chicago manual of syles

7/27/2019 Chicago Manual of Syles

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCING

Engineering and Physical Sciences Division, The Main Library,The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus.

How to acknowledge what you've read

(Citing & Referencing)

Contents

1. Why do I need to acknowledge my sources?

2. What is citing?

3. When do I need to cite?

4. What details do I need for a citation?

What details do I need for a paper citation?

What details do I need for an electronic citation?

5. How do I put a citation together?Examples- Chicago Manual of Style

Books

Journal articles Conference papers

Standards

Patents

Reports

Government Publications

Unpublished Material Electronic Resources

6. A Sample Reference List

7. Samples Of Reports/Papers

8. Variations


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1. Why do I need to acknowledge my sources ?Acknowledging ALL your sources is important:

to prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis

to show the research you've done to reach your conclusions

to allow your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use

If you do not acknowledge what you have read you may face charges of plagiarism. Plagiarism is definedas taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another (Concise Oxford Dictionary1995).The best way to avoid it is to take careful notes of where you found your information, and toalways acknowledge the work of others.

2. What is Citing ?To "cite" is to point to evidence, authority or proof. When we use the term cite we refer to the way thatyou note the source of your information in the body of your text. To cite correctly you need to collect andassemble details of where your information came from, and note this in your text.There are different styles for citing. These include:

Chicago: two distinct styles- both footnote/endnote and author-date

Harvard: an author-date style

Vancouver: a footnote/endnote style

Styles recommended by journals and professional associations, e.g. Modern LanguageAssociation (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA) or Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE).

It should be noted that there are no two professional societies employing the same documentation formsor style in their journals.

The style that is to be used in the Faculty of Engineering is referred to here as Chicago since it is that style

described in the Chicago Manual of Style ,14th Edition. It should be noted that this is the style that isrecommended in the Thesis Guide of the University of the West-Indies.

The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic citation systems or documentation forms:

Documentation 1: Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) The note reference follows thepassage to which it refers and is marked with a numeral. Notes are arranged numerically either at thebottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the manuscript (endnotes). Notes include completebibliographic information when cited for the first time.

Documentation 2: Author-Date Citations and Reference List. This is the preferred method for thesciences.The author-date system of documentation comprises two indispensable parts:

the text citation, usually enclosed in parentheses , and

the list of sources cited, often called the list of references.

An author-date citation, e.g. (Smith 1996) , is placed within the text or at the end of a quotation ,and complete citation information is given in the list of references at the end of the paper/thesis/projectreport.


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3. When do I need to cite ?Whenever you directly copy the words of another author (quoting) , or put their ideas into your ownwords (paraphrasing), you must acknowledge that you have done so. How you acknowledge their workdepends on which style you are following.

4. What details do I need for a citation?Make sure you keep track of all the information sources you use, and record the necessary details. Whennoting sources it is more efficient to write them out in full, even if you decide not to use them. Often it isvery difficult and time consuming to find this information at the last minute.

There are Computer Programs such as Reference Manager, EndNote and Procite, which also allow you toorganize a reference list/bibliography. The list of sources can be merged with a MS Word document toautomatically extract entries quoted in the text from your bibliographic database.

You need to make note of the following information about every source you use. Not every detail will beapplicable in every case:

author(s)'s or editor(s)'s full names; or the group/body/organization responsible title of article or chapter

name of the journal, periodical or book

edition (if applicable)

publisher's name (if applicable)

place of publication (for book)

year of publication

volume number (for journal)

issue number (for journal)

page numbers

What details do I need for an electronic citation?

When you are citing an electronic resource, like a web page, you should note down the following details.Web pages don't always contain all of these details; so don't worry too much if you can't find them all:

name of the author, editor or webmaster

title of the page title of the site (go to the site's homepage)

date the page was last updated, or the copyright date

the full internet address (URL) of the page (i.e. http://etc.)

the date that you accessed the page any other details that might help someone else find the part of the page that you used

5. How do I put a citation together?

A citation/reference is made by putting together all the details needed to find a piece of information, in aspecified order and with a specific syntax or punctuation details. Different details are needed for differentformats of information. The order of the details and punctuation varies, depending on the style you areusing. Remember that the same recommended style must be used exclusively and consistently throughoutyour piece of work.


