chemosensory receptors chemoreceptors include olfactory receptors. they all have 7 transmembrane...
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Chemosensory receptors
Chemoreceptors include olfactory receptors. They all have 7 transmembrane domains and form the largest super gene family in animals.
No. of chemoreceptor genes:
Nematode: ~1220
Fruitfly: ~170
Homeotic Genes
Genes in which a mutation can transform one body segment into another segment
Commonly known as Hox genes
They are transcription factors
A homeotic mutation in Drosophila: Disruption of a Hox gene can lead to a phenotype known as Antennapedia in which fly legs develop in place of the antennae.
Homeobox-containing protein bound to DNA
Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3
Cis- and trans-regulators of gene expression
Transcription
cis-element(6-10 nucleotides)
Transcription factor
Hox genes and Drosophila body plan
Sean Carroll
Sean Carroll’s lab
Observations
• The vertebrate genes homologous to fly homeotic genes are found in four clusters, tightly linked.
• Vertebrate Hox genes are expressed in the same anterior-posterior order along the body axis as in flies
Implications
• The homeobox regulatory gene clusters date to ancestors that predate the arthropod-vertebrate divergence ~600 million years ago
• Humans and mice aren’t so different from flies in body-plan development
Pax Pax GenesGenes
Defined by the presence of a Defined by the presence of a conserved paired-box that codes for conserved paired-box that codes for a 128-amino-acid paired domain, a a 128-amino-acid paired domain, a DNA binding domainDNA binding domain
Encode nuclear transcription factors Encode nuclear transcription factors involved in developmental control, involved in developmental control, notably the central nervous systemnotably the central nervous system
Human and mouseHuman and mouse
9 Pax genes: 9 Pax genes: Pax-1 to -9Pax-1 to -9
DrosophilaDrosophila
Paired, gooseberry, gooseberry neuro, Paired, gooseberry, gooseberry neuro, pox meso, pox neuro, eyeless, sparklingpox meso, pox neuro, eyeless, sparkling
Paired domain Paired domain Octapeptide Octapeptide HomeodomainHomeodomain
Pax-1 Pax-1 Pax-9 Pax-9
Pax-2Pax-2Pax-5 Pax-5 Pax-8Pax-8
Pax-3Pax-3Pax-7Pax-7
Pax-4Pax-4Pax-6Pax-6
Expression PatternsExpression Patterns
Pax-1 Pax-1 vertebral column and thymusvertebral column and thymusPax-9 Pax-9 vertebral columnvertebral column
Pax-2 Pax-2 neural tube and hind brain, neural tube and hind brain, excretory system ear and eyeexcretory system ear and eyePax-5 Pax-5 brain, neural tube, liver cells giving brain, neural tube, liver cells giving rise to B lymphocyterise to B lymphocytePax-8 Pax-8 neural tube, hind brain, excretoryneural tube, hind brain, excretory system, thyroidsystem, thyroid
Expression PatternsExpression Patterns
Pax-3 Pax-3 neural tube, dermomytome and neural tube, dermomytome and limb bud, cranio-facial limb bud, cranio-facial structurestructurePax-7 Pax-7 brain, neural tube, dermomyotomebrain, neural tube, dermomyotome Pax-4 Pax-4 pancreaspancreasPax-6 Pax-6 brain, neural tube, nose, eye, brain, neural tube, nose, eye, pancreaspancreas
Pax-2 Pax-2 defects in kidneydefects in kidney optic nerve, retinaoptic nerve, retina
Pax-3 Pax-3 neural crest defectsneural crest defects
Pax-6 Pax-6 small eyesmall eye
Mutations in mouse can causeMutations in mouse can cause
An additional eye on the antenna induced by targeted expression of mouse Pax 6
Halder, G., Callaerts, P. and Gehring, W.J. (1995). Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267, 1788-1792.
Pax 6 in mammals vs. eyeless in fruitflies
• The two proteins have highly similar paired domains.
• Mouse Pax 6 gene can induce eye development in Drosophila, despite more than 600 million years of separation!
Despite great differences in eye type, Drosophila and human use Pax 6 to control eye development!
Loss of duplicate genes
• A duplicate gene can become nonfunctional (a pseudogene) if there is no advantage to keep it.
• Indeed, there are pseudogenes in every eukaryotic genome studied.
Example: Globin pseudogenes in human
Many chemoreceptor pseudogenes
• In nematode: ~1220 functional genes but 419 pseduogenes
• In mouse: ~ 1000 olfactory receptor (OR) genes
In human only ~400 OR genes Reason: There are many more OR
pseudogenes in human than in mouse.
Conclusions (1)
A gene duplicate can become nonfunctional and eventually disappear from the genome.
Conclusions: Gene duplication can
• Meet a large dosage requirement• Lead to fine-tuning of cell physiology • Provide functional expansion• Provide functional diversification• Provide raw materials for the
emergence of novel function• Has led to evolution of body plan in
animals• Has led to the evolution of the central
nervous system in animals
Thanks!