Chemistry of Life Chemistry of Life UnitUnitChapter 2-3Chapter 2-3

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

TOTO

MACROMOLECULMACROMOLECULESES

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES

1)1) ““Macro” =????Macro” =????2)2) MacromoleculesMacromolecules are “giant are “giant

molecules”molecules”3)3) Formed through polymerizationFormed through polymerization

a.a. The prefix “poly” refers to manyThe prefix “poly” refers to manyb.b. Large compounds are formed by Large compounds are formed by

joining together smaller compoundsjoining together smaller compoundsc.c. Smaller units are called Smaller units are called monomersmonomersd.d. Monomers join together to form Monomers join together to form

larger larger polymerspolymers

Small monomers

may be identical or

different

Monomers are linked together

like beads on a

necklace to form the polymer

MACROMOLECULES MACROMOLECULES cont….cont….4)4) Also known as Also known as Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

a.a. Contain the element Contain the element carboncarbon Can bond with many elementsCan bond with many elements

Including:Including: Hydrogen, oxygen, Hydrogen, oxygen,

phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogenphosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen Can bond with 4 elements at onceCan bond with 4 elements at once Can form chains, rings, and complex Can form chains, rings, and complex

structuresstructures

b.b. Found in Found in living organismsliving organisms

c.c. Sometimes called “biomolecules”Sometimes called “biomolecules”

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES

4 Types of 4 Types of MacromoleculesMacromolecules

1.1. LipidsLipids

2.2. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

3.3. ProteinsProteins

4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

LipidsLipids Examples:Examples: Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Function:Function: Waterproof coverings of Waterproof coverings of

cells, can be used for long-term cells, can be used for long-term energy storage.energy storage.

Elements:Elements: Mostly carbon and Mostly carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen.hydrogen with some oxygen.

Monomer:Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol Polymer:Polymer: Lipids Lipids

– Unsaturated Fats:Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature due to double bonds (bent structure)due to double bonds (bent structure)

– Saturated Fats:Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature and Solid at room temperature and no double bonds (full of hydrogen)no double bonds (full of hydrogen)

LipidsLipidsCarbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen Long

Chain Structur

e

Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Examples:Examples: Sugars & Starches Sugars & Starches Function:Function: Main source of energy in Main source of energy in

living things. Also structural purposes living things. Also structural purposes in plants.in plants.

Elements:Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. Coxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. C66HH1212OO66))

MonomerMonomer: Monosaccharides : Monosaccharides – Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and

galactosegalactose PolymerPolymer: Polysaccharides (starches): Polysaccharides (starches)

– Cellulose: Plant starchCellulose: Plant starch– Glycogen: Animal StarchGlycogen: Animal Starch

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbonOxygen

Hydrogen

Ring Structur

e

Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

ProteinsProteins ExamplesExamples: Hair, nails and enzymes: Hair, nails and enzymes Function:Function: Form muscles & bones, Form muscles & bones,

transport substances and control the transport substances and control the rate of reactions in the body.rate of reactions in the body.

Elements:Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogenand nitrogen

Monomer: Monomer: Amino AcidsAmino Acids Polymer:Polymer: Protein Protein Structure:Structure: Long chains of amino acids Long chains of amino acids

– 4 Levels of Structure4 Levels of Structure

ProteinsProteins

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Long Chain Structure

Folded Structure

Complex Folded

Structures

Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Examples:Examples: DNA & RNA DNA & RNA Function:Function: Store and transmit genetic Store and transmit genetic

informationinformation Elements:Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen and phosphorusnitrogen and phosphorus Monomer:Monomer: Nucleotide Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & (sugar, phosphate &

nitrogen base)nitrogen base)

Polymer:Polymer: Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid Structure: Structure: Long chains of nucleotides Long chains of nucleotides

found in a twisted or folded structurefound in a twisted or folded structure

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Ring Structur

e

Folded Structure

Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer

VOCABULARY RECAPVOCABULARY RECAP MacromoleculeMacromolecule

ss MonomerMonomer PolymerPolymer OrganicOrganic LipidLipid Fatty AcidFatty Acid GlycerolGlycerol Unsaturated Unsaturated

FatFat Saturated FatSaturated Fat

CarbohydrateCarbohydrate MonosaccharidMonosaccharid

ee PolysaccharidePolysaccharide CelluloseCellulose GlycogenGlycogen ProteinProtein Amino AcidAmino Acid Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid NucleotideNucleotide