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BOOKS

In the Chicago style, book details should be put togetherin the following order, with identical

punctuation.

Author's Surname,

Author's first name or initial . Year of publication . Ti tle of the Book (in i talicsor underli ned). Edition [if not first] . Place of Publication : Publisher's name.

It should be noted that bibliographic entries that occupy more than one line have a hanging indent asillustrated below. Succeeding lines are placed approximately one tab key or five spaces away from thefirst line.

Hanging IndentONE AUTHOR:

Example:Maas, Stephen. 1998. The RF and microwave circuit design cookbook. Boston : Artech

House.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Maas 1998)

Note: edition is not needed here, as this is a first edition. The title of the book or published work is put

in italics or is underlined.

SUBSEQUENT EDITION OF A BOOK:

Example:Colley , B. C. 1998. Practical manual of land development. 3d. ed. New York :

McGraw-Hill.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Colley 1998)

TWO AUTHORS:Example:Coleman,W.C.,and W. G. Jones. 1998.Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for

engineers. 2d. ed. New York : John Wiley.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Coleman and Jones 1998)

Note that only the first author's name is placed in reverse order and subsequent authors' names arewritten in their natural order. Note also that the conjunction (the word and) is preceded by a

comma.

THREE AUTHORS:

Example:Popper , S. W. ,C. S. Wagner, and E. V. Larson. 1998.New forces at work:Industry views

critical technologies. California : RAND


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Or

Example:Popper , S. W. ; C. S. Wagner; and E. V. Larson. 1998.New forces at work:Industry

views critical technologies. California : RAND

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Popper, Wagner, and Larson 1998)

Note that a comma or a semi-colon can separate the authors names.

MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS:

Example:Kimball, R., L. Reeves, M. Ross, and W. Thornthwaithe.1998. The data warehouse

lifecycle toolkit .New York : John Wiley.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Kimball et al. 1998)

It should be noted that when referring to a work by more than three authors, the text citation should givethe last name of the first author followed by et al.which means and otherswithout intervening

punctuation. In the reference list entry , however, it is customary to give all of the authors names, in theorder in which they appear on the title page. It should also be noted that there is a full stop only after theword al and not after "et".

CORPORATE OR ORGANIZATION AUTHOR:

Although some corporate and technical reports are written by personal authors associated with anorganization, most reports feature "corporate" authors. These are sponsored, prepared and published by

organizations, corporations, laboratories, departments and so on. Many of these reports are intended forinternal distribution in an organization. Many technical reports may also feature a technical reportnumber. This should be included in the bibliographic reference , if it appears.

Example:Norlight Telecommunications. 1999. 1999 External assessment. Technical Report.

Milwaukee: Norlight Telecommunications

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Norlight Telecommunications 1999)

Example:

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). 1994.Marine debris : solid waste management action plan for thewider Caribbean.Paris : UNESCO.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(UNESCO 1994)


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If the name of the author is unascertainable, the reference entry should begin with the title of the work.The date will then follow the title. In alphabetizing the entry, the initial article (The, An etc.) isdiscounted.

Example:Jamaica - energy sector strategy and investment planning study.1992.

Washington, D.C. : UNDP.

The in-text citation may substitute the title, or a shortened version of the title for the author.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Jamaica energy sector strategy 1992)

EDITOR ,COMPILER OR TRANSLATOR RATHER THAN AUTHOR:

In the reference list, the abbreviationed. or eds.comp. or comps.

trans.Follows the name and is preceded by a comma.

Example:Clarke ,Andrew G., ed.1998.Industrial air pollution monitoring .London:Chapman and

Hall.Or

Clarke, Andrew G.,editor.1998.Industrial air pollution monitoring.London: Chapmanand Hall.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Clarke 1998)

Example:Skalak Richard, and Chien, Shu , eds. 1987.Handbook of bioengineering. New York :

McGraw-Hill.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Skalak and Chien 1987)

Example:Bakr, M.,comp. 1998.Elseviers dictionary of environment .Amsterdam: Elsevier

Science.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Bakr 1998)

The abbreviations for editor, compiler and translator are omitted from the text citations.


