chemistry syllabus - zimsec.co.z · chemical energetics ... suggested learning activities and notes...
TRANSCRIPT
ZIMBABWE
MINISTRY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
FORMS 5 - 6
2015 - 2022
Curriculum Development and Technical ServicesP. O. Box MP 133Mount Pleasant
Harare
© All Rrights Reserved2015
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education wishes to acknowledge the following for their valued contribution in the production of this syllabus:
• Panellists for Form 5 and 6 level Chemistry syllabus• Zimbabwe School Examinations Council (ZIMSEC)• Government Departments• Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)• UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganisation(UNESCO)
ii
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... i
CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... ii
1.0 PREAMBLE .................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 PRESENTATION OF SYLLABUS ............................................................................................... 1
3.0 AIMS .............................................................................................................................................. 1
4.0 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 2
5.0 METHODOLOGY AND TIME ALLOCATION ................................................................................ 2
6.0 TOPICS ......................................................................................................................................... 2
7.0 SCOPE AND SEQUENCE CHART .............................................................................................. 3
FORM 5 AND FORM 6 ........................................................................................................................ 3
FORM 5 SYLLABUS ........................................................................................................................... 8
8.0 COMPETENCY MATRIX ............................................................................................................... 8
FORM 6 SYLLABUS ........................................................................................................................... 23
8.3 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ............................................................................................................. 23
9.0 ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................. 41
10.0 GLOSSARY/APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 43
1
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
1.0 PREAMBLE
1.1 Introduction
This two year syllabus is designed to put greater empha-sis on the understanding and application of chemistry concepts and principles in an environmental friendly and sustainable manner. It makes learners identify and solve problemspracticallyinascientificmanner.TheForm5and 6Chemistry syllabus is inclusively made to cater for all categories of learners in an increasingly technological world
1.2 Rationale
Chemistry plays a pivotal role in the technological development of any country since it is embedded in our everyday life.
The study of Chemistry enables learners to be creative and innovative in industry and society by promoting the application of Chemistry in industrial processes for value addition,beneficiationofnaturalresourcesandharness-ing of available opportunities for entrepreneurship.
The Chemistry syllabus enables learners to develop the following skills:
• Problemsolving• Criticalthinking• Decisionmaking• Production• Research• Conflictresolution• Leadership• Self-management• Communication• Technological
1.3 Summary of Content
Form 5 and 6 Chemistry syllabus will cover theory and practical activities in the following areas:
• PhysicalChemistry• InorganicChemistry• OrganicChemistry• AppliedChemistry
1.4 Assumptions
It is assumed that learner: • havepassed‘O’levelChemistry• arefamiliarwithICTToolsandBraille/Jawssoft-
ware• havepassed‘O’levelMathematics• arefamiliarwithlaboratoryapparatus• areawareoflaboratorysafetyprecautions
1.5 Cross - cutting isues
The Chemistry learning area encompasses the cross cutting themes listed below:
• Inclusivity• Environmentalissues• Indigenousknowledgesystem• EnterpriseEducation• Lifeskills• Teamwork• Foodsecurity• Safetyandhealthissues• Disasterandriskmanagement• HIV/AIDS
2.0 PRESENTATION OF SYLLABUSThe Form 5 and 6 Chemistry syllabus is a single docu-ment covering Forms 5 and 6.
3.0 AIMSThe aims are to:
• enablelearnerstodevelopfundamentalprinciplesof Chemistry for application in life and as a basis for further studies in Chemistry and related disciplines.
• inculcateinlearnerstheneedforsafetyandprotec-tion of the environment in the study of Chemistry.
• createopportunitiesforlearnerstoacquireresearch,experimental, practical, enterprising and technologi-cal skills in Chemistry.
• appreciatetheusefulnessandlimitationsofthescien-tificmethodinthestudyofChemistry.
• stimulateinlearnersthedesiretoapplyChemistryforthebenefitofsocietyasguidedbytheprinciplesofUnhu/Ubuntu/Vumunhu.
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
• promoteawarenessthattheapplicationsofChemistrymaybebothbeneficialanddetri-mental to the individual and the community.
• developinlearnerstheappreciationoftheuseof Chemistry in value creation, addition and beneficiation.
4.0 SYLLABUS OBJECTIVESLearnersshouldbeableto:
• followinstructionsinpracticalwork• makeandrecordobservations• useICTToolsandBraille/Jawssoftwaretosimu-
late Chemistry phenomena• applysafetymeasuresinallpracticalwork• present,analyseandinterpretdatatoestablish
relationships• demonstrateknowledgeonfacts,laws,definitions
and concepts of Chemistry• measureandexpressquantitiestoagivenlevelof
accuracy and precision• designapracticalsolutiontoareallifeproblem
using knowledge of Chemistry
5.0 METHODOLOGY AND TIME ALLOCATION
5.1 Methodology
Some of the learner centred and multi-sensory method-ologies used in the teaching and learning of Chemistry are suggested below. The principles of individualisation, concreteness, totality and wholeness, stimulation and hands-on experience should guide the teachers as they employ the suggested methods:
• Demonstrations• Experimentation• Research• Models• Sitevisits• Simulations• Seminars• Discovery• Exhibitions• Workrelatedlearning
5.1.2 Time Allocation
Foradequatecoverageofthesyllabus,atimeallocationof 8 theory 40minutes periods and a block of 4 practical periodsperweekisrecommended.Learnersshouldbeengaged in at least one Educational Tour per term, one exhibition per year, and an attachment of one week in any chemical related industry during the course
6.0 TOPICS
6.1 Physical Chemistry:
- Atoms, Molecules and Stoichiometry- Atomic structure- Chemical bonding - States of matter - Chemical energetics- Electrochemistry- Equilibria- Reaction kinetics
6.2 Inorganic Chemistry:
- Chemical Periodicity of period 3 - Chemistry of Group II elements - ChemistryofGroupIVelements- ChemistryofGroupVIIelements
6.3 Organic Chemistry:
- Hydrocarbons- Halogen derivatives - Hydroxy compounds - Carbonyl compounds - Carboxylic acids and derivatives - Nitrogen compounds - Polymerisation
6.4 Applied Chemistry
- Transition Elements - PhaseEquilibria- Environmental Chemistry - Nano Chemistry - Chemistry of Nitrogen and Sulphur
2
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
3
7.0
SCO
PE A
ND
SEQ
UEN
CE
CH
AR
T
FOR
M 5
AN
D F
OR
M 6
1
- C
hem
istry
of N
itrog
en a
nd S
ulph
ur
7.0
SCO
PE A
ND
SEQ
UEN
CE
CH
ART
FORM
5 A
ND
FO
RM
6
TO
PIC
FORM
5
FORM
6
7.1
PHYS
ICAL
CH
EMIS
TRY:
Atom
s, M
olec
ules
and
Sto
ichi
omet
ry
Rel
ativ
e m
asse
s of
ato
ms
and
mol
ecul
es
M
ass
spec
tra
Th
e m
ole
and
Avog
adro
con
stan
t
Empi
rical
and
mol
ecul
ar fo
rmul
ae
St
oich
iom
etric
cal
cula
tions
St
oich
iom
etric
reac
tion
ratio
s
Ti
tratio
n
Pe
rcen
tage
yie
ld a
nd p
erce
ntag
e pu
rity
Atom
ic s
truct
ure
Sub-
atom
ic pa
rticl
es
El
ectro
nic
conf
igur
atio
ns
Io
nisa
tion
ener
gy
Che
mic
al b
ondi
ng
Io
nic
bond
ing
Cov
alen
t bon
ding
Bond
reac
tivity
Dat
ive b
ondi
ng
Sh
apes
of m
olec
ules
Met
allic
bon
ding
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
4
2
Stat
es o
f mat
ter
In
term
olec
ular
forc
es
G
aseo
us s
tate
Liquidstate
So
lid s
tate
Che
mic
al e
nerg
etic
s
Enth
alpy
cha
nges
Hes
s’ Law
and
Bor
n-H
aber
cyc
les
Cha
rge
dens
ity
Elec
troch
emis
try
R
edox
pro
cess
es
El
ectro
de p
oten
tials
Elec
trolys
is o
f aci
difie
d w
ater
Elec
trolyt
ic pu
rific
atio
n of
cop
per/n
ickel
Extra
ctio
n of
alu
min
ium
Prod
uctio
n of
chl
orin
e fro
m b
rine
R
edox
titra
tion
Fu
el c
ells
Qua
ntita
tive
elec
trolys
is
Equilibria
C
hem
ical Equilibria
Equilibriumconstants
Factorsaffectingequilibrium
Ioni
c Eq
uilibria
Bron
sted
-Low
rytheoryofacidsandbases
pHandpOH
Ac
id a
nd b
ase
diss
ocia
tion
cons
tant
s
C
hoice
of i
ndica
tors
Titra
tion
curv
es
Bu
ffer s
olut
ions
Solu
bility
pro
duct
s
Rea
ctio
n ki
netic
s
Rateequations
M
echa
nism
of r
eact
ions
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g ra
tes
of re
actio
ns
C
atal
ysis
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
4
5
3
7.2
INO
RG
ANIC
CH
EMIS
TRY
Che
mic
al P
erio
dici
ty o
f per
iod
3
VariationinPhysicalproperties
Va
riationinChemicalproperties
Che
mis
try o
f Gro
up II
ele
men
ts
Tren
ds in
Phy
sica
l pro
perti
es
Tr
ends
in C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
Prop
ertie
s an
d us
es o
f Gro
up II
com
poun
ds
ChemistryofG
roupIV
elements
Tr
ends
in P
hysi
cal p
rope
rties
Tren
ds in
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
Pr
oper
ties
and
usesofG
roupIV
ele
men
ts a
nd
com
poun
ds
ChemistryofG
roupVIIelem
ents
Tren
ds in
Phy
sica
l pro
perti
es
Tr
ends
in C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
PropertiesandusesofG
roupVII
elem
ents
and
co
mpo
unds
Che
mis
try o
f Nitr
ogen
and
Sul
phur
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es o
f Nitr
ogen
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es o
f Sul
phur
Hab
er P
roce
ss
C
onta
ct P
roce
ss
En
viron
men
tal im
pact
s of
Nitr
ogen
and
Sul
phur
co
mpo
unds
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
6
4
7.3
OR
GAN
IC C
HEM
ISTR
Y:
Hyd
roca
rbon
s
N
omen
clat
ure
Isom
erism
Prep
arat
ion
and
occu
rrenc
e
Phys
ical
pro
perti
es
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
Rea
ctio
n m
echa
nism
s
Hal
ogen
der
ivat
ives
N
omen
clat
ure
Isom
erism
Prep
arat
ion
Phys
ical
pro
perti
es
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
Rea
ctio
n m
echa
nism
s
Hyd
roxy
com
poun
ds
Nom
encl
atur
e
Is
omer
ism
M
anuf
actu
re
Pr
epar
atio
n an
d oc
curre
nce
Phys
ical
pro
perti
es
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
Rea
ctio
n m
echa
nism
s
Car
bony
l com
poun
ds
Nom
encl
atur
e
Is
omer
ism
Pr
epar
atio
n
Phys
ical
pro
perti
es
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
6
7
5
Car
boxy
lic a
cids
and
der
ivat
ives
N
omen
clat
ure
Prep
arat
ion
and
occu
rrenc
e
Phys
ical
pro
perti
es
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
Rea
ctio
n m
echa
nism
s
Nitr
ogen
com
poun
ds
Prep
arat
ion
and
occu
rrenc
e
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
Poly
mer
isat
ion
Ty
pes
of P
olym
eris
atio
n -
addi
tion
- co
nden
satio
n
Use
s of
pol
ymer
s
7.4
APP
LIED
CH
EMIS
TRY
Tran
sitio
n El
emen
ts
Cha
ract
erist
ic p
rope
rties
Occurrenceandextraction
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
and
use
s
PhaseEq
uilibria
Stea
m D
istill
atio
n
D
istri
butio
n be
twee
n ph
ases
Chr
omat
ogra
phy
and
elec
troph
ores
is
Envi
ronm
enta
l Che
mis
try
Pollu
tion
Was
te m
anag
emen
t
Nan
o C
hem
istry
Pr
oper
ties
of n
anom
ater
ials
Appl
icat
ions
of n
anom
ater
ials
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
8
FOR
M 5
SYL
LAB
US
8.0
CO
MPE
TEN
CY
MAT
RIX
8.1
PH
YSIC
AL
CH
EMIS
TRY
6
FORM
5 S
YLLA
BU
S 8.
0CO
MPE
TEN
CY
MAT
RIX
8.
