CHEMISTRY: STRUCTURE OF MATTER

THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER• What is matter?–Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

• All matter is made up of atoms• Just one kind of element is called

an element• Elements can be found on the

periodic table

SUBSTANCES• All matter is made up of

atoms• Just one kind of atom is

called and element• Elements can be found on

the periodic table

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The Periodic Table lists every known element in the universe!1

8887

5655

40393837

222019 21

1211

43

41 42 43 44

72 73 74 75 76

104 105 106 107 108

57 58 59 60 61

89 90 91 92 93

62

94

63

95

64

96

65

97

66 67 68 69

98 99 100 101

70 71

102 103

54

86

53

85

52

84

51

35 36

1817

9 10

2

87

16

3433

15

5 6

13 14

3231

49 50

81 82 83

48

80

47

79

46

78

30292827

45

2625

77

23 24

109 110 111 112

Na Mg

Li Be

H

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cp

Al Si P S Cl Ar

B C N O F Ne

He

113Uut

114Uuq

115Uup

116Uuh

118Uuo

117Uus

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Is this substance anelement?

No, because it is made of more than 1 kind of atom.

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Is it an element now?

No, because it is made of more than 1 kind of atom.

8

Is it an element now?

Yes! Because it is made of only one kind of atom.

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http://thesimplefrontporch.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/gold-nugget.jpg

Gold is made of only gold atoms. Is gold an element? YES!

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Water is made up of two kinds of atoms bonded together. Is water an element?NO

!

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Water is NOT an element!

It is made of more than one kind of atom. Water is a molecule of hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded together.

ATOMS VS. COMPOUNDS

• What is the smallest particle an element could be divided into and still retain the properties of that element?

an ATOM

• Atoms make up molecules, which is defined as two or more atoms bonded together.

• for example: CO2 and H2O are compounds.

• Which ones are an atom?

• Which ones are elements?

• Which ones are compounds?

a) b) c) d)

Check yourself

• Which ones are an atom?c

• Which ones are elements? a, c, d

• Which ones are compounds? b

a) b) c) d)

Check yourself

MIXTURES• Two or more substances are called a

mixture

• Homogeneous - all the same

• Heterogeneous – different substances

• BrainPop: Compounds and mixtures

TRICKY MIXTURES• Solution: very small particles; light can

pass through

• Colloid: larger particles, light gets scattered – they appear murky or opaque. Examples: milk and fog

• Suspension: Even larger particles, light cannot get through and they appear very murky. They will eventually separate like oil & water, and can be filtered to separate compounds. Examples: salad dressings, blood, and aerosol sprays

NOTES SUMMARY:• What is the difference between a

compound and a mixture?

BASIC CHEMISTRY

Everything is made up of these 2 things: Matter and Energy

• Matter – has mass and occupies space

• Energy – ability to do work

MATTER• Can change forms

• It can be a liquid, solid, or gas

BASIC CHEMISTRY

Energy can change forms: Solar cells change light to electrical energy, Steam Engine Heat to Motion (Kinetic Energy)

UP Steam Engine

• Cells convert (food) chemical energy to cellular energy.

ENERGY

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

• Mass cannot be created nor destroyed. It just changes forms.

• Example: burning a log

• After it has burned, the log is lighter. What happened?

• Some of the mass was converted from solid to gas.

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed

–Applies only to normal chemical reactions, NOT nuclear reactions.

• In nuclear reactions, energy and mass can be destroyed or created.

E=MC2

E is energy, M is mass, C is the speed of light

MASS IS CHANGED INTO ENERGY in nuclear reactions

SIDE NOTE: THE NATURE OF SCIENCE• These last 2 principles used to be referred to as

“Laws” – meaning it was thought to be an absolute fact.

• Nuclear theory blew that idea out of the water – literally.

• This is why it is important for scientists to be cautious about their conclusions. They say “This is our current belief on a specific principle, based upon the evidence collect so far”.

• It’s why we say “our hypothesis was supported” instead of “right”