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EDITOR, COMPILER OR TRANSLATORWITH AN AUTHOR

In the reference list the name of the editor, compiler or translator is part of a new element following thetitle and a period. This new element is introduced by:

Edited by

Compiled by orTranslated by

The abbreviations ed., comp., and trans. may be used, but in this case they stand for edited by,translated by and compiled by and so the plural abbreviations eds. and comps. should not beused.

Example:Luck Erich, and Martin Jager.1997.Antimicrobial food

additives:Characteristics,uses,effects.2d.ed.Trans. S. F. Laichena.Berlin:Springer-Verlag

Or

Luck Erich, and Martin Jager.1997.Antimicrobial foodadditives:Characteristics,uses,effects.2d.ed. Translated by S. F.

Laichena. Berlin:Springer-Verlag.


(Luck and Jager 1997)

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Example: Title of the article

Kayansayan, N. 1993. Thermal characteristics of fin-and-tube heatexchanger cooled by natural convection.Experimental Thermaland Fluid Science 7(3) : 177-188

Journal Name Issue Page numbers

Volume

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Kayansayan 1993)

Example:Persad, P. ,and S. Satcunanathan .1983. Thermal performance of

the two-glass-cover solar air heater.Journal of Solar EnergyEngineering,Transactions of the ASME105(3):254-258.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Persad and Satcunanathan 1983)


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Example:Leung ,W. S.,L. K. Wai, and J. Papin-Ramcharan. 1990. Effects of

joints in an iron core.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 87:106-110.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Leung, Wai , and Papin-Ramcharan 1990)

Note that titles of articles are given sentence capitalization, that is, only the first word in the title and allproper nouns and proper adjectives are capitalized. The title of the journal itself is italicized and givenheadline or regular title capitalization. If you use an abbreviation for the title of the journal pleaseensure that it is the standard. Where more than one journal with the same title exists, it should beidentified by adding the place of publication, a subtitle (if applicable), or the publisher.

e.g. Civil Engineering (London)

CONFERENCE PAPERS IN PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGSIf you have quoted an author who has written a conference paper ,the details should be put together in thefollowing order:

Author of paper

Year of Publication

Title of paper (not underlined or italicized)

Title of conference: subtitle (including location and date of conference) (underlinedor italicized)

Editor(s)

Pagination for the paper

Publisher

Example:Nebgen, Pamela J., and Richard C. Warner. 1985. Computer aided design of hydrologic

and sediment control systems. InASEE Annual conference

Proceedings:Computer Aided Engineering 16-20 June, 1985 .Edited by LawrenceP. Grayson, 272-279. Atlanta : American Society for Engineering Education.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Nebgen and Warner 1985)

Title of the paper

In precedes the conference details

Example:Weiser , M. 1981.Program slicing. In Proc.International Conf.

Software Eng .439-449.Los Alamitos,California: IEEE Computer Soc.Press.PublisherConference details in italics

Place of Publication


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STANDARDS

EXAMPLE:

British Standards Institution (BSI) .1991. Specification for metal Cutting Bandsaw

Blades. BS3877.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(BSI 1991)

PATENTSThe information for a reference to a patent should be given in the following order:

Inventor (s)

Year

Title (underline or use italics)

Assignee

Patent number

EXAMPLE:Sugisawa,K ,Y. Matsumura, and K. Taga.1986.Decompression oil-frying method for food products. U.S. Patent 4,585,660.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Sugisawa,Matsumura,and Taga 1986)

EXAMPLE:Preston, Kyle. 1996.Removal of methanol from methyl tertiary butyl

ether. Texaco Chemical Inc.,assignee. U.S. Patent 5,576,464.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Preston 1996)

REPORTSEXAMPLE:Merchant ,Dean. C.1980.Applied research in analytical

photogrammetry:final report. Columbus, Ohio: Engineering

Experimental Station,Ohio State.


(Merchant 1980)

EXAMPLE:

San Fernando/Princes Town highway improvements continuation of

Solomon Hochoy Highway (St. Joseph village to New Cipero Road) :final report - design . A report prepared by Trinidad Engineering and

Research (1978) Ltd. 1980. Port of Spain, Trinidad : Ministry of

Transport and Works.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(San Fernando/Princes Town highway 1980)


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EXAMPLE:Woodward, R. J. 1981. Case studies of the corrosion of reinforcement

in concrete structures. Transport and Road ResearchLaboratory Report. (TRRL-LR-981). London: HMSO.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS:Example:Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Finance and Planning, Town and

Country Planning Division .1984.National physicalDevelopment Plan. Trinidad: Ministry of Finance and Planning.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Ministry of Finance 1984)

Example:Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Finance and the Economy.