1 P
HYS
ICAL
CH
EMIS
TRY
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
CO
NTE
NT
(ATT
ITU
DES
, SK
ILLS
AN
D K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RC
ES
Atom
s, M
olec
ules
and
St
oich
iom
etry
ex
plai
n th
e te
rms
rela
tive
atom
ic, is
otop
ic, m
olec
ular
an
d fo
rmul
a m
asse
s.
anal
yse
mas
s sp
ectra
in
term
s of
isot
opic
ab
unda
nces
and
mol
ecul
ar
fragm
ents
.
rela
te a
mol
e to
Avo
gadr
o co
nsta
nt.
de
term
ine
empi
rical
and
m
olec
ular
form
ulae
usi
ng
com
bust
ion
data
or
com
posi
tion
by m
ass.
cons
truct
bal
ance
d equations
pe
rform
cal
cula
tions
in
clud
ing
the
use
of m
ole
conc
ept i
nvol
ving
reac
ting
mas
ses,
vol
umes
of g
asse
s,
R
elat
ive
mas
ses
of a
tom
s an
d m
olec
ules
Mas
s sp
ectra
The
mol
e an
d Av
ogad
ro
cons
tant
Em
piric
al a
nd m
olec
ular
fo
rmul
ae
St
oich
iom
etric
ca
lcul
atio
ns
D
efin
ing
the
term
s re
lativ
e at
omic
, isot
opic
, mol
ecul
ar
and
form
ula
mas
ses.
An
alys
ing
mas
s sp
ectra
Cal
cula
ting
rela
tive
atom
ic
mas
s fro
m g
iven
mas
s sp
ectra
and
isot
opic
ab
unda
nces
.
Cal
cula
ting
num
ber o
f mol
es
in re
latio
n to
Avo
gadr
o co
nsta
nt.
An
alys
ing
com
bust
ion
and
com
posi
tion
data
to d
educ
e em
piric
al a
nd m
olec
ular
fo
rmul
ae.
C
ondu
ctin
g pr
actic
al a
naly
sis
of s
toic
hiom
etric
rela
tions
hips
in
volv
ing
acid
-bas
e tit
ratio
ns
and
com
bust
ion
ALevelS
cience
Kit
Pe
riodi
c ta
ble
char
ts
M
ass
spec
tra
char
ts
D
ilute
hy
droc
hlor
ic a
cid
and
sodi
um
hydr
oxid
e
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
8
9
7
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
vo
lum
es a
nd c
once
ntra
tions
of
sol
utio
ns
Atom
ic s
truct
ure
desc
ribe
the
beha
viou
r of
sub-
atom
ic p
artic
les
in a
n el
ectri
c fie
ld.
de
scrib
e el
ectro
nic
conf
igur
atio
n of
ele
men
ts in
te
rms
of s
, p a
nd d
orb
itals
for1,2,and3quantum
nu
mbe
rs.
de
scrib
e th
e sh
apes
of s
and
p
orbi
tals
.
expl
ain
the
term
ioni
satio
n en
ergy
.
dedu
ce th
e el
ectro
nic
conf
igur
atio
n fro
m
succ
essi
ve Io
nisa
tion
ener
gy
(IE) d
ata.
Su
b-at
omic
parti
cles
El
ectro
nic
conf
igur
atio
ns
Ioni
satio
n en
ergy
(IE)
Ex
plai
ning
the
beh
avio
r of
sub-
atom
ic p
artic
les
and
ions
in
an
ele
ctric
fiel
d.
D
educ
ing
elec
troni
c co
nfig
urat
ion
of a
tom
s an
d io
ns.
D
raw
ing
and
desc
ribin
g sh
apes
of o
rbita
ls.
An
alyz
ing
succ
essi
ve
ioni
zatio
n en
ergi
es to
ded
uce
conf
igur
atio
n.
A
-leve
l sci
ence
ki
t
Perio
dic
tabl
e
Gra
ph p
aper
s
ICT
Tool
s an
d Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Che
mic
al b
ondi
ng
D
escr
ibe
ioni
c bo
ndin
g as
in
sodi
um c
hlor
ide,
mag
nesi
um
oxid
e an
d al
umin
ium
oxi
de.
de
scrib
e co
vale
nt b
ondi
ng
as in
hyd
roge
n, o
xyge
n,
chlo
rine,
car
bon
diox
ide,
hy
drog
en c
hlor
ide,
eth
ane,
et
hene
and
ben
zene
in
term
s of
orb
ital o
verla
p.
co
mpa
re th
e re
activ
ity o
f co
vale
nt b
onds
in te
rms
of
bond
leng
th, b
ond
ener
gy
and
bond
pol
arity
.
desc
ribe
dativ
e bo
ndin
g as
Io
nic
bond
ing
C
oval
ent b
ondi
ng
Bond
reac
tivity
D
iscu
ssin
g io
nic
bond
ing
Dra
win
g ‘d
ot a
nd c
ross
’ di
agra
ms.
Dis
cuss
ing
cova
lent
bon
ding
.
Dra
win
g ‘d
ot a
nd c
ross
’ di
agra
ms.
Rel
atin
g bo
nd re
activ
ity to
bo
nd e
nerg
y, b
ond
leng
th a
nd
bond
pol
arity
.
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
10
8
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
in
the
form
atio
n of
am
mon
ium
ion
and
alum
iniu
m c
hlor
ide
(Al 2C
l 6)
ex
plai
n th
e sh
apes
of a
nd
bond
ang
les
in m
olec
ules
us
ing
elec
tron
pair
repu
lsio
n;
Valency
Shel
l Ele
ctro
n Pa
ir R
epul
sion
) (VS
EPR)theory.
desc
ribe
met
allic
bon
ding
in
term
s of
a la
ttice
of p
ositi
ve
ions
that
are
sur
roun
ded
by
mob
ile e
lect
rons
.
desc
ribe,
inte
rpre
t or p
redi
ct
the
effe
cts
of ty
pe o
f bon
ding
on
phy
sica
l pro
perti
es.
D
ative
bon
ding
Sh
apes
of m
olec
ules
Met
allic
bon
ding
In
term
olec
ular
bon
ds
D
iscu
ssin
g da
tive
bond
ing
Dra
win
g ‘d
ot a
nd c
ross
’ di
agra
ms
Illus
tratin
g bo
ndin
g an
d sh
apes
usi
ng m
odel
s.
Stat
es o
f mat
ter
de
scrib
e in
term
olec
ular
fo
rces
bas
ed o
n pe
rman
ent
and
indu
ced
dipo
les.
outli
ne th
e im
porta
nce
of
hydr
ogen
bon
ding
to
phys
ical
pro
perti
es o
f su
bsta
nces
.
stat
e th
e ba
sic
assu
mpt
ions
of
the
kine
tic th
eory
as
appl
ied
to a
n id
eal g
as.
ex
plai
n th
e va
lidity
of t
he
kine
tic th
eory
of g
ases
as
appl
ied
to re
al g
ases
use
the
gene
ral
In
term
olec
ular
forc
es:
- Va
nderW
aals
-
Hyd
roge
n bo
ndin
g
- Pe
rman
ent d
ipol
e –
perm
anen
t dip
ole
inte
ract
ion
G
aseo
us s
tate
Ex
perim
entin
g to
sho
w b
ond
pola
rity.
Expe
rimen
ting
with
ice
and
wat
er to
sho
w H
ydro
gen-
bond
ing.
Dis
cuss
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
in
term
olec
ular
forc
es to
pr
oper
ties
of s
ubst
ance
s.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e as
sum
ptio
ns
of th
e ki
netic
theo
ry a
s ap
plie
d to
idea
l gas
es.
C
alcu
latin
g us
ing
gene
ral g
as
equation.
Illus
tratin
g th
e be
havi
or o
f
Jetof w
ater
Para
ffin
Pl
astic
rule
r
Poly
then
e ro
d
Pers
pex
rod
Ic
e
Cop
per w
ire
Tu
ngst
en w
ire
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
10
11
9
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
ga
s.equation
pV=n
RT,
in
calc
ulat
ions
desc
ribe
usin
g a
kine
tic
molecularmodel,theliquid
stat
e, s
olid
sta
te a
nd th
e in
terc
onve
rsio
n of
sta
tes.
desc
ribe
the
latti
ce s
truct
ure
of a
cry
stal
line
solid
whi
ch is
io
nic,
sim
ple
mol
ecul
ar, g
iant
m
olec
ular
, hyd
roge
n bo
nded
an
d m
etal
lic.
Liquidstate
So
lid s
tate
parti
cles
usi
ng a
mol
ecul
ar
mod
el.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e la
ttice
st
ruct
ures
of s
odiu
m c
hlor
ide,
io
dine
, ice
, cop
per,
silic
on
diox
ide,
dia
mon
d an
d gr
aphi
te.
M
odel
s
Che
mic
al E
nerg
etic
s
ex
plai
n th
at c
hem
ical
re
actio
ns a
re a
ccom
pani
ed
by e
nerg
y ch
ange
s m
ostly
in
the
form
of h
eat e
nerg
y.
ex
plai
n th
e te
rms
enth
alpy
cha
nges
,
stan
dard
ent
halp
y ch
ange
s,
bo
nd e
nerg
y an
d la
ttice
en
ergy
calc
ulat
e en
thal
py c
hang
es
usin
g vc∆𝑇𝑇
applyHessLawtoconstruct
ener
gy c
ycle
s a
nd B
orn-
Hab
er c
ycle
s.
ca
lcul
ate
enth
alpy
cha
nges
us
ing
ener
gy c
ycle
s an
d Bo
rn-H
aber
cyc
les.
expl
ain
the
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e si
ze o
f lat
tice
ener
gy.
En
thal
py c
hang
es o
f: -
Rea
ctio
n
- Fo
rmat
ion
-
Com
bust
ion
-
Neu
tralis
atio
n -
Hyd
ratio
n
- So
lutio
n
- la
ttice
-
elec
tron
affin
ity
HessLawandBorn-
Hab
er
cycl
es
C
harg
e de
nsity
Ex
perim
entin
g to
sho
w
ener
gy c
hang
es (e
xoth
erm
ic
and
endo
ther
mic
).
Dis
cuss
ing
the
vario
us
enth
alpy
cha
nges
Expe
rimen
ting
to m
ake
ferti
lizer
and
cal
cula
ting
heat
ch
ange
s.
C
arry
ing
out t
herm
omet
ric
titra
tions
.
Plottinggraphsofquantity
agai
nst t
empe
ratu
re.
C
onst
ruct
ing
and
anal
yzin
g Bo
rn-H
aber
cyc
les.
Dis
cuss
ing
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g la
ttice
ene
rgy.
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Elec
troch
emis
try
de
scrib
e re
dox
proc
esse
s in
te
rms
of e
lect
ron
trans
fer
R
edox
pro
cess
es
Dis
cuss
ing
redu
ctio
n an
d ox
idat
ion
in te
rms
of e
lect
ron
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
12
10
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
an
d ch
ange
s in
oxi
datio
n st
ate.
de
scrib
e th
e te
rms
stan
dard
el
ectro
de p
oten
tial a
nd
stan
dard
cel
l pot
entia
l.
desc
ribe
the
mea
sure
men
t of
ele
ctro
de p
oten
tials
usi
ng
the
stan
dard
hyd
roge
n el
ectro
de.
pr
edic
t the
feas
ibilit
y of
the
reac
tion
from
sta
ndar
d ce
ll po
tent
ial.
de
scrib
e th
e pr
oduc
tion
of
hydr
ogen
, oxy
gen,
al
umin
ium
, cop
per,
nick
el
and
chlo
rine
by e
lect
roly
sis.
pred
ict t
he id
entit
y of
the
subs
tanc
e lib
erat
ed d
urin
g el
ectro
lysi
s fro
m th
e st
ate
of
elec
troly
te, p
ositi
on in
the
redo
x se
ries
and
conc
entra
tion.
El
ectro
de p
oten
tials
El
ectro
lysis
of a
cidi
fied
wat
er
El
ectro
lytic
purif
icat
ion
of
copper/nick
el
Ex
tract
ion
of a
lum
iniu
m
Pr
oduc
tion
of c
hlor
inef
rom
br
ine
trans
fers
.
Expe
rimen
ting
on re
dox
reac
tions
.
Dra
win
g th
e st
anda
rd
hydr
ogen
ele
ctro
de.
C
alcu
latin
g st
anda
rd c
ell
pote
ntia
ls.
Ex
perim
entin
g on
ele
ctro
lysi
s of
aci
difie
d w
ater
and
cop
per
sulp
hate
.
Dis
cuss
ing
ele
ctro
lytic
pr
oduc
tion
of a
lum
inum
and
ch
lorin
e.
Equilibria
expl
ain
the
term
s re
vers
ible
re
actio
n an
d dy
nam
ic
equilibrium
.
dedu
ce e
xpre
ssio
ns fo
r equilibriumconstantsin
term
s of
con
cent
ratio
ns (K
c)
Chemica
lequilibria
Eq
uilibriumconstants
D
iscu
ssin
g re
vers
ible
re
actio
ns a
nd d
ynam
ic
equilibria
.
Deducingequilibrium
expr
essi
ons.
