Monday, 10 December 2012cation and anion present in coconut water

Project of chemistry

Aim :- To find the cation and anion in coconut water .

Requirement :- Test Tubes ,Test Tube Holder, Test Tube Stand ,Stop Watch Beaker Bunsen ,China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath

Chemical Required:- coconut water,FeSO4 solution, concentrated H2SO4 ,AgNO3 Solution, lead acetate ,Ammonium molybdate, concentrated HNO3 ,Potassium dichromate, NaOH solution, methylene blue,Benedicts solution, CuSO4 solution , Sodium cobaltinitnite Solution, Disodium Hydrogen phosphate , NH4Cl, NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3 Potassium pyro antimonate universal Indicator

Theory :-

Abstract: Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many applications, is one ofthe world’s most versatile natural product. This refreshing beverage is consumedworldwide as it is nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing scientificevidence that supports the role of coconut water in health and medicinal applications.Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissueculture/micropropagation. The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by itsunique chemical composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and

phytohormones. This review attempts to summarise and evaluate the chemical compositionand biological properties of coconut water.Keywords: coconut water; phytohormone; auxin; cytokinin; gibberellin; inorganic ion;vitaminIntroductionThe coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important fruit tree in the tropical regions and the fruit can bemade into a variety of foods and beverages (Figure 1). The edible part of the coconut fruit (coconutmeat and coconut water) is the endosperm tissue. Endosperm tissues undergo one of three main modesof development, which are the nuclear, cellular and helobial modes [1] and the development ofcoconut endosperm belongs to the nuclear mode. Initially, the endosperm is a liquid containing freenuclei generated by a process, in which the primary endosperm nucleus undergoes several cycles ofdivision without cytokinesis (the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is dividedto form two daughter cells).Cytokinesis then occurs, progressing from the periphery towards thecenter, thus forming the cellular endosperm layer. At first, the cellular endosperm is translucent andjelly-like, but it later hardens at maturity to become white flesh (coconut meat). Unlike the endospermsof other plants (e.g., wheat and corn), the cellularization process in a coconut fruit does not fill up theentire embryo sac cavity, but instead leaves the cavity solution-filled. This solution is commonlyknown as coconut water and it is of cytoplasmic origin . Nutrients from coconut water are obtainedfrom the seed apoplasm (surrounding cell wall) and are transported symplasmically (throughplasmodemata, which is the connection between cytoplasms of adjacent cells) into the endosperm .

Figure 1. Foods and beverages made from coconut: (a) coconut milk and dried coconut milk powder; (b) canned coconut water/juice and trimmed young coconuts.Coconut water should not be confused with coconut milk (Figure 1a), although some studies haveused the two terms interchangeably . The aqueous part of the coconut endosperm is termedcoconut water (Figure 1b), whereas coconut milk, also known as “santan” in Malaysia and Indonesia,and “gata” in the Philippines (Figure 1a), refers to the liquid products obtained by grating the solidendosperm, with or without addition of water . Coconut water is served directly as a beverage toquench thirst (Figure 1b), while coconut milk is usually used as a food ingredient in various traditionalcooking recipes (Figure 1a). The main components of coconut milk are water (ca. 50%), fat andprotein , whereas coconut water contains mainly water (ca. 94%, Table 1). Unlike coconut water,coconut milk, which is the source of coconut oil, is generally not used in plant tissue culture mediumformulations .Compared to coconut water, there are only limited studies on the aqueous extract of coconut solidendosperm (coconut meat or copra). Mariat et al. used coconut meat extract in orchid tissue culture tostudy its effects on orchid seed germination . Subsequently, Mauney et al. purified a growth factorfrom the aqueous extract of coconut meat which was found to be very potent in promoting growth oftissue cultured plants . Another group, Shaw and Srivastava demonstrated the presence of purinelikesubstances in coconut meat extract . The purine-like substances were able to delay senescence(the process of ageing in plants) in detached cereal leaves, which exhibited similar known

physiological effects of cytokinins. Zakaria et al. showed that the aqueous extract of coconut meatexhibited anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties when tested on mice .Conversely, coconut water has been extensively studied since its introduction to the scientificcommunity in the 1940s. In its natural form, it is a refreshing and nutritious beverage which is widelyconsumed due to its beneficial properties to health, some of which are based on cultural/traditionalbeliefs [2,5–8,13–15]. It is also believed that coconut water could be used as an important alternativefor oral rehydration and even so for intravenous hydration of patients in remote regions . Coconutwater may also offer protection against myocardial infarction . Interestingly, a study has shownthat regular consumption of either coconut water or mauby (a liquid extracted from the bark of themauby tree, Colubrina arborescens), or particularly, a mixture of them, is effective in bringing aboutthe control of hypertension .Apart from that, coconut water is widely used in the plant tissue culture industry . Theextensive use of coconut water as a growth-promoting component in tissue culture mediumformulation can be traced back to more than half a century ago, when Overbeek et al. first introducedcoconut water as a new component of the nutrient medium for callus cultures in 1941 . From ascientific viewpoint, the addition of coconut water to the medium is rather unsatisfactory, as itprecludes the possibility for investigating the effects of individual components of the medium with anydegree of accuracy. The question of which components cause the growth stimulation aroseimmediately. Besides its nutritional role, coconut water also appears to have growth regulatoryproperties, e.g., cytokinin-type activity.