1980.Accounting for the petrodollar. Port of Spain:Government Printery.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Ministry of Finance and the Economy 1980)

UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL :Generally, the titles of unpublished material are not placed in italics or underlined.

THESIS

EXAMPLE:

Charles ,Raymond, F. 1989. The equilibrium strength of Trinidad clay subgrades. M.Phil.

Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of the West-Indies, St.

Augustine,Trinidad and Tobago.


(Charles 1989)

MATERIAL ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION BUT NOT YET PUBLISHED:

For work still in the process of publication, "Forthcoming" or "In press" may be used instead of

the actual publication date.

EXAMPLE:

Sanchez,Miguel. Forthcoming.Black holes and other unimaginablydense masses.


(Sanchez forthcoming)


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One can also use either an announced publication date or n.d. in place of the date. If eithern.d. or

an announced future date is used , then Forthcoming orIn press should be added at the end of

the reference entry.

No Date =n.d.

EXAMPLE:

Subramaniam, P. n.d. A fast algorithm for contingency evaluation of

power systems.International Journal of Electrical Power and

Energy Systems .In press.


(Subramaniam n.d.)

MATERIAL SUBMITTED BUT NOT YET ACCEPTED:

EXAMPLE:

Moorthy,S.S.,C. Sharma, I. Singh, and P. Watson. Experimental determination of the electrical

parameters of a 132kV double circuit transmission line. Submitted to West IndianJournal of Engineering.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Moorthy et al. )

PAPER PRESENTED AT A MEETING:

EXAMPLE:Imbert, I. D. C. 1974. Design and control of concrete mixes. Paper presented at the OAS/IEJ

Seminar on Construction Management, Materials and Housing, Jamaica, August 1974.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Imbert 1974)

UNPUBLISHED DUPLICATED MATERIAL:

EXAMPLE:Doglioni, C.1994.Foredeeps versus subduction zones. Geological Society of The University of

Hong Kong. Duplicated.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Doglioni 1994)

EXAMPLE:Lee , R. n.d. New-media processing. Typescript.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:(Lee n.d.)


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ELECTRONIC SOURCESAlthough the Chicago Manual provides some advice for documenting information from computerizeddata services, computer programs, and electronic documents, it contains no advice on documentingInternet sources. The following recommendations adapt the Chicago Manual's guidelines and models toInternet sources. It is based on a standard method of referencing electronic sources produced by theInternational Organization for Standardization -ISO 690-2. Extending the citation practice of the Chicago

Manual to include Internet sources produces the following model:

NECESSARY INFORMATION

Author/editor. Put each author's last name, then a comma, then the first name, and then any additionalinitials. Separate the last author from the second-to-last author with a comma. Corporate authors arespelled out. End with period.

Title: Give the title of the work if there is any.

Type of medium: Online for the Web, CD-ROM or Disc. for other applicable medium. Write it withinsquare brackets e.g.

[online][CD-ROM][magnetic tape][disk]

The type of publication can also be specified e.g.[database online][database on magnetic tape][monograph on CD-ROM][serial online][computer program on disk][bulletin board online]

[electronic mail]

Producer/Publisher Information: In most cases only applicable for CD-ROM or disc. End with acomma. This includes, the edition, place of publication and the publisher in that order.

Year: The year of first publication, otherwise the year of last update followed immediately after by(without intervening punctuation).

Access date: Write the access date within square brackets. This must end with a period. The date theinformation was accessed is preceded by "cited" or an equivalent term e.g.

[cited 20 Sept. 1999] or [cited 7 Jan 2000 ; 21.10 GMT]

Available: Write "Available from" and the type of location (internet, world wide web etc.), a colon, andthe http (or telnet, ftp...) address or supplier for CD-ROM or disc.