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
12
13
11
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
an
d pa
rtial
pre
ssur
es (K
p)
ca
lcul
ate
the
valu
es o
f Kc,
K p
and
thequantities
presentatequilib
rium
stateLeChatelier’s
prin
cipl
e
and
appl
y it
to d
educ
e ef
fect
s of
cha
nges
in
tem
pera
ture
, con
cent
ratio
n or
pre
ssur
e on
a s
yste
m a
t equilibrium
.
appl
y th
e Br
onst
ed-Low
ry
theo
ry to
def
ine
acid
s an
d ba
ses
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
stro
ng
and
wea
k ac
ids
and
base
s in
te
rms
of e
xten
t of
diss
ocia
tion
C
alcu
late
[H+ (aq)]
and
pH
valu
es fo
r stro
ng a
nd w
eak
acid
s an
d ba
ses
Expl
ain
the
term
s pH
, Ka,
pKa,pO
H,K
b, pK
b, K w
, pK w
an
d ap
ply
them
in
calc
ulat
ions
.
Expl
ain
the
choi
ce o
f su
itabl
e in
dica
tors
for a
cid-
base
titra
tions
giv
en
appr
opria
te d
ata.
Des
crib
e gr
aphi
cally
the
chan
ges
in p
H d
urin
g ac
id-
base
titra
tions
.
Le
Cha
telie
r’s p
rinci
ple
and
fact
ors
affe
ctin
g equilibrium
Ionicequilibria
Br
onst
ed-Low
rytheoryof
acid
s an
d ba
ses
pHandpOH
Ac
id a
nd b
ase
diss
ocia
tion
cons
tant
s
Cho
ice o
f ind
icato
rs
Ti
tratio
n cu
rves
C
alcu
latin
g th
e va
lues
ofK
c,
K p andquantitiespresentat
equilibrium
Ded
ucin
g di
rect
ion
of s
hift
of
equilibriumpositionusingLe
Cha
telie
r’s p
rinci
ple.
Dis
cuss
ing
the
Bron
sted
-Lowrytheory,stre
ngthsof
acid
s an
d ba
ses.
Cal
cula
ting
pH, K
a, pK
a,pO
H,
K b, p
K b, K
w, p
K wva
lues
of
acid
s an
d ba
ses
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e ch
oice
of
suita
ble
indi
cato
rs fo
r aci
d-ba
se ti
tratio
ns.
D
raw
ing
titra
tion
curv
es fr
om
expe
rimen
tal d
ata.
C
itrus
frui
ts
Vinegar
Fl
ower
s
Soft
drin
ks
As
hes
Hou
seho
ld
dete
rgen
t
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
14
12
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
R
eact
ion
Kine
tics
devi
ce s
uita
ble
expe
rimen
tal
techniques
for s
tudy
ing
the
rate
ofre
actio
n fro
m g
iven
in
form
atio
n.
ex
plai
n th
e te
rms:
rate
of
reac
tion,
act
ivat
ion
ener
gy,
rateequation,orderof
reac
tion,
rate
con
stan
t, ha
lf-lif
e; ra
te d
eter
min
ing
step
an
d ca
taly
sis.
ex
plai
n in
term
s of
col
lisio
ns
the
effe
ct o
f con
cent
ratio
n ch
ange
s an
d te
mpe
ratu
re o
n th
e ra
te o
f a re
actio
n.
ex
plai
n ef
fect
of t
empe
ratu
re
chan
ge in
term
s of
the
Bo
ltzm
ann
dist
ribut
ion
on
the
rate
of r
eact
ion
ex
plai
n th
at in
the
pres
ence
of
a c
atal
yst a
reac
tion
has
a di
ffere
nt m
echa
nism
i.e.
one
of
low
er a
ctiv
atio
n en
ergy
.
constru
ctrateequationsof
the
form
rate
=k[
A]m[B
]n for
w
hich
m a
nd n
are
0, 1
or 2
.
calc
ulat
e in
itial
rate
, hal
f-life
an
d ra
te c
onst
ant
de
duce
the
orde
r of r
eact
ion
usin
g in
itial
rate
met
hod
and
conc
entra
tion
time
grap
hs.
sh
ow g
raph
ical
lyth
at th
e ha
lf
m
etho
ds o
f mea
surin
g re
actio
n ra
tes
Rateequations
Fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
rate
s of
re
actio
ns
Ex
perim
entingontechniques
for s
tudy
ing
the
rate
of
reac
tion.
Dis
cuss
ing
the
term
s:ra
te o
f re
actio
n, a
ctiv
atio
n en
ergy
, rateequation
orde
r of
reac
tion;
rate
con
stan
t, ha
lf-lif
e ra
te, d
eter
min
ing
step
and
ca
taly
sis.
Expe
rimen
ting
on fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
rate
s of
reac
tions
.
D
raw
ing
Boltz
man
n di
strib
utio
n cu
rves
and
re
actio
n pr
ofile
dia
gram
s.
Constructingrateequations
from
exp
erim
enta
l dat
a
Cal
cula
ting
initi
al ra
te,
half-
life
and
rate
con
stan
t.
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Gra
ph b
ooks
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
14
15
13
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D L
EAR
NIN
G
ACTI
VITI
ES A
ND
NO
TES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
–l
ife o
f a fi
rst o
rder
reac
tion
is c
onst
ant.
de
duce
a m
echa
nism
from
th
e or
der o
f rea
ctio
n an
d vi
ce v
ersa
.
M
echa
nism
of r
eact
ions
D
educ
ing
the
orde
r of
reac
tion
usin
g in
itial
rate
m
etho
d an
d co
ncen
tratio
n tim
e gr
aphs
.
Con
stru
ctin
g re
actio
n m
echa
nism
s.
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
16
8.2
INO
RG
AN
IC C
HEM
ISTR
Y
14
8.2
INO
RG
ANIC
CH
EMIS
TRY
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
Che
mic
al P
erio
dici
ty
of p
erio
d 3
de
scrib
e th
e va
riatio
ns in
ato
mic
ra
dius
, ion
ic ra
dius
, ion
isat
ion
ener
gy, m
eltin
g po
int a
nd
elec
trica
l. co
nduc
tivity
of p
erio
d 3
elem
ents
.
expl
ain
the
varia
tion
in a
tom
ic
radi
us, i
onic
radi
us a
nd fi
rst
ioni
satio
n en
ergy
.
inte
rpre
t the
var
iatio
n in
mel
ting
poin
t and
ele
ctric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity
in te
rms
of b
ondi
ng a
nd
stru
ctur
e.
de
scrib
e th
e re
actio
ns if
any
, of
elem
ents
with
oxy
gen,
chl
orin
e an
d w
ater
.
expl
ain
the
varia
tion
in o
xida
tion
num
ber o
f oxi
des
and
chlo
rides
.
desc
ribe
the
acid
bas
e be
havi
our
of o
xide
s
desc
ribe
the
reac
tions
of o
xide
s an
d ch
lorid
es w
ith w
ater
.
sugg
est t
he ty
pe o
f bon
ding
pr
esen
t in
chlo
rides
and
oxi
des
from
thei
r phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al
prop
ertie
s.
Va
riationinPhysicalproperties
Va
riationinChemicalproperties
D
iscu
ssin
g tre
nds
in
phys
ical
pro
perti
es.
An
alys
ing
data
and
sk
etch
ing
grap
hs o
n va
riatio
ns in
phy
sica
l pr
oper
ties.
Bu
rnin
g m
agne
sium
rib
bon.
R
eact
ing
sodi
um a
nd
mag
nesi
um w
ith c
old
wat
er
*N
B: S
odiu
m e
xplo
des
in
G
raph
s
D
ata
book
lets
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
16
17
15
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
wat
er
D
isso
lvin
g ox
ides
and
ch
lorid
es in
wat
er a
nd
test
ing
thei
r pH
.
R
elat
ing
phys
ical
pr
oper
ties
to b
ondi
ng.
So
dium
chl
orid
e
M
agne
sium
ch
lorid
e
A
lum
iniu
m o
xide
Al
umin
ium
chl
orid
e
Che
mis
try o
f Gro
up
II el
emen
ts
in
terp
ret t
he tr
ends
in p
hysi
cal
prop
ertie
s.
desc
ribe
the
reac
tions
of t
he
elem
ents
with
oxy
gen
and
wat
er.
de
scrib
e th
e be
havi
our o
f oxi
des
with
wat
er.
expl
ain
the
varia
tion
in t
herm
al
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
the
carb
onat
es
and
nitra
tes.
ex
plai
n th
e va
riatio
n in
sol
ubilit
y of
the
sulp
hate
s.
Tr
ends
in P
hysi
cal p
rope
rties
Tren
ds in
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
Ju
stify
ing
trend
s in
ph
ysic
al p
rope
rties
usi
ng
data
boo
klet
val
ues.
Ex
perim
entin
g on
the
reac
tions
of e
lem
ents
with
w
ater
and
oxy
gen.
D
isso
lvin
g ox
ides
in w
ater
an
d te
stin
g fo
r pH
.
H
eatin
g ca
rbon
ates
and
ni
trate
s;te
stin
g p
rodu
cts
prod
uced
.
D
isso
lvin
g m
agne
sium
su
lpha
te, c
alci
um
sulp
hate
and
bar
ium
D
ata
book
let
A
leve
l Sci
ence
kit
pH
met
er
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
18
16
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
st
ate
the
prop
ertie
s an
d us
es o
f gr
oup
II co
mpo
unds
.
Pr
oper
ties
and
uses
of G
roup
II
com
poun
ds
sulp
hate
in w
ater
.
D
iscu
ssin
g us
es o
f m
agne
sium
oxi
de,
calc
ium
oxi
de, c
alci
um
carb
onat
e,
mag
nesi
um.s
ulph
ate,
ca
lciu
m s
ulph
ate,
bar
ium
su
lpha
te, m
agne
sium
hy
drox
ide
and
mag
nesi
um
trisi
licat
e(M
MT)
m
agne
sium
oxi
de,
calc
ium
oxi
de,
calc
ium
car
bona
te,
mag
nesi
um
sulp
hate
, cal
cium
su
lpha
te, b
ariu
m
sulp
hate
, m
agne
sium
hy
drox
ide
and
mag
nesi
um
trisi
licat
e (M
MT)
Si
te v
isits
Che
mis
try o
f Gro
up
IVelements
expl
ain
the
varia
tions
in m
eltin
g an
d in
ele
ctric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity o
f th
e el
emen
ts.
ex
plai
n th
e va
riatio
ns in
bon
ding
, ac
id-b
ase
natu
re a
nd th
erm
al
stab
ility
of th
e ox
ides
of o
xida
tion
statesII&IV
.
desc
ribe
the
bond
ing,
mol
ecul
ar
shap
e an
d vo
latil
ity o
f the
te
trach
lorid
es.
ex
plai
n re
actio
ns o
f the
te
trach
lorid
es w
ith w
ater
in te
rms
Tr
ends
in P
hysi
cal p
rope
rties
Tren
ds in
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
D
iscu
ssin
g tre
nds
in
phys
ical
pro
perti
es.
Ex
perim
entingwithLead
(IV)o
xide,c
harc
oal a
nd
coal
.
C
onst
ruct
ing
mol
ecul
ar
shap
es u
sing
mod
els.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e be
havi
our
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
Lead(IV)oxide
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Si
te v
isits
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
18
19
17
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
of s
truct
ure
and
bond
ing.
desc
ribe
the
rela
tive
stab
ility
of
high
er a
nd lo
wer
oxi
datio
n st
ates
of
the
elem
ents
in th
eir o
xide
s andaqueoussolutions
.
reco
gnis
e th
e pr
oper
ties
and
uses
of t
he e
lem
ents
and
thei
r co
mpo
unds
.
Pr
oper
ties
and
uses
of G
roup
IV e
lem
ents
and
com
poun
ds
of te
trach
lorid
es w
ith
wat
er a
nd o
rgan
ic
solv
ents
.
Ex
perim
entingwithLead
(IV)o
xide
.
Dis
cuss
ing
prop
ertie
s an
d us
es o
f ele
men
ts a
nd
com
poun
ds s
uch
as
glas
s, c
eram
ics,
toot
h fil
ler,
diam
ond,
gra
phite
, ca
rbon
-tetra
chlo
ride.
Che
mis
try o
f Gro
up
VIIelements
de
scrib
e th
e tre
nds
in v
olat
ility
and
colo
ur o
f chl
orin
e, b
rom
ine
and
iodi
ne.
in
terp
ret t
he v
olat
ility
of e
lem
ents
interm
sofVanderW
aal f
orce
s.
ex
plai
n th
e re
lativ
e re
activ
ity o
f el
emen
ts a
s ox
idis
ing
agen
ts
with
refe
renc
e to
E0 v
alue
s.
ex
plai
n th
e re
actio
ns o
f ele
men
ts
Tr
ends
in P
hysi
cal p
rope
rties
Tren
ds in
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e tre
nds
in
vola
tility
and
col
our o
f ch
lorin
e, b
rom
ine
and
iodi
ne.
