C6H12O6
HCl NaCl H2
Compound Element Compound Compound Element Compound Compound Compound Element
![Page 18: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What is an organic What is an organic compound?compound?
Contains carbonUsually contains hydrogenIs formed by living thingsMakes up the structures of living things
![Page 19: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Organic vs. Inorganic Organic vs. Inorganic MoleculesMolecules
CO2
O2
NH3
C12H22O11
N2
C6H12O6
HCl NaCl CH4
Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Organic Inorganic Inorganic Organic
![Page 20: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Macromolecules – Macro = large– Large molecules made up of smaller molecules
Monomers – The smaller units that combine to form
macromolecules
Polymers = many monomers bonded together– Poly = many
![Page 21: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
4 types– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
![Page 22: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
![Page 23: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Sugars, starches, glycogens, cellulosesContain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer = Monosaccharide– simple sugars
Disaccharide– 2 monosaccharides joined together
![Page 24: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFunctions
– Store energy– Release energy– Structural support (for plants)
Glucose = energy rich Cellulose = support for plants Chitin = exoskeletons Starch & glycogen = energy storage
– Starch – plants, glycogen – animals
Suffix –ose = sugar– Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, sucrose
![Page 25: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Common Carbohydrates– Sucrose – table sugar– Glucose– Maltose– Lactose – milk sugar (produced only by
mammals)
Simple carbohydrates often dissolve in water
![Page 26: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
LipidsLipidsFat, oil, wax, pigments, steroidsContain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– Contain much more hydrogen than oxygen
Monomers = Glycerol & Fatty AcidsGLYCEROL
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
![Page 27: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
LipidsLipidsFunctions
– Fats and Oils: energy storage
– Fats – lard, butter; Oils – olive oil, peanut oil Scent Taste
– Waxes: waterproofing protection for skin, fur, feathers,
fruit, and leaves– Uses – candles, polishes, cosmetics
– Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes
![Page 28: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
LipidsLipids
Functions– Pigments:
Coloring– Chlorophyll: green (leaves and stems of plants)
– Carotenoids: orange (daffodils, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin)
– Xanthophylls: yellow (lemon)
![Page 29: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
LipidsLipidsFunctions
– Steroids:Regulate body functions
– Cholesterol: made in the liver– Vitamin D: needed for strong bones and teeth– Cortisone: reduces swelling– Testosterone: secondary sexual characteristics in
men– Estrogen: secondary sexual characteristics in
women– Progesterone: allows women to be pregnant
![Page 30: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
LipidsLipids
Insoluble in waterIn general, used for:
– energy storage Contain 2 times as much energy as carbohydrates
– protective coatings– insulation
![Page 31: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ProteinsProteins
Make up at least 50% (dry weight) of an organism’s body
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Monomer = Amino Acids– 20 types of amino acids– 1000s of types of proteins
Formed through dehydration synthesis Forming proteins are called polypeptides (and the
monomers are connected with peptide bonds)
![Page 32: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ProteinsProteinsFunctions
– Enzymes Control chemical reactions in the body Digest food
– Ex. Sucrase
– Hormones Regulate body functions
– Ex. Insulin, growth hormones
– Storage proteins Store some energy
– Ex. Egg whites
– Toxins– Ex. Botulism, venom
![Page 33: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ProteinsProteinsFunctions
– Transport Proteins Carry materials throughout the body
– Ex. Hemoglobin
– Structural Proteins Make up body structures
– Ex. Hair, muscle, collagen, silk
– Antibodies Help to fight infection Found in blood
![Page 34: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Proteins - EnzymesProteins - Enzymes
Control chemical reactions– Lower activation energy of the reaction
The amount of energy required to make the reaction begin
– Act as a catalyst A part of the reaction that is not consumed or
changed
![Page 35: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Proteins - EnzymesProteins - EnzymesParts of Chemical Reactions
– Reactants The materials going into the reaction
– Products The materials produced in the reaction
Factors Affecting Enzyme Function– Temperature
Too low = slows enzymes down Too high = denatures (breaks down) enzymes
– pH – Enzyme Concentration– Substrate Concentration
![Page 36: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Store and transmit genetic information– The “instruction manual” for an organism
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
Monomer = nucleotides– 4 types of nucleotides
![Page 37: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Functions– Code for the order of amino acids to form
proteins– Store and transmit genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)– Contain all of the genetic material (genes) of an individual
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)– Copies sections of DNA and translates that information to
produce proteins during protein synthesis
![Page 38: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nucleotides contain:– A 5 carbon sugar– A phosphate group– A nitrogen base
Adenine (DNA & RNA) Thymine (DNA ONLY) Cytosine (DNA & RNA) Guanine (DNA & RNA) Uracil (RNA ONLY)
![Page 39: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Nitrogen Base Pairing– In DNA
Adenine – Thymine Cytosine – Guanine
– In RNA Adenine – Uracil Cytosine – Guanine
![Page 40: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsFacts
– Nucleic Acids are named for their 5-carbon sugars
Deoxyribonucleic Acid = deoxyribose Ribonucleic Acid = ribose
– DNA Everyone has different DNA Double stranded Shaped like a ladder
– Double helix
– RNA Single stranded
![Page 41: Chemistry of Life. Reading the Periodic Table Period – Horizontal rows Group – Vertical columns](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfb81a28abf838c9f642/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds4 types
– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
Organic compounds are macromolecules Organic compounds are also called polymers
– Polymers are made up of monomers The process of combining monomers to make polymers
is called polymerization