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EXAMPLES

1. Available from Internet: [email protected] by sending command GET PRICEWILPRV5N3 F=MAIL.

2. Available from Internet via anonymous FTP to: BORG.LIB.VT.EDU.3. Available from Internet: .4. Available from DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.)5. Available from TELESYSTEMES QUESTEL.6. Available from World Wide Web: .

Standard Number: This shall be given, if available ,for the type of medium and the appropriate identifiershould precede the number e.g. ISSN or ISBN or Accession Number.

This model combines the stylistic elements of Chicago-style author-date citation 2 with the elements

necessary for identifying an Internet source.

Internet sources differ in the kinds of information that are important for retrieval, and the model for eachtype of source reflects the information needed to retrieve that source. The following examples enable youto document electronic sources in a manner consistent with the principles of the Chicago Style.

EXAMPLES OF CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES:

ELECTRONIC MONOGRAPHS, DATABASES AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Bide, Mark.In search of the unicorn: the Digital Object Identifier from a user

perspective [online]. Revised. (BNBRF report 89) London: Book IndustryCommunication, February 1998 [cited 9 June 1998]. PDF format. Available fromInternet:< http://www.bic.org.uk/bic/unicorn2.pdf> ISBN 1 1873671 19 1

Oxford English Dictionary Computer File: On Compact Disc. 2nd

ed. CD-ROM. Oxford:Oxford UP, 1992.

The Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.

PARTS OF ELECTRONIC MONOGRAPHS, DATABASES OR COMPUTER PROGRAMS

ICC British Company Financial Datasheets [online]. Hampton (Middlesex, U.K.): ICC

Online, 1992, updated 3 March 1992 [cited 11 March 1992]. Robert MaxwellGroup PLC. Accession no. 01209277. Available from: DIALOG Information

Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).


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CONTRIBUTIONS TO ELECTRONIC MONOGRAPHS (INCLUDING WEB SITES), DATABASESOR COMPUTER PROGRAMS

MCCONNELL, WH. Constitutional History. In The Canadian Encyclopaedia[CD-ROM]. Macintosh version 1.1. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1993.ISBN 0-7710-1932-7

Dunbar, Brian. The 16 Most Frequently Asked Questions about NASA. In The NASAHomepage [online]. 29 March 1996. [cited 14 August 1996; 14:30 EST]. Availablefrom: < http://www.nasa.gov/hqpao/Top10.html >.

ELECTRONIC SERIALSENTIRE SERIAL

Journal of Technology Education [online]. Blacksburg (Va.): Virginia Polytechnic

Institute and State University, 1989- [cited 15 march 1995]. Semi-annual.Available from Internet: < gopher://borg.lib.vt.edu:70/1/jte>. ISSN 1045-1064

ARTICLES AND OTHER CONTRIBUTIONSSTONE, Nan. The Globalization of Europe.Harvard Business Review [online]. May-

June 1989 [cited 3 September 1990]. Available from: BRS InformationTechnologies, McLean (Va.).

PRICE-WILKIN, John. Using the World-Wide Web to Deliver Complex ElectronicDocuments: Implications for Libraries. The Public-Access Computer Systems

Review [online]. 1994, vol.5, no. 3 [cited 1994-07-28]. Available from Internet:

< gopher://info.lib.uh.edu:70/00/articles/e -journals/uhlibrary/pacsreview/v5/n3/pricewil.5n3 >.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Johnson, Tim. Indigenous people are now more combative, organized.Miami Herald5Dec. 1994: 29SA. [online]. Available from Internet: < gopher://summit.fiu.edu/MiamiHeraldSummit-Related Articles/12/05/95Indigenous People Now More

Combative, Organized. 16 July 1995 [cited 17 July 1995].

ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS, DISCUSSION LISTS AND ELECTRONIC MESSAGESENTIRE MESSAGE SYSTEM

PACS-L (Public Access Computer Systems Forum) [online]. Houston (Tex.): Universityof Houston Libraries, June 1989- [cited 17 May 1995]. Available from Internet:[email protected].

ELECTRONIC MESSAGES

PARKER, Elliott. Re: Citing Electronic Journals. InPACS-L (Public Access ComputerSystems Forum) [online]. Houston (Tex.): University of Houston Libraries, 24

November 1989 [cited 1 January 1995]. Available from

Internet:.