C
alcu
latin
g E0 c
ell v
alue
s an
d ch
ange
s in
oxi
datio
n
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Si
te v
isits
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
20
18
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
with
hyd
roge
n
ex
plai
n th
e re
lativ
e th
erm
al
stab
ilitie
s of
the
hydr
ides
in te
rms
of b
ond
ener
gies
.
desc
ribe
the
reac
tions
of t
he
halid
e io
ns w
ith s
ilver
ions
followedbyaqueousam
monia
and
with
con
cent
rate
d su
lphu
ric
acid
desc
ribe
the
reac
tion
of c
hlor
ine
withcoldandhotaqu
eous
so
dium
hyd
roxi
de.
ex
plai
n th
e in
dust
rial i
mpo
rtanc
e an
d en
viro
nmen
tal s
igni
fican
ce
of th
e ha
loge
ns a
nd th
eir
com
poun
ds.
Pr
oper
ties
and
uses
of G
roup
VII e
lem
ents
and
com
poun
ds
stat
es fo
r the
reac
tions
be
twee
n ha
loge
ns a
nd
sodi
um th
iosu
lpha
te.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e re
actio
ns
of e
lem
ents
with
hyd
roge
n an
d re
lativ
e th
erm
al
stab
ilitie
s of
resu
lting
hy
drid
es.
Te
stin
g fo
r ha
lide
ions
Dis
cuss
ing
the
indu
stria
l im
porta
nce
and
envi
ronm
enta
l si
gnifi
canc
e of
hal
ogen
s an
d th
eir c
ompo
unds
(e.g
. bleaches,P
VC,
halo
gena
ted
hydr
ocar
bons
as
solv
ents
, re
frige
rant
s, a
eros
ols
and
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
20
21
19
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
chlo
rine
in p
urifi
catio
n of
w
ater
).
Che
mis
try o
f N
itrog
en a
nd
Sulp
hur
ex
plai
n th
e la
ck o
f rea
ctiv
ity o
f ni
troge
n.
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rmat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
amm
oniu
m io
n an
d its
reac
tion
with
alk
alis
.
ex
plai
n th
e m
anuf
actu
re o
f am
mon
ia b
y th
e H
aber
pro
cess
in
term
s of
the
prin
cipl
es o
f kineticsandequilibria
.
ex
plai
n th
e m
anuf
actu
re o
f su
lphu
ric a
cid
by
the
Con
tact
pr
oces
s in
term
s of
the
prin
cipl
es
ofkineticsandequilibria
.
reco
gnis
e th
e in
dust
rial
impo
rtanc
e of
sul
phur
ic a
cid
and
amm
onia
.
reco
gnis
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal
consequencesofcom
poundsof
nitro
gen
and
sulp
hur
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
of N
itrog
en
H
aber
Pro
cess
Con
tact
Pro
cess
Envir
onm
enta
l impa
cts
of
Nitr
ogen
and
Sul
phur
co
mpo
unds
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e ch
emic
al
prop
ertie
s of
nitr
ogen
.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e fo
rmat
ion
and
stru
ctur
e of
the
amm
oniu
m io
n.
Ex
perim
entin
g on
the
labo
rato
ry p
repa
ratio
n of
am
mon
ia.
Dis
cuss
ing
the
Hab
er
proc
ess
and
the
Con
tact
pr
oces
s(th
e ki
netic
s an
d equilibria).
Pr
epar
ing
amm
oniu
m
sulp
hate
in th
e la
bora
tory
.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e en
viro
nmen
tal
consequencesofnitrates,
nitro
gen
oxid
es, s
ulph
ur
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Si
te v
isits
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
22
20
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES, S
KIL
LS
AND
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SU
GG
ESTE
D N
OTE
S AN
D
ACTI
VITI
ES
SUG
GES
TED
R
ESO
UR
CES
ex
plai
n th
e ca
taly
tic re
mov
al o
f ox
ides
of n
itrog
en.
de
scrib
e th
e us
e of
sul
phur
di
oxid
e in
food
pre
serv
atio
n.
oxid
es.
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e re
mov
al o
f ox
ides
of n
itrog
en fr
om
car e
xhau
sts
and
use
of
sulp
hur d
ioxi
de.
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
22
23
FOR
M 6
SYL
LAB
US
8.3
PH
YSIC
AL
CH
EMIS
TRY
21
FORM
6 S
YLLA
BU
S 8.
3 P
HYS
ICAL
CH
EMIS
TRY
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
CO
NTE
NT
(ATT
ITU
DES
, SK
ILLS
AN
D
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
Atom
s, M
olec
ules
an
d St
oich
iom
etry
ca
lcul
ate,
usi
ng th
e m
ole
conc
ept
the
reac
ting
mas
ses,
vol
umes
of
gase
s, v
olum
es a
nd
conc
entra
tions
of s
olut
ion.
dete
rmin
e st
oich
iom
etric
re
latio
nshi
ps fr
om c
alcu
latio
ns.
ca
lcul
ate
perc
enta
ge y
ield
and
pe
rcen
tage
pur
ity.
St
oich
iom
etric
reac
tion
ratio
s
Ti
tratio
n
Perc
enta
ge y
ield
and
pe
rcen
tage
pur
ity
C
ompu
ting
reac
ting
mas
ses,
vo
lum
es o
f gas
es, v
olum
es a
nd
conc
entra
tions
of s
olut
ion
from
gi
ven
data
Perfo
rmin
g ac
id-b
ase
titra
tions
’.
Ded
ucin
g st
oich
iom
etric
re
latio
nshi
ps fr
om ti
tratio
n re
sults
.
Constructingbalancedequations
.
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Elec
troch
emis
try
us
e re
dox
titra
tion
resu
lts in
quantitativeanalysis
.
desc
ribe
how
the
hyd
roge
n ox
ygen
fuel
cel
l ope
rate
.
dedu
ce e
lect
rode
reac
tions
from
a
give
n fu
el c
ell.
co
mpa
re fu
el c
ells
with
co
nven
tiona
l ce
lls.
calculatethequantityofcharge,
mas
s an
d or
vol
ume
of s
ubst
ance
lib
erat
ed d
urin
g el
ectro
lysi
s us
ing
therelationship,F=Le(Faraday
cons
tant
, the
Avo
gadr
o co
nsta
nt
and
the
char
ge o
n th
e el
ectro
n)
de
scrib
e ho
w to
det
erm
ine
a
R
edox
titra
tion
Fu
el c
ells
Qua
ntita
tive
elec
trolys
is
Pe
rform
ing
redo
x tit
ratio
ns
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e co
mpo
sitio
n an
d el
ectro
de re
actio
ns o
f fue
l cel
ls.
C
iting
adv
anta
ges
and
disa
dvan
tage
s of
fuel
cel
ls o
ver
conv
entio
nal c
ells
.
Determiningthequantityof
char
ge, m
ass
and
or v
olum
e of
su
bsta
nce
liber
ated
dur
ing
elec
troly
sis
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
24
22
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
valu
e of
Avo
gadr
o co
nsta
nt b
y an
el
ectro
lytic
met
hod.
dete
rmin
ing
expe
rimen
tally
the
va
lue
of th
e Av
ogad
ro c
onst
ant.
Equilibria
expl
ain
how
buf
fer s
olut
ions
co
ntro
l pH
.
calc
ulat
e thepH
and/orp
OHof
buffe
r sol
utio
ns.
ap
ply
the
conc
ept o
f sol
ubilit
y pr
oduc
t, K s
p
calc
ulat
e K s
p fro
m c
once
ntra
tions
an
d vi
ce v
ersa
expl
ain
the
com
mon
ion
effe
ct
Bu
ffer s
olut
ions
Solu
bility
pro
duct
s
D
iscu
ssin
g bu
ffer s
olut
ions
in
clud
ing
thei
r rol
e in
con
trollin
g bl
ood
and
soil
pH.
Pr
epar
ing
buffe
r sol
utio
ns
DeterminingpH
andpOHof
buffe
r sol
utio
ns
C
alcu
latin
g so
lubi
lity
prod
ucts
fro
m c
once
ntra
tions
and
vic
e ve
rsa
incl
udin
g co
mm
on io
n ef
fect
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Rea
ctio
n ki
netic
s
Outlinethedifferentmodesof
actio
n of
hom
ogen
eous
and
he
tero
gene
ous
cata
lysi
s as
ex
empl
ified
in th
e H
aber
pro
cess
, ca
taly
tic re
mov
al o
f oxi
des
of
nitro
gen
in th
e ex
haus
t gas
es
from
car
eng
ines
, the
redo
x re
actio
n be
twee
n I- a
nd S
2O82-
andcatalyticro
leofN
Oxin
the
oxid
atio
n of
atm
osph
eric
sul
phur
di
oxid
e.
C
atal
ysis
-
Hom
ogen
eous
-
Het
erog
eneo
us
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e di
ffere
nt m
odes
of
actio
n of
hom
ogen
eous
and
he
tero
gene
ous
cata
lysi
s su
ch a
s Fe
in th
e H
aber
pro
cess
and
Fe2+
in I- a
nd S
2O82-
reac
tion.
Car
ryin
g ou
t exp
erim
ents
on
deco
mpo
sitio
n of
hyd
roge
n pe
roxi
de c
atal
ysed
by
man
gane
se (IV)oxide
.