Some of the most significant and useful components in coconut water are cytokinins, which are aclass of phytohormones. The first cytokinin, N6-furfuryladenine (kinetin) was isolated from anautoclaved sample of herring sperm DNA in 1955 . In 1963, Letham isolated trans-zeatin, thefirst naturally-occurring cytokinin, from a plant source (unripe corn seeds) [24]. In addition to variousplant-related functions, it was also found that some cytokinins (e.g., kinetin and trans-zeatin) showedsignificant anti-ageing, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-thrombotic effects.Furthermore, micronutrients (nutrients needed in small quantities) such as inorganic ions andvitamins in coconut water play a vital role in aiding the human body antioxidant system .Hypermetabolism gives rise to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (or free radicals), asa result of increased oxidative metabolism. Such increase in free radicals will cause oxidative damageto the various components of the human cell, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cellmembrane, or to the nucleic acids in the nucleus . Fortunately, living organisms have welldeveloped antioxidant systems to neutralize the most detrimental effects of these oxidizing species.Micronutrients have important functions in this aspect. For example, they act directly to quench freeradicals by donating electrons, or indirectly as a part of metallo enzymes (a diverse class of enzymesthat require a catalytic metal ion for their biological activity) such as glutathione peroxidase (selenium)or superoxide dismutase (zinc, copper) to catalyse the removal of oxidizing species .Other components found in coconut water include sugars, sugar alcohols, lipids, amino acids,nitrogenous compounds, organic acids and enzymes, and they play different functional

roles in plant and human systems due to their distinct chemical properties. The myriad of compounds,both known and unknown, provide coconut water with the special biological properties that is knownto the typical layman. In this paper, we will present a summary on the chemical composition of theknown compounds in coconut water.

Chemical Composition of Coconut Water2.1. PhytohormonesPhytohormones are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that play crucial roles inregulating plant growth in a wide range of developmental processes. Initially, the term phytohormonewas synonymous with auxin. Later on, the other plant growth regulators such as gibberellins (GAs),ethylene, cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) were categorized together with auxins as the “classicalfive” hormones . Coconut water contains auxin, various cytokinins, GAs and ABA PROCEDURE:- Analysis of cation:-Mg2+ :-To small amount of coconut water ,add NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess. Add NH4(Co3)2 solution & disodium Hydrogen phosphate solution.RESULT:-White crystalline ppt.K+ Test:-1)add freshly prepared sodium cobaltnitrite solution to 5ml of coconut water Yellow ppt.

2)To the second pard of coconut form add picric acid solution.RESULT:- Yellow shiny ppt .Na+Test:-Add potassium pyro antinionate to 5ml of coconut water .RESULT:- White milk incssSodium:-2NaCl + K2H2Sb2O7 (potassium pyro antinoconate) 2KCl +Na2H2Sb2O7(milkiness white ppt)Potassium:-2KCl +Na3[Co(NO2)6] K2Na[Co(No2)6]+2NaCl

K++No3[Co(No2)6] K2Na[Co(No2)6](yellow ppt)+2Na+

K++C6H2(No2)3OH HCl+C6H2(No2)3OK(sodium picrate Yellow ppt)Magnesium:-Mg2+(aq)+HPO4

2-(aq)+NH4+(aq) Mg(NH4)PO4(s)

(White ppt.)+H+

Anion:-Silver nitrate Test:-Add AgNo3 sol to coconut water. Then add excess of NH4OH solution .Fine White ppt. which dissolves in excess of NH4OH RESULT:- Cl- confirmedChromyl chloride Test:-Add solid potassium dichromate to coconut water & heated it with conc.H2SO4 .Pass the evolved gas through NaOH solution. Acidify this solution with acetic acid & then add lead acetate solution. Yellow ppt appear.RESULT:- Cl- confirmed Ammonium molybdate Test:-Added ammonium molybdate & conc. HNO3 to coconut water.Appear canary Yellow ppt.RESULT:-PO4

3-confirmed Phosphate:-Na2HPO4 +12(NH4)2MoO4+23HNO3 (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3+2NaNo3+21NH4No3+12H2OChloride:-a)Silver nit :-AgNo(aq)+NaCl(aq) AgCl(s)+NaNo3(aq)AgCl(s)+2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl( aq)b)Chromyl:-4NaCl(s)+K2Cr2O7(s)+3H2SO4(l) K2SO4(aq)+2CrO2Cl2(g)+3H2O(l)+2Na2SO4(aq)

CrO2Cl2(g)+4NaOH Na2CrO4(aq)+2NaCl(aq)+2H2O(l)Pc(Cr3COO)2(aq)+Na2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s)(yellow ppt.) +2CH3COONa

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