PERSONAL ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (E-MAIL)

Day, Martha ([email protected]). Review of film Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li([email protected]). 30 July 1995.


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6. A Sample Reference List

References are listed in alphabetical order by authors surname .

REFERENCES

Anderson, Charles, A. Santanelli , and F. R. Kulis.1966.Direct current circuits and measurements :a self-instructional programmed manual. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall.

Blackwell D., and Leon Henkin.1989. Mathematics : report of the Project 2061 Phase I MathematicsPanel. Washington, D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Catarci, T.,and M.Lenzerini. 1993. Representing and using interschema knowledge in cooperativeinformation systems.Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems 2 : 375-398.

Gift, S.J.G. 2001. Hybrid current conveyor-operational amplifier circuit.International Journal ofElectronics 88(12): 1225-1235.

Meyer, M.D. 1992. Public transportation in the 21st century. In Public transportation. 2nd ed. Edited byG. E. Gray, and L. A. Hoel. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Rau, J.G. ,and D. C.Wooten. 1980.Environmental impact analysis handbook. New York :McGraw-Hill.

Richardson, A. J. 1990. Traffic planning and modeling: a twenty year perspective.Australian RoadResearch 20(1): 9-21.

Young, W. 1990a .The interaction between data and a parking model hierarchy. In Proc. 15th Aust. RoadResearch Board Conference. Australia: Road Research Board.

Young, W .1990b. Continuing education in transport. InProc. 2nd. AAEE Conference on Engineering

Education, Melbourne,Aust. Australia : AAEE.

Note that because there are two articles by Young from the same year that a letter is added to the date.

7. Samples From Reports/Papers

SAMPLE PARAGRAPHS:

1. In recent years , there has been increased awareness of the potential impact ofpollutants such as heavy metals. Moreover, the traditional methods for treatingaqueous streams containing metal contaminants are expensive and can haveinadequate facilities . This is particularly true in developing countries. This hasled to the use of alternative technologies. The use of biological materials is onesuch technology which has received considerable attention (Ho et al. 1996).

2. Numerous studies on the utilization of plant proteins as a partial or completereplacement for fish meal in diets have been conducted using various freshwaterand marine fishes (Lovell 1987;Tacon et al. 1983; Murai et al. 1989a ; Cowey etal. 1974). However, very little is known about the feasibility of using soybean


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meal as a dietary protein source in practical feeds for yellowtail Seriolaquinqueradiata (Takii et al. 1989).

3. The question we address here is how technological change occurs when it is theoverall system that needs to be changed. In particular, how can we begin andsustain a technological transition away from hydrocarbon based technologies?

(Street and Miles 1996)

4. Taking all these elements and their possible variations into account is often fartoo complex and tedious for determining efficient gas development patterns withsimple back of the envelope calculations. In their survey of these elements,Julius and Mashayeki (1996) present a detailed analysis of these differentinteractions.

5. Many have assessed cost effectiveness by dividing the utility system into manyparts and estimating distributed generations value to each part. When this isdone, total value can be composed of ten or more individual components (Hoffand Shugar 1995),substation transformer (El-Gassier et al. 1993), transmission

system, generation system, voltage support (Hoff et al. 1994) reliability, energysavings, electrical loss savings (Hoff and Shugar 1995), minimum load savings,modularity and flexibility (Morris et al. 1993) and financial risk reduction values(Awerbuch 1994).

6. Dual-band antennas are used for a variety of applications, such as satellitecommunications, global positioning systems (Kaplan 1996), wireless local areanetworks (McCarrick 1993), synthetic aperture radars (Skolnik 1990) andpersonal communication systems. However, the antenna configuration inHammad (1997) is different from the proposed CFDFS.

8. VARIATIONS

Some of the "preferred" methods of bibliographic referencing from the recommended Chicago Manual ofStyle (14th .Edition) have been illustrated above. Although referencing using the Chicago Style should beevident by just a glance at your document, it might be worthy to quote directly from the Chicago Manualof Style (section 16.25) on the matter of allowed variations:

So long as a documentar y style is clear, eff ective and consistentl y fol lowed, vari ations and

combinations of the basic styles outl ined in the Chicago Manual of Style may be consideredacceptable al ternatives.