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
24
25
8.4
OR
GA
NIC
CH
EMIS
TRY
23
8.4
OR
GAN
IC C
HEM
ISTR
Y TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
CO
NTE
NT
(ATT
ITU
DES
, SK
ILLS
AN
D
KN
OW
LED
GE)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
Hyd
roca
rbon
s
use
the
nom
encl
atur
e, s
truct
ural
fo
rmul
ae a
nd d
ispl
ayed
form
ulae
fo
r hyd
roca
rbon
s fro
m C
1 to
C10
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rms
of is
omer
ism
fo
und
in h
ydro
carb
ons
expl
ain
the
use
of c
rude
oil
and
natu
ral g
as a
s so
urce
s of
hy
droc
arbo
ns
ex
plai
n th
e de
crea
se in
vol
atilit
y w
ith in
crea
sing
car
bon
chai
n
des
crib
e th
e ch
emic
al re
actio
ns o
f al
kane
s, a
lken
es a
nd a
rene
s
de
scrib
e th
e m
echa
nism
of f
ree
radi
cal s
ubst
itutio
n, e
lect
roph
ilic
addi
tion
and
elec
troph
ilic
subs
titut
ion
N
omen
clat
ure
Isom
erism
Prep
arat
ion
and
occu
rrenc
e
Ph
ysic
al p
rope
rties
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
R
eact
ion
mec
hani
sms
D
iscu
ssin
g no
men
clat
ure,
ge
nera
l for
mul
a an
d di
spla
yed
form
ulae
for h
ydro
carb
ons
from
C
1 to
C10
Illus
tratin
g fo
rms
of is
omer
ism
us
ing
mol
ecul
ar m
odel
s
Dis
cuss
ing
the
proc
ess
of
fract
iona
l dis
tilla
tion
of c
rude
oil
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e ph
ysic
al
prop
ertie
s of
hyd
roca
rbon
s
Expe
rimen
ting
with
coo
king
oil
or p
araf
fin to
dem
onst
rate
cr
acki
ng
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e ch
emis
try o
f al
kane
s as
exe
mpl
ified
by
the
follo
win
g re
actio
ns o
f eth
ane:
C
ombu
stio
n
Fr
ee ra
dica
l sub
stitu
tion
by
chlo
rine
and
its m
echa
nism
Dis
cuss
ing
the
chem
istry
of
alke
nes
as e
xem
plifi
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
reac
tions
of e
then
e:
El
ectro
philic
add
ition
of s
team
, hy
drog
en h
alid
es a
nd h
alog
ens
incl
udin
g m
echa
nism
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Mol
ecul
ar m
odel
s
C
ooki
ng o
il
Pa
raffi
n
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
26
24
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
C
atal
ytic
add
ition
of h
ydro
gen
Oxidationbycolddilute
manganate(V
II)ionstoform
di
ol
Oxidationbyhotconcentrated
manganate(V
II)ions
Poly
mer
isat
ion
Dis
cuss
ing
the
chem
istry
of
aren
es a
s ex
ampl
ified
by
the
follo
win
g re
actio
ns o
f ben
zene
an
d m
ethy
l ben
zene
:
Elec
troph
ilic s
ubst
itutio
n w
ith
brom
ine
incl
udin
g m
echa
nism
Nitr
atio
n in
clud
ing
mec
hani
sm
Oxidationofthesidechain
Pred
ictin
g w
heth
er h
alog
enat
ion
will
occu
r on
the
side
cha
in o
r on
the
arom
atic
nuc
leus
in
aren
e
Hal
ogen
de
rivat
ives
use
the
nom
encl
atur
e an
d di
spla
yed
form
ula
of
halo
geno
alka
nes
and
halo
geno
aren
es
de
scrib
e th
e is
omer
ism
ass
ocia
ted
with
hal
ogen
der
ivat
ives
de
scrib
e th
e fo
llow
ing
nucl
eoph
ilic
subs
titut
ion
reac
tions
of
halo
geno
alka
nes
as e
xem
plifi
ed
N
omen
clat
ure
Isom
erism
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
D
raw
ing
disp
laye
d st
ruct
ures
an
d na
min
g th
em
D
iscu
ssin
g is
omer
ism
as
soci
ated
with
hal
ogen
de
rivat
ives
Ex
perim
entin
g w
ith
brom
oeth
ane,
silv
er n
itrat
e an
d ho
t wat
er to
sho
w s
ubst
itutio
n
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Journals
Br
omoe
than
e
Si
lver
nitr
ate
Aero
sols
Plas
tics
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
26
27
25
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
by th
e re
actio
ns o
f bro
moe
than
e:
hydr
olys
is,
form
atio
n of
nitr
iles
and
fo
rmat
ion
of p
rimar
y am
ines
by
reac
tion
with
am
mon
ia
de
scrib
e th
e m
echa
nism
of
nucl
eoph
ilic s
ubst
itutio
n in
ha
loge
noal
kane
s
ex
plai
n th
e el
imin
atio
n of
hyd
roge
n br
omid
e fro
m 2
-bro
mop
ropa
ne
inte
rpre
t the
diff
eren
t rea
ctiv
ities
of
halo
geno
lkan
es a
nd
chlo
robe
nzen
e w
ith p
artic
ular
re
fere
nce
to h
ydro
lysi
s an
d to
the
rela
tive
stre
ngth
s of
the
C-H
al
bond
s
expl
ain
the
uses
of f
luor
oalk
anes
an
d flu
oroh
alog
enoa
lkan
es in
te
rms
of th
eir r
elat
ive
chem
ical
in
ertn
ess
reco
gnis
e th
e co
ncer
n ab
out t
he
effe
ct o
f chl
orof
luor
oalk
anes
on
the
ozon
e la
yer
U
ses
and
envir
onm
enta
l im
pact
Writingequationsandform
ulae
of p
rodu
cts
from
nuc
leop
hilic
su
bstit
utio
n
Des
crib
ing
the
mec
hani
sm o
f nu
cleo
philic
sub
stitu
tion
in
term
s of
SN1
and
S N2
Ex
perim
entin
g w
ith e
than
olic
so
dium
hyd
roxi
de a
nd
brom
opro
pane
to s
how
el
imin
atio
n
Com
parin
g th
e st
reng
ths
of th
e C
-Hal
bon
ds a
nd re
latin
g th
em
to re
activ
ity
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
es o
f flu
oroa
lkan
es a
nd
fluor
ohal
ogen
oalk
anes
and
thei
r ef
fect
s on
the
envi
ronm
ent
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
28
26
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
Hyd
roxy
co
mpo
unds
use
the
nom
encl
atur
e an
d di
spla
yed
form
ulae
to d
escr
ibe
the
stru
ctur
e of
prim
ary,
sec
onda
ry
and
terti
ary
alco
hols
desc
ribe
the
isom
eris
m a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith a
lcoh
ols
de
scrib
e th
e m
anuf
actu
re o
f et
hano
l usi
ng fe
rmen
tatio
n pr
oces
s
expl
ain
the
phys
ical
pro
perti
es o
f hy
drox
y co
mpo
unds
in te
rms
of
bond
ing
desc
ribe
the
reac
tions
of a
lcoh
ols
as e
xem
plifi
ed b
y et
hano
l dur
ing
com
bust
ion,
sub
stitu
tion
to g
ive
halo
geno
alka
nes,
reac
tion
with
so
dium
, oxi
datio
n to
car
bony
l co
mpo
unds
and
car
boxy
lic a
cids
, de
hydr
atio
n an
d es
ter f
orm
atio
n
desc
ribe
the
reac
tion
of th
e m
ethy
l se
cond
ary
alco
hol w
ith a
lkal
ine
iodi
ne
de
scrib
e th
e re
actio
ns o
f phe
nol
with
bas
es, s
odiu
m a
nd d
urin
g ni
tratio
n an
d br
omin
atio
n of
the
N
omen
clat
ure
Isom
erism
Man
ufac
ture
of e
than
ol
Ph
ysic
al p
rope
rties
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es o
f al
coho
ls
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e st
ruct
ure,
no
men
clat
ure
and
clas
sific
atio
n of
alc
ohol
s
Dra
win
g st
ruct
ures
of o
ptic
al
and
stru
ctur
al i
som
ers
Prep
arin
g of
eth
anol
by
ferm
enta
tion
usin
g lo
cally
av
aila
ble
reso
urce
s
Dis
cuss
ing
the
solu
bilit
y an
d vo
latil
ity o
f alc
ohol
s
D
iscu
ssin
g re
actio
ns o
f alc
ohol
s
D
istin
guis
hing
bet
wee
n pr
imar
y,
seco
ndar
y an
d te
rtiar
y al
coho
ls
by o
xida
tion
reac
tions
Ded
ucin
g th
e pr
esen
ce o
f CH
3 CH(O
H)–
gro
up in
an
alco
hol
usingalkalineaqueousiodine
Dis
cuss
ing
the
reac
tions
of
phen
ol
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Mar
ula
Baob
ab F
ruits
Gra
pes
Etha
nol
Ac
idifi
ed
pota
ssiu
m
dich
rom
ate
Pr
opan
– 2
-ol
2met
hylp
ropa
n –
2-ol
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
28
29
27
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
arom
atic
ring
ex
plai
n th
e re
lativ
e ac
iditi
es o
f w
ater
, phe
nol a
nd e
than
ol
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
of
phen
ols
C
ompa
ring
the
acid
ity o
f wat
er,
phen
ol a
nd e
than
ol
Car
bony
l co
mpo
unds
use
the
nom
encl
atur
e an
d di
spla
yed
form
ulae
to d
escr
ibe
the
stru
ctur
e of
ald
ehyd
es a
nd
keto
nes
ex
plai
n th
e is
omer
ism
ass
ocia
ted
with
ald
ehyd
es a
nd k
eton
es
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rmat
ion
alde
hyde
s an
d ke
tone
s fro
m p
rimar
y an
d se
cond
ary
alco
hols
resp
ectiv
ely
ou
tline
the
mec
hani
sm o
f nu
cleo
philic
add
ition
rea
ctio
n of
hy
drog
en c
yani
de w
ith a
ldeh
ydes
an
d ke
tone
s
de
scrib
e th
e re
duct
ion
of
alde
hyde
s an
d ke
tone
s us
ing
NaB
H4
su
gges
t a s
uita
ble
test
for a
giv
en
carb
onyl
com
poun
d
N
omen
clat
ure
Isom
erism
Prep
arat
ion
Che
mica
l pro
perti
es
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e no
men
clat
ure
and
disp
laye
d fo
rmul
ae o
f al
dehy
des
and
keto
nes
D
raw
ing
stru
ctur
es to
illu
stra
te
the
isom
eris
m in
car
bony
l co
mpo
unds
Pr
epar
ing
alde
hyde
s an
d ke
tone
s fr
om re
spec
tive
alco
hols
An
alys
ing
the
mec
hani
sm o
f nu
cleo
philic
add
ition
rea
ctio
n of
hy
drog
en c
yani
de w
ith
alde
hyde
s an
d ke
tone
s
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e re
actio
ns o
f
carb
onyl
com
poun
ds, w
ith
NaB
H4,
2.4
-DN
PH, F
ehlin
g’s
solu
tion,
alk
alin
e io
dine
and
To
llens
reag
ent
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Etha
nol
Ac
idifi
ed
pota
ssiu
m
dich
rom
ate
Pr
opan
– 2
-ol
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
30
28
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
Car
boxy
lic a
cids
an
d de
rivat
ives
inte
rpre
t the
nom
encl
atur
e an
d fo
rmul
ae o
f car
boxy
lic a
cids
and
th
eir d
eriv
ativ
es
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rmat
ion
of
carb
oxyl
ic a
cids
from
alc
ohol
s,
alde
hyde
s an
d ni
trile
s
re
call
the
reac
tions
of c
arbo
xylic
ac
ids
in th
e fo
rmat
ion
of s
alts
, es
ters
and
acy
l chl
orid
es
expl
ain
the
acid
ity o
f car
boxy
lic
acid
s an
d of
chl
orin
e su
bstit
uted
et
hano
ic a
cids
in te
rms
of th
eir
stru
ctur
es
de
scrib
e th
e re
actio
ns o
f ac
yl
chlo
rides
with
wat
er, a
lcoh
ols,
ph
enol
s an
d pr
imar
y am
ines
expl
ain
the
rela
tive
ease
of
hydr
olys
is o
f acy
l chl
orid
es, a
lkyl
ch
lorid
es a
nd a
ryl c
hlor
ides
illu
stra
te th
e fo
rmat
ion
of e
ster
s fro
m c
arbo
xylic
aci
ds o
r acy
l ch
lorid
es u
sing
eth
yl e
than
oate
an
d ph
enyl
ben
zoat
e as
exa
mpl
es
N
omen
clat
ure
Pr
epar
atio
n an
d oc
curre
nce
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
D
raw
ing
disp
laye
d fo
rmul
ae fo
r ca
rbox
ylic
aci
ds a
nd th
eir
deriv
ativ
es
Pr
epar
ing
carb
oxyl
ic a
cids
and
es
ters
Constructingequationsforthe
reac
tions
of c
arbo
xylic
aci
ds
C
ompa
ring
the
acid
ity o
f ca
rbox
ylic
aci
ds a
nd s
ubst
itute
d ca
rbox
ylic
aci
ds
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e re
actio
ns o
f acy
l ch
lorid
es w
ith w
ater
, alc
ohol
s,
phen
ols
and
prim
ary
amin
es
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e re
lativ
e ea
se o
f hy
drol
ysis
of a
cyl c
hlor
ides
, al
kyl c
hlor
ides
and
ary
l ch
lorid
es
Prep
arin
g es
ters
from
car
boxy
lic
acid
s or
acy
l chl
orid
es
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Vinegar
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
30
31
29
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
de
scrib
e th
e ac
id a
nd b
ase
hydr
olys
is o
f est
ers
stat
e th
e u
ses
of c
arbo
xylic
aci
ds
and
este
rs
U
ses
of c
arbo
xylic
aci
ds
and
este
rs
M
anuf
actu
ring
soap
from
fats
an
d oi
ls
In
vest
igat
ing
uses
of c
arbo
xylic
ac
ids
and
este
rs
Fa
ts
Oils
Ash
Nitr
ogen
co
mpo
unds
desc
ribe
the
form
atio
n of
et
hyla
min
e by
redu
ctio
n of
nitr
ile
and
of p
heny
lam
ine
by
redu
ctio
n of
nitr
oben
zene
expl
ain
the
rela
tive
basi
city
of
amm
onia
, alk
ylam
ines
and
ph
enyl
amin
es in
term
s of
thei
r st
ruct
ures
de
scrib
e th
e re
actio
n of
ph
enyl
amin
e w
ith:
- aqueousbromine
- nitr
ous
acid
de
scrib
e th
e co
uplin
g of
be
nzen
edia
zoni
um c
hlor
ide
and
phen
ol a
nd th
e us
e of
sim
ilar
reac
tions
in th
e fo
rmat
ion
of
dyes
tuff
Pr
epar
atio
n an
d oc
curre
nce
C
hem
ical p
rope
rties
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e fo
rmat
ion
of
ethy
lam
ine
by re
duct
ion
of n
itrile
an
d of
phe
nyla
min
e b
y re
duct
ion
of n
itrob
enze
ne
C
ompa
ring
the
rela
tive
basi
city
of
am
mon
ia, a
lkyl
amin
es
and
phen
ylam
ines
in te
rms
of th
eir
stru
ctur
es
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e re
actio
ns o
f ph
enyl
aminewithaqueous
brom
ine
and
with
nitr
ous
acid
Dis
cuss
ing
the
hydr
olys
is o
f di
azon
ium
sal
t to
give
phe
nol
Sy
nthe
sizi
ng d
yest
uff
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
Dye
stuf
f
Nitr
ous
Acid
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
32
30
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rmat
ion
of a
mid
es
from
the
reac
tion
betw
een
RN
H2
and
R’C
OC
l
desc
ribe
acid
-bas
e hy
drol
ysis
of
amid
es
investigatetheacid/base
prop
ertie
s of
am
ino
acid
s an
d th
e fo
rmat
ion
of z
witt
erio
ns
illu
stra
te th
e fo
rmat
ion
of p
eptid
e bo
nds
in p
rote
in a
nd p
olyp
eptid
e fo
rmat
ion
desc
ribe
the
hydr
olys
is o
f pro
tein
s
am
ides
Dis
cuss
ing
the
form
atio
n an
d hy
drol
ysis
of a
mid
es
D
educ
ing
the
prod
uct o
f hy
drol
ysis
of a
mid
es
An
alysingtheacid/base
prop
ertie
s of
am
ino
acid
s i.e
. fro
m ti
tratio
n cu
rves
Constructingequationstoshow
form
atio
n of
pep
tide
bond
s
D
raw
ing
stru
ctur
es o
f the
pr
oduc
ts o
f hyd
roly
sis
Poly
mer
isat
ion
D
escr
ibe
the
char
acte
ristic
s of
ad
ditio
n po
lym
ers
as e
xam
plifi
ed
by p
olytheneandPVC
expl
ain
cond
ensa
tion
poly
mer
isat
ion
as in
pol
yest
ers
and
poly
amid
es
pr
edic
t the
typ
e of
pol
ymer
isat
ion
reac
tion
for a
giv
en m
onom
er o
r pa
ir of
mon
omer
s
dedu
ce th
e re
peat
uni
t of a
po
lym
er o
btai
ned
from
a g
iven
m
onom
er o
r pai
r of m
onom
ers
id
entif
y th
e m
onom
er(s
) pre
sent
in
a gi
ven
sect
ion
of a
pol
ymer
m
olec
ule
Ty
pes
of P
olym
eris
atio
n - a
dditi
on
- con
dens
atio
n
C
lass
ifyin
g po
lym
ers
Dra
win
g re
peat
uni
ts fr
om
give
n m
onom
ers
or s
ectio
ns o
f po
lym
ers
and
vice
ver
sa
Bu
ildin
g m
odel
s of
pol
ymer
s
Sa
mpl
es o
f po
lym
ers
ICT
Tool
s an
d Braille/Jaw
sso
ftwar
e
M
olec
ular
mod
els
31
TOPI
C
OB
JEC
TIVE
S Le
arne
rs s
houl
d be
abl
e to
: C
ON
TEN
T (A
TTIT
UD
ES,
SKIL
LS A
ND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
re
cogn
ise
the
uses
of p
olym
ers
Use
s of
pol
ymer
s
Dis
cuss
ing
uses
of p
olym
ers
Visitingsites
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
32
33
8.5
APP
LIED
CH
EMIS
TRY
32
8.5
APP
LIED
CH
EMIS
TRY
TO
PIC
O
BJE
CTI
VES
Lear
ners
sho
uld
be a
ble
to:
CO
NTE
NT
(ATT
ITU
DES
, SK
IILS
AND
K
NO
WLE
DG
E)
SUG
GES
TED
LEA
RN
ING
AC
TIVI
TIES
AN
D N
OTE
S SU
GG
ESTE
D
RES
OU
RSE
S
Tran
sitio
n El
emen
ts
ex
plai
n w
hat i
s m
eant
by
trans
ition
, in
term
s of
d-b
lock
el
emen
t for
min
g on
e or
mor
e st
able
ions
with
inco
mpl
ete
d-or
bita
ls
an
alys
e th
e el
ectro
nic
conf
igur
atio
n of
the
first
row
tra
nsiti
on e
lem
ents
and
thei
r io
ns
re
cogn
ise
that
the
atom
ic ra
dii,
ioni
c ra
dii a
nd fi
rst i
onis
atio
n en
ergi
es o
f the
tran
sitio
n m
etal
s ar
e re
lativ
ely
inva
riant
contrastqualitativelythemelting
poin
t, de
nsity
, ato
mic
radi
us,
first
ioni
satio
n en
ergy
and
co
nduc
tivity
of t
he tr
ansi
tion
elem
ents
with
thos
e of
cal
cium
as
a ty
pica
l s-b
lock
ele
men
t
desc
ribe
the
tend
ency
of
trans
ition
ele
men
ts to
hav
e va
riabl
e ox
idat
ion
stat
es
ex
plai
n th
e fo
rmat
ion
of
com
plex
es in
term
s of
co-
ordi
nate
bon
ds a
nd th
e sp
littin
g of
d o
rbita
ls
de
scrib
e th
e sh
ape
of fo
ur-fo
ld
and
six
fold
com
plex
es
C
hara
cter
istic
pr
oper
ties
Va
riableoxidationstate
D
iscu
ssin
g ch
arac
teris
tic
prop
ertie
s of
tran
sitio
n el
emen
ts
W
orki
ng o
ut th
e el
ectro
nic
conf
igur
atio
n of
the
first
row
tra
nsiti
on e
lem
ents
and
thei
r io
ns
An
alyz
ing
ato
mic
radi
i, io
nic
radi
i and
firs
t ion
isat
ion
ener
gies
dat
a of
the
trans
ition
m
etal
s
C
ompa
ring
the
mel
ting
poin
ts,
dens
ities
, ato
mic
radi
i, fir
st
ioni
satio
n en
ergi
es a
nd
cond
uctiv
ities
of t
he tr
ansi
tion
elem
ents
with
thos
e of
cal
cium
as
a ty
pica
l s-b
lock
ele
men
t
Expe
rimen
ting
to s
how
var
iabl
e ox
idat
ion
stat
es
D
iscu
ssin
g fo
rmat
ion
of
com
plex
es
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
ssoftw
are
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
34
33
ex
plai
n th
e ty
pes
of is
omer
ism
th
at c
ompl
exes
may
exh
ibit
expl
ain
ligan
d ex
chan
ges
in
term
sofcom
petingequilibria
and
stab
ility
cons
tant
s
ex
plai
n re
dox
reac
tions
of
com
plex
es in
term
s of
E0 v
alue
s
in
terp
ret t
he e
ffect
of l
igan
d ex
chan
ge o
n E0 v
alue
s
ex
plai
n, in
term
s of
d o
rbita
l sp
littin
g, w
hy tr
ansi
tion
elem
ent
com
plex
es a
re u
sual
ly c
olou
red
expl
ain
chan
ges
in c
olou
r of
com
plex
es a
s a
resu
lt of
liga
nd
exch
ange
expl
ain
the
mag
netic
pro
perti
es
of tr
ansi
tion
met
als
and
thei
r co
mpl
exes
in te
rms
of p
aire
d an
d un
paire
d d
elec
trons
.
de
scrib
e th
e oc
curre
nce,
re
lativ
e st
abilit
y an
d co
lour
of
vana
dium
ions
and
its
com
poun
ds
desc
ribe
the
uses
of v
anad
ium
an
d its
com
poun
ds
C
ompl
ex fo
rmat
ion
Col
our c
once
pt
C
atal
ysis
Mag
netis
m
D
raw
ing
shap
es o
f com
plex
es
and
show
ing
isom
eris
m
Ex
perim
entin
g on
liga
nd
exch
ange
C
alcu
latin
g E0 c
ells
to p
redi
ct
feas
ibilit
y of
reac
tions
Dis
cuss
ing
the
split
ting
of d
-or
bita
ls in
col
our f
orm
atio
n of
co
mpl
exes
Expe
rimen
ting
on m
agne
tic
prop
ertie
s of
tran
sitio
n m
etal
s an
d th
eir c
ompl
exes
Ded
ucin
g m
agne
tic p
rope
rties
fro
m e
lect
roni
c co
nfig
urat
ions
inve
stig
atin
g th
e oc
curre
nce
re
lativ
e st
abilit
y an
d co
lour
of
vana
dium
ions
and
com
poun
ds
di
scus
sing
the
uses
of
vana
dium
and
com
poun
ds
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
34
35
34
de
scrib
e th
e oc
curre
nce,
re
lativ
e st
abilit
y an
d co
lour
of
chromiumaqueousionsand
com
poun
ds c
onta
inin
g th
e m
etal
in th
e +3
and
+6
oxid
atio
n st
ates
.
ex
plai
n u
ses
of c
hrom
ium
and
its
com
poun
ds
desc
ribe
the
use
of d
ichr
omat
e (VI)asanoxidisingagent
desc
ribe thechromate(VI)to
dichromate(VI)interconversion
de
scrib
e th
e oc
curre
nce
and
rela
tive
stab
ility
and
colo
ur o
f m
anga
nese
ions
and
co
mpo
unds
con
tain
ing
the
met
al in
the
+2, +
4, +
6 an
d +7
ox
idat
ion
stat
es
de
mon
stra
te re
dox
reac
tions
in
volv
ing MnO
2,MnO
42- a
nd
MnO
- 4
desc
ribe
the
occu
rrenc
e,
rela
tive
stab
ility
and
colo
ur o
f iro
n co
mpo
unds
,
de
scrib
e th
e ef
fect
of p
H a
nd
C
hrom
ium
occu
renc
e
chem
ical
pro
perti
es a
nd
its u
ses
m
anga
nese
occu
rrenc
e
chem
ical
pro
perti
es a
nd
uses
iron
occu
rrenc
e an
d ex
tract
ion
in
vest
igat
ing
the
occu
rrenc
e
rela
tive
stab
ility
and
colo
ur o
f ch
rom
ium
ions
and
its
com
poun
ds
disc
ussi
ng th
e us
es o
f ch
rom
ium
and
its
com
poun
ds
te
stin
g fo
r alc
ohol
and
for
sulp
hur d
ioxi
de u
sing
dichromate(VI)
de
mon
stra
ting
the
interconversionofchrom
ate(VI)
todichrom
ate(VI)usingdilute
acid
s an
d al
kalis
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e oc
curre
nce
re
lativ
e st
abilit
y an
d co
lour
of
man
gane
se c
ompo
unds
Expe
rimen
ting
on th
e disproportionationofMnO
42-
In
vest
igat
ing
the
occu
rrenc
e
rela
tive
stab
ility
and
colo
ur o
f iro
n co
mpo
unds
Expe
rimen
ting
on th
e ef
fect
of
pH o
n st
abilit
y of
iron
and
its
io
ns
Amm
oniu
m v
anad
ate
(V),
M
anga
nese
dio
xide
Hyd
roge
n pe
roxi
de
So
dium
hyd
roxi
de
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
36
35
the
cyan
ide
ligan
d on
sta
bilit
y of
iro
n an
d it
s io
ns
ex
plai
n th
e bi
oche
mic
al
impo
rtanc
e of
iron
in
haem
oglo
bin
and
in c
ytoc
hrom
e
an
alys
e th
e ru
stin
g of
iron
and
its
pre
vent
ion
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n Fe
2+ (a
q)
and
Fe3+
(aq)using
Fe(
CN
) 63-
(aq)andSCN- (aq),respectively
de
scrib
e th
e us
e of
iron
and
its
com
poun
ds
D
escr
ibe
the
occu
rrenc
e,
rela
tive
stab
ility
and
colo
ur o
f co
balt
ions
and
com
poun
ds
cont
aini
ng th
e m
etal
in it
s +2
an
d +3
oxi
datio
n st
ates
,
expl
ain
the
effe
ct o
f lig
ands
and/ortemperatureonthe
stab
ility
and
geom
etry
of c
obal
t co
mpl
exes
, usi
ng a
s ex
ampl
es
[C
o(H
2 O) 6
]2+ [C
oCl 4]
2, a
nd
[Co(
NH
3)6]2+
[C
o(N
H3)
6]3+
ex
plai
n th
e us
es o
f cob
alt a
s in
al
loys
, anh
ydro
us c
obal
t (II)
io
ns a
s a
test
for w
ater
and
its
bioc
hem
ical
impo
rtanc
e
ch
emic
al p
rope
rties
and
us
es
co
balt
Occurrence
Che
mica
l pr
oper
ties
and
uses
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e bi
oche
mic
al
impo
rtanc
e of
iron
in
haem
oglo
bin
and
in c
ytoc
hrom
e
In
vest
igat
ing
cond
ition
s fo
r iro
n to
rust
and
its
prev
entio
n
Te
stin
g fo
r Fe2+
(aq)andFe3
+ (aq)usingFe(CN) 6
3- (a
q)and
SCN
- (aq),respectively
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
e of
iron
and
its
com
poun
ds
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e oc
curre
nce
re
lativ
e st
abilit
y an
d co
lour
of
coba
lt co
mpo
unds
Expe
rimen
ting
on th
e ef
fect
s of
te
mpe
ratu
re o
n st
abilit
y of
co
balt
com
plex
es
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
es o
f cob
alt
and
its c
ompo
unds
Iro
n na
ils
Mag
nesi
um ri
bbon
Pota
ssiu
m
hexa
cyan
ofer
rate
(II
I)
Pota
ssiu
m
Thio
cyan
ate
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
36
37
36
de
scrib
e th
e oc
curre
nce,
pr
oduc
tion
and
purif
icat
ion
of
nick
el fr
om it
s su
lphi
de o
re
ex
plai
n th
e us
e of
nic
kel i
n al
loys
(e.g
. aln
ico)
and
as a
hy
drog
enat
ion
cata
lyst
desc
ribe
the
occu
rrenc
e,
prod
uctio
n an
d pu
rific
atio
n of
co
pper
,
de
scrib
e th
e oc
curre
nce
and
rela
tive
stab
ility
of io
ns a
nd
com
poun
ds c
onta
inin
g th
e m
etal
in th
e +1
and
+2
oxid
atio
n st
ates
, inc
ludi
ng th
e di
spro
porti
onat
ion
and
stab
ilisat
ion
of C
u+ (aq)
de
scrib
e th
e re
actio
n of
C
u2+(aq)withI-(aq)
expl
ain
uses
of c
oppe
r and
its
com
poun
ds a
s in
bra
ss,
bron
ze, o
ther
allo
ys,
and
in th
e te
st fo
r ald
ehyd
es
de
scrib
e th
e oc
curre
nce
and
extra
ctio
n of
pla
tinum
iden
tify
elem
ents
whi
ch o
ccur
to
geth
er w
ith p
latin
um
su
gges
t the
use
s of
pla
tinum
gr
oup
met
als
N
icke
l
Occurrence
and
extra
ctio
n
Che
mica
l pr
oper
ties
and
uses
copp
er
Occurrence
and
extra
ctio
n
C
hem
ical
prop
ertie
s an
d us
es
Pl
atin
um g
roup
met
als
(PG
M)
- oc
curre
nce
- ex
tract
ion
- us
es
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e oc
curre
nce,
pr
oduc
tion
and
purif
icat
ion
of
nick
el fr
om it
s su
lphi
de o
re
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
e of
nic
kel i
n al
loys
Dis
cuss
ing
the
occu
rrenc
e,
prod
uctio
n an
d pu
rific
atio
n of
co
pper
,
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e oc
curre
nce,
re
lativ
e st
abilit
y an
d co
lour
of
copp
er c
ompo
unds
Expe
rimen
ting
on th
e re
actio
n of
Cu2+
(aq)withI-(aq)
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e us
es o
f cop
per
and
its c
ompo
unds
In
vest
igat
ing
the
occu
rrenc
e an
d ex
tract
ion
of p
latin
um
Visitingsites
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
38
37
PhaseEq
uilibria
expl
ain
stea
m d
istil
latio
n of
two
immiscibleliquids
de
mon
stra
te a
n aw
aren
ess
of
the
appl
icat
ions
of s
team
di
stilla
tion
expl
ain
the
term
par
titio
n co
effic
ient
calc
ulat
e pa
rtitio
n co
effic
ient
for
a sy
stem
in w
hich
the
solu
te is
in
the
sam
e m
olec
ular
sta
te in
th
e tw
o so
lutio
ns
ex
plai
n so
lven
t ext
ract
ion
expl
ain:
pap
er, h
igh
perfo
rmanceliquid, i
on
exch
ange
, thi
n la
yer,
colu
mn
andgas/liquidchromatography
interm
sofabsorptionand/or
parti
tion,
bas
ed o
n ap
prop
riate
pr
actic
al e
xper
ienc
e
de
mon
stra
te a
n aw
aren
ess
of
the
appl
icat
ions
of t
hese
m
etho
ds o
f chr
omat
ogra
phy
in
indu
stry
and
med
icin
e
de
scrib
e th
e pr
oces
s of
el
ectro
phor
esis
, and
the
effe
ct
of p
H
de
scrib
e th
e hy
drol
ysis
of
prot
eins
, sep
arat
ion
and
dete
ctio
n of
the
prod
ucts
by
elec
troph
ores
is
ou
tline
the
proc
ess
of a
naly
sis
of g
enes
and
gen
etic
fin
gerp
rintin
g
St
eam
Dis
tillat
ion
Dis
tribu
tion
betw
een
phas
es
C
hrom
atog
raph
y
el
ectro
phor
esis
gene
tic fi
nger
prin
ting
ex
perim
entin
g on
ste
am
dist
illatio
n
di
scus
sing
met
hods
of
dist
illatio
n
w
orki
ng o
ut p
artit
ion
coef
ficie
nt
for a
sys
tem
carr
ying
out
sol
vent
ext
ract
ion
Pe
rform
ing
thin
laye
r, co
lum
n an
d pa
per c
hrom
atog
raph
y
Dis
cuss
ing
indu
stria
l and
m
edic
al a
pplic
atio
ns o
f ch
rom
atog
raph
y
D
iscu
ssin
g el
ectro
phor
esis
and
ge
netic
fing
erpr
intin
g
Fo
rm 5
and
6
Scie
nce
Kit
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
ssoftw
are
C
hrom
atog
raph
y ki
t an
d ch
rom
atog
ram
s
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
38
39
38
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
hem
istry
outli
ne
the
mai
n in
dust
rial
met
hods
of
cont
rollin
g su
lphu
r di
oxid
e em
issi
on
(flue
ga
s de
sulp
huris
atio
n,
al
kalin
e sc
rubb
ing,
us
e of
lim
esto
ne-
base
d flu
idis
ed b
eds)
reco
gnis
e th
e us
e of
lea
n-bu
rn
engi
nes
and
cata
lytic
con
verte
rs
in r
educ
ing
pollu
tant
em
issi
ons
from
pet
rol-d
riven
car
s
de
duce
en
viro
nmen
tal
cons
ider
atio
ns
rela
ted
to
the
usag
e an
d ge
nera
tion
of p
ower
(w
ith
parti
cula
r re
fere
nce
to
foss
il fu
els
and
nucl
ear e
nerg
y)
iden
tify
othe
r po
tent
ial
pow
er
sour
ces
reco
gnis
e th
e ha
zard
s as
soci
ated
with
rand
om
emis
sion
from
ura
nium
-bea
ring
rock
s an
d w
ith n
ucle
ar
acci
dent
s
reco
gnis
e th
e po
tent
ial
appl
icat
ion
and
risks
of
nano
mat
eria
ls
Ai
r Pol
lutio
n an
d C
ontro
l
appl
icat
ions
of
nano
mat
eria
ls
- m
edic
ine
-
wat
er p
urifi
catio
n
- en
viro
nmen
tal
pollu
tion
cont
rol a
nd
rem
edia
tion
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e m
ain
caus
es o
f ai
r pol
lutio
n
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e m
etho
ds o
f co
ntro
lling
pollu
tion
Dis
cuss
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
of p
ower
gen
erat
ion
Visitingsites
C
ase
stud
ying
Dis
cuss
ing
the
conc
epts
of
nano
scie
nce
and
nano
tech
nolo
gy
Pr
edic
ting
the
pote
ntia
l ap
plic
atio
ns a
nd ri
sks
of
nano
mat
eria
l
IC
T To
ols
and
Braille/Jaw
ssoftw
are
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
40
39
ou
tline
the
use
of io
n ex
chan
ge
in
the
treat
men
t of
in
dust
rial
was
te
reco
gnis
e th
e po
tent
ial
consequenceoftheuseofland
-fil
ling
and
inci
nera
tion
(incl
udin
g th
e im
porta
nce
of t
empe
ratu
re
cont
rol a
nd th
e po
ssib
le re
leas
e of
dio
xins
) fo
r th
e di
spos
al o
f so
lid w
aste
ou
tline
th
e ad
vant
ages
an
d di
sadv
anta
ges
of
dum
ping
w
aste
at
se
a an
d in
riv
ers
(incl
udin
g se
wag
e an
d th
e pr
oble
ms
asso
ciat
ed
with
oi
l sp
illage
s)
reco
gnis
e th
e pr
oble
ms
asso
ciat
ed w
ith h
eavy
met
als
in
the
envi
ronm
ent,
e.g.
le
ad,
mer
cury
and
chr
omiu
m
reco
gnis
e th
e pr
oble
ms
asso
ciat
ed w
ith t
he d
ispo
sal
of
radi
oact
ive
was
te
and
m
ine
was
te
W
aste
man
agem
ent
Io
n ex
chan
ge
In
cine
ratio
n
Landfilling
Rec
yclin
g
D
iscu
ssin
g th
e va
rious
met
hods
of
was
te m
anag
emen
t
Dis
cuss
ing
adva
ntag
es a
nd
disa
dvan
tage
s of
diff
eren
t m
etho
ds o
f was
te m
anag
emen
t
Cas
e st
udyi
ng
Visitingsites
R
esou
rce
pers
ons
40
9.0 ASSESSMENT
(a) ASSESSMENTOBJECTIVES
Theschemeofassessmentisgroundedintheprincipleofinclusivityandequalisationofopportunitieshencedoesnotcondone direct or indirect discrimination of learners.
Modificationsofarrangementstoaccommodatecandidateswithspecialneedsmustbeputinplaceinbothcontinuousandsummativeassessments.Thesemodificationsmustneithergivethesecandidatesanundueadvantageoverothers nor compromise the standards being assessed.
NB:Forfurtherdetailsonarrangements,accommodationsandmodificationsrefertotheassessmentprocedurebooklet.
ThethreeassessmentobjectivesinA-LevelChemistryare:1: Knowledge with understanding2: Handling information and problem solving3: Experimental skills, investigations and applications
1: Knowledge with understandingCandidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
•scientificphenomena,facts,laws,definitions,concepts,theories•scientificvocabulary,terminology,conventions(includingsymbols,quantitiesandunits)•scientificinstrumentsandapparatus,includingtechniquesofoperationandaspectsofsafety•scientificquantitiesandtheirdetermination•scientificandtechnologicalapplicationswiththeirsocial,economicandenvironmentalimplications.
2: Handling information, problem solving, synthesis, analysis and evaluationIn words or using other written forms of presentation (e.g. symbolic, graphical and numerical), candidates should be able to:
•locate,select,organiseandpresentinformationfromavarietyofsources•translateinformationfromoneformtoanother•manipulatenumericalandotherdata•useinformationtoidentifypatterns,reporttrendsanddrawinferences•presentreasonedexplanationsofphenomena,patternsandrelationships•makepredictionsandhypotheses•solveproblems,includingsomeofaquantitativenature.
3: Experimental skills, investigations and applicationsCandidates should be able to:
•knowhowtousetechniques,apparatus,andmaterials(includingfollowingasequenceofinstructions,whereappropriate)
•makeandrecordobservationsandmeasurements•interpretandevaluateexperimentalobservationsanddata•planinvestigations,evaluatemethodsandsuggestpossibleimprovements(includingtheselectionoftechniques,
apparatus and materials).•solveeverydaylifechallenges,acquireandenhanceenterprisingskillsusingtheknowledgeofchemistry
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
41
42
(b) SCHEMEOFASSESSMENT
The scheme of assessment for Form 5 and 6Chemistry comprises i) Continuous assessment, andii) Summative assessment.ThefinalgradeinForm5and6Chemistryis30%continuousassessmentand70%summativeassessment.
The assessment shall be administered as follows:ContinuousAssessment/ProfileThiscomponentwillconsistofstandardisedtestsinPractical,TheoryandProjectsadministeredduringthefirst5terms.
42
Level Assessment tasks Frequency Weighting
Form 5 Practical test
Theory test
Project
2 per term
3 per term
1 per year
10%
Form 6 Practical test
Theory test
Project
3 per term
3 per term
1 per year
20%
Summative assessment
- Paper1:Multiplechoicequestions - Paper2:Structuredtheoryquestions - Paper 3: Freeresponse,shortessaytypequestions - Paper 4: Practical examination
Learners are required to enter for all the 4 papers Paper Type of paper Duration Marks Paper Weighting % 1 Multiple choice 1hr 40 11 2 Structured Theory
questions 1hr 30mins 60 17
3 Free Response short essay typequestions
2hrs 30mins 90 28
4 Practical examination 2hrs 30mins 50 14
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
42
42
43
Paper 1: Theory: the paper consists of 40 compulsory multiple choice items. 30 items will be of the direct choice type and10ofthemultiplecompletiontype.Eachquestionshallhave4responseitems.
Paper2:Theory.Thepaperconsistof6compulsorystructuredquestions,10markseach.LearnersanswerallthequestionsontheQuestionPaper
Paper 3: Theory
This paper will consist of 4 sections, Section A, B, C and DSection A, based mainly on the Physical Chemistry Section Section B, based mainly on Inorganic Chemistry SectionC,basedmainlyonOrganicChemistrySection D, based mainly on the Applications of Chemistry Leanerswillberequiredtoansweratotalof6questions,2questionsfromSectionA,1questionfromSectionB,2questionsfromSectionCand1questionfromSectionD.Thepaperwillbemarkedoutof90andscaleddowntoamark of 50.
Paper 4: Practical Examination Thepaperconsistof3compulsorystructuredquestionsbasedonqualitativeanalysis,quantitativeanalysisandplanning/design.Thepaperwillbemarkedoutof50marks.
SKILL Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4Knowledge, Under-standing and Han-dling of information
45%(18marks) 42%(25marks) 40%(40marks)
Problem solving Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation
55%(22marks) 58%(35marks) 60%(60marks
Practical skills 100%(50marks)
10.0 GLOSSARY/APPENDICES
10.1 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN SYLLABUS/SCIENCE PAPERS
It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to science subjects) will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, i.e.itisneitherexhaustivenordefinitive.Theglossaryhasbeendeliberatelykeptbriefnotonlywithrespecttothenumber of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context.
1 Define(theterm(s)…)isintendedliterally.Onlyaformalstatementorequivalentparaphrasebeingrequired.
2 Whatdoyouunderstandby/Whatismeantby(theterm(s)…)normallyimpliesthatadefinitionshouldbegiven,togetherwithsomerelevantcommentonthesignificanceorcontextoftheterm(s)concerned,especiallywheretwoormoretermsareincludedinthequestion.Theamountofsupplementarycommentintendedshouldbeinterpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.
3 State implies a concise answer, with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can be obtained‘byinspection’.
4 Listrequiresanumberofpoints,generallyeachofoneword,withnoelaboration.Whereagivennumberofpointsisspecified,thisshouldnotbeexceeded.
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
43
5 Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
6 Describerequirescandidatestostateinwords(usingdiagramswhereappropriate)themainpointsofthetopics. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to a particular experiment. In the former instance the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena.
In other contexts, describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally, i.e. the candidate has greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the material to be included in the answer. Describe and explain may be coupled in a similar way to state and explain.
7 Discussrequirescandidatestogiveacriticalaccountofthepointsinvolvedinthetopic.
8 Outlineimpliesbrevity,i.e.restrictingtheanswertogivingessentials.
9 Predictordeduceimpliesthatthecandidateisnotexpectedtoproducetherequiredanswerbyrecallbutby making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the questionormaydependonanswersextractedinanearlierpartofthequestion.
10 Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction, inviting candidates to recall or infer points of interest relevanttothecontextofthequestion,takingaccountofthenumberofmarksavailable.11 Suggestisusedintwomaincontexts,i.e.eithertoimplythatthereisnouniqueanswer(e.g.inchemistry,twoormoresubstancesmaysatisfythegivenconditionsdescribingan‘unknown’),ortoimplythatcandidatesareexpectedtoapplytheirgeneralknowledgetoa‘novel’situation,onethatmaybeformally‘notinthesyllabus’.
12 Find is a general term that may variously be interpreted as calculate, measure, determine etc.
13 Calculateisusedwhenanumericalanswerisrequired.Ingeneral,workingshouldbeshown,especiallywhere two or more steps are involved.
14 Measureimpliesthatthequantityconcernedcanbedirectlyobtainedfromasuitablemeasuringinstrument,e.g. length, using a rule, or angle using a protractor.
15 Determineoftenimpliesthatthequantityconcernedcannotbemeasureddirectlybutisobtainedbycalcula-tion,substitutingmeasuredorknownvaluesofotherquantitiesintoaformula,e.g.relativemolecularmass.
16 Estimateimpliesareasonedorderofmagnitudestatementorcalculationofthequantityconcerned,makingsuchsimplifyingassumptionsasmaybenecessaryaboutpointsofprincipleandaboutthevaluesofquantitiesnototherwiseincludedinthequestion.
17 Sketch,whenappliedtographwork,impliesthattheshapeand/orpositionofthecurveneedonlybequal-itativelycorrect,butcandidatesshouldbeawarethat,dependingonthecontext,somequantitativeaspectsmaybelooked for, e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value.
In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable: nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
18 Constructisoftenusedinrelationtochemicalequationswhereacandidateisexpectedtowriteabalancedequation,notfactualrecallbutbyanalogyorbyusinginformationinthequestion.
19 Comparerequirescandidatestoprovideboththesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthingsorconcepts.
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
44
20 Classifyrequirescandidatestogroupthingsbasedoncommoncharacteristics.
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES (PAPER 4)
The practical paper may include the following:
(i) A volumetric analysis problem, based on one set of titrations;
A knowledge of the following volumetric determination will be assumed: acids and alkalis using suitable indicators; iron (II),ethanedioicacid(anditssalts),bypotassiummanganate(VII);iodineandsodiumthiosulphate.Simpletitrationsinvolvingotherreagentsmayalsobesetbut,whereappropriate,sufficientworkingdetailswillbegiven.
(ii) Candidatesmayberequiredtocarryoutanexperimentthatinvolvesthedeterminationofsomequantity,e.g.the enthalpy change of a reaction or, the rate of a reaction. Such experiments will depend on the simple manipulation of usual laboratory apparatus.
(iii) Anobservationalprobleminwhichthecandidatewillbeaskedtoinvestigate,byspecifiedexperiments,anunknown substance. The substance may be an element, a compound or a mixture.
It will be assumed that candidates will be familiar with(i) the reactions of the following cations: NH4+; Mg2+; Al3+; Ca2+; Cr3+; Mn2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Cu2+; Zn2+; Ba2+; Pb2+; (ii) thereactionsofthefollowinganions:CO32-;NO3-;NO2-;SO42-;SO32-;Cl-;Br-;I-;CrO42-;(iii) testsforthefollowinggases:NH3;CO2;Cl2;H2;O2;SO2,asdetailedinthequalitativeanalysisnoteswhichwillbeincludedinthequestionpaper.
The substances to be investigated may contain ions not included in the above list: in such cases, candidates will not be expected to identify the ions but only to draw conclusions of a general nature.
Candidatesshouldnotattempttests,otherthanthosespecified,onsubstances,exceptwhenitisappropriatetotestfor a gas. Exercisesrequiringaknowledgeofsimpleorganicreactions,e.g.test-tubereactionsindicatingthepresenceofunsaturated hydrocarbons, alcoholic, phenolic and carboxylic groups, may also be set, but this would be for the testing of observation skills and drawing general conclusions only.
CandidatesareNOTallowedtorefertonotebooks,textbooksoranyotherinformationinthePracticalexamination.
PracticalTechniques
The following notes are intended to give schools and candidates an indication of the accuracy that is expected in quantitativeexercisesandgeneralinstructionsforqualitativeexercises.
(a) Candidates should normally record burette readings to the nearest 0.05cm3 and they should ensure that they havecarriedoutasufficientnumberoftitrations,e.g.inanexperimentwithagoodend-point,atleasttwotitreswithin0.10cm3.
(b) Candidates should normally record: weighings to the nearest 0.01g, temperature readings to the nearest 0.1oC when using a thermometer with a precision of 0.2oC.
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
45
(c)Inqualitativeanalysisexercises,candidatesshoulduseapproximately1cmdepthofasolution(1-2cm3)foreachtest and add reagents gradually, ensuring good mixing, until no further change is seen. Candidates should indicate at what stage a change occurs, writing any deductions alongside the observation on which they are based. Answers should include details of colour changes, precipitates formed, the names and chemical tests for any gases evolved (equationsarenotrequired).
Marks for deductions or conclusions can only be gained if the appropriate observations are recorded. 10.2APPARATUSFORFORM5-6SCIENCEKIT
This list given below has been drawn up in order to give guidance to schools concerning the apparatus that are expected to be generally available for examination purposes. The list is not intended to be exhaustive: in particular, items(suchasBunsenburners,tripodsandglass-tubing)thatarecommonlyregardedasstandardequipmentinachemical laboratory are not included. Unless otherwise, the allocation is “per candidate”.
Two 50cm3burettes, Two 25 cm3pipettes, One10cm3pipette,Teat pipette OnepipettefillerThree250cm3ConicalflasksVolumetricflasks,100cm3and150cm3Measuring cylinders,10cm3 25 cm3, 50 cm3 and100cm3 500cm3Wash bottle TwomediumsizefilterfunnelsPorcelain crucible, approximately 15 cm3, with a lid Evaporating basin, at least 30 cm3Beakers,squatformlip:100cm3,250cm3Thermometers: -10oC to +110oC at 1oC; at 0.2oC precision -5oC to +50oC at 0.2oC Plastic beaker, e.g. polystyrene, of approximate capacity 150 cm3Test-tubes (some of which should be Pyrex or hard glass) approximately 125 mm x 16 mm Boiling tubes, approxi-mately 150 mm x 25 mm Clocks(orwall-clock)tomeasuretoanaccuracyofabout1s.(Whereclocksarespecified,candidatesmayusetheirown wrist watches if they prefer). Balance, single-pan, direct reading, 0.01g or better (1 per 8-12 candidates).
DetailsoftherequirementsforaparticularexaminationaregivenintheInstructionsforSupervisorswhicharesenttoCentres several weeks prior to the examination. These Instructions also contain advice about colour-blind candidates.
SupervisorsareremindedoftheirresponsibilitiesforsupplyingtheExaminerswiththeinformationspecifiedintheInstructions. Failure to supply such information may cause candidates to be unavoidably penalised.
The attention of Centres is drawn to the Handbook for Centres which contain a section on Science Syllabi which includes information about arrangements for practical examinations.
QUALITATIVEANALYSISNOTES
[Key: ppt = precipitate; sol. = soluble; insol = insoluble; xs = excess.]
1 Reactionsofaqueouscations
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
46
49
[Key: ppt = precipitate; sol. = soluble; insol = insoluble; xs = excess.]
1 Reactions of aqueous cations
cation reaction with
NaOH(aq)
NH3(aq)
aluminium, Al3+(aq) white ppt. sol. in xs
white ppt. insol. in xs
ammonium, NH4+(aq)
ammonia produced on heating
barium Ba2+(aq) no ppt. (if reagents are pure)
no ppt.
calcium, Ca2+(aq) white. Ppt. with high [Ca2+(aq)] no ppt.
chromium (III), Cr3+(aq)
grey-green ppt. sol. in xs giving dark green solution
grey-green ppt. insol. in xs
copper(II), Cu2+(aq), blue ppt. insol. in xs
pale blue ppt. sol. in xs giving dark blue solution
iron (II), Fe2+(aq) green ppt. insol. in xs
green ppt. insol. in xs
iron (III), Fe3+(aq)
red-brown ppt. insol. in xs
red-brown ppt. insol. in xs
50
lead (II), Pb2+(aq) white ppt. sol. in xs
white ppt. insol. in xs
magnesium, Mg2+(aq) White ppt. insol. in xs
white ppt. insol. in xs
manganese (II), Mn2+(aq)
off-white ppt. insol. in xs
off-white ppt. insol. in xs
zinc, Zn2+(aq)
White ppt. sol. in xs
white ppt. sol. in xs
[Lead(II)ionscanbedistinguishedfromaluminiumionsbytheinsolubilityoflead(II)chloride].
2 Reactions of anions
Ion
Reaction
carbonate, CO32-
CO2 liberated by dilute acids
chromate(VI) CrO42-(aq)
yellow soln turns orange with H+(aq); gives yellow ppt. with Ba2+(aq); gives bright yellow ppt. with Pb2+(aq)
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
47
Che
mist
ry S
ylla
bus F
orm
s 5 -
6
48
Reactions of anions
50
lead (II), Pb2+(aq) white ppt. sol. in xs
white ppt. insol. in xs
magnesium, Mg2+(aq) White ppt. insol. in xs
white ppt. insol. in xs
manganese (II), Mn2+(aq)
off-white ppt. insol. in xs
off-white ppt. insol. in xs
zinc, Zn2+(aq)
White ppt. sol. in xs
white ppt. sol. in xs
[Lead(II)ionscanbedistinguishedfromaluminiumionsbytheinsolubilityoflead(II)chloride].
2 Reactions of anions
Ion
Reaction
carbonate, CO32-
CO2 liberated by dilute acids
chromate(VI) CrO42-(aq)
yellow soln turns orange with H+(aq); gives yellow ppt. with Ba2+(aq); gives bright yellow ppt. with Pb2+(aq)
51
chloride, Cl-(aq)
gives white ppt. with Ag+(aq)(sol.inNH3(aq)) gives white ppt. with Pb2+(aq)
bromide, Br-(aq)
gives pale cream ppt. with Ag+(aq)(partiallysol.inNH3(aq)); gives yellow ppt. with Pb2+(aq)
iodide, I-(aq)
gives yellow ppt. with Ag+(aq)(insol.inNH3(aq)); gives yellow ppt. with Pb2+(aq)
nitrate,NO3-(aq) NH3 liberatedonheatingwithOH-(aq)andAlfoil
nitrite,NO2-(aq) NH3 liberatedonheatingwithOH-(aq)andAlfoil; NOliberatedbydiluteacids (colourlessNO– (pale)brownNO2 in air)
sulphate, SO42-(aq)
gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq)orwithPb2+(aq)(insol.inxsdilutestrong acids)
sulphite, SO32-(aq)
SO2 liberated with dilute acids; gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq)(sol.indilutestrongacids)
3 Test for gases
Gas
Test and test result
ammonia, NH3
turns damp red litmus paper blue;
carbon dioxide, CO2
gives a white ppt. with limewater (ppt. dissolveswithxsCO2)
chlorine, Cl2
bleaches damp litmus paper
52
hydrogen, H2
“pops” with a lighted splint
oxygen, O2
relights a glowing splint
sulphur dioxide, SO2
turnsaqueouspotassiumdichromate(VI)fromorangetogreen
Chemistry Syllabus Forms 5